अंग्रेज़ी साहित्य

aangrezi bhasha hind-yooropiy bhasha parivar ki bhasha hai aur is prakar se hindi, urdoo, farasi adi bhashaoan ke sath isaka door ka sanbandh hai. ise duniya ki sarvapratham antarrashtriy bhasha mana jata hai. purani aangrezi ka jo sahity upalabdh hai, usake adhar par pata lagata hai ki prachin yug ke lekhakoan aur kaviyoan ki vishesh ruchi yatravarnan tatha rochak kahani kahane mean thi. us yug ki pramukh rachanaean haian 'vidasith', 'di vandarar' tatha 'biolph'. madhy aangrezi ki do bhashaean thi. pashchimi bhasha mean poorvavarti eanglo-saiksan sahity ki parampara akshunn bani rahi. is shakha ki pratinidhi rachanaean haian viliyam laigalaind ki 'di vizan aph pipars plaumain' aur kisi ajnat kavi ke dvara virachit 'gevet end di grin nait' tatha 'di parl'. doosari arthath dakshin-poorvi shakha ke pratinidhi lekhak the-

• j aaun govar (1325-1408 ee.) tatha
• ch aausar (1340-1400 ee.).

ch aausar ko adhunik aangrezi ka pratham kavi mana jata hai aur usaki rachanaoan ka aangrezi sahity mean vishesh mahattv hai. isake uparant pray: dedh sau varshoan tak usaka anusaran hota raha aur koee mahanh kavi nahian paida hua. isi kal mean pahale-pahal kaikstan ne ianglaind mean chhapakhana sthapit kiya. mudran ki suvidha se gady sahity ki vishesh unnati huee. lagabhag 16vian shati ke madhy se ianglaind mean yooropiy navajagaran (rinesaan) ka prabhav prakat hone laga. prachin sahity ke adhyayan ke sath hi sath frech tatha itailiyan sahity ka bhi adhyayan hone laga aur in tinoan ke sammilit prabhav se aangrezi sahity ka navotthan hua.

• kavita ke kshetr mean vayat, sare, 'pheyari kvin' ke praneta edamand speansar (1552-99 ee.), sar philip sidani prabhuti ne vishesh yash prapt kiya.
• natak ka mahattvapoorn abhyuday hua tatha grin (1562-92 ee.), lili (1554-1606 ee.), tamas kid (1557-95 ee.), marlo (1564-93 ee.) adi natakakaroan ne apani sundar kritiyaan prastut kian. aangrezi natak sahity ka param utthan sheksapiyar (1564-1616 ee.) ki rachanaoan mean hua. sheksapiyar ke natak tatha kavy vishv sahity ki gauravapoorn vibhooti haian.
• satrahavian shati mean bahut b di sankhya mean aangrezi natak likhe gaye. ben j aaunsan (1573-1673 ee.) ne sheksapiyar k roomani natakoan ke viparit klasiki adarsh par sukhant aur du:khant natakoan ki rachana ki. bemeant aur phlechar ne anek sukhant aur du:khant-sukhant natakoan ka saphal nirman kiya.
• chepamain (1559-1634 ee.), bebstar (1580-1625 ee.), sharle (1596-1666 ee.), toorno (1575-1626 ee.), aur philip mesianzar (1583-1648 ee.) ne apane katipay sukhant natakoan ki saphalata dvara vishesh khyati arjit ki. 1642 ee. se 1660 ee. tak landan ke natyagrih pyooritanoan ke dvara band kar diye gaye.
• 1660 ee. ke uparant natakoan ki rachana aur unaka pradarshan phir se arambh hua. du:khant natakoan ka ek naya roop samane aya. isake pramukh lekhak the draiden (1631-1700 ee.), atavean (1652-85 ee.) aur li (1653-92 ee.). sukhant natakoan ki 1660 ee. ke bad vishesh pragati huee. parishkrit bhasha mean uchch varg ke jivan ka isamean chitran kiya gaya. is varg ke pramukh lekhak the, itharij (1634-91 ee.), baikarale (1640-1716 ee.) aur kaangriv (1670-1729 ee.).
• shatabdi ke pratham arddhaansh mean spensar, sheksapiyar aur ben j aaunsan se prabhavit hokar kavita likhi gayi. adhyatmik kavy ke pradhan rachayita the j aaun d aaun (1572-1631 ee.), jinaki rachanaoan mean dharmik vicharoan aur shrriangarik bhavanaoan ki abhivyakti durooh kalpana ke adhar par huee hai. ben j aaunsan aur unake anuyayiyoan ki rachanaean apekshakrit saral haian. is shatabdi ke pradhan kavi j aaun miltan (1608-74 ee.) ki ganana sansar ke mahakaviyoan mean ki jati hai. sphut kavy ke atirikt unhoanne apane suvikhyat mahakavy 'di pairadaiz l aaust' ki rachana karake apana nam amar bana diya hai.
• shatabdi ke uttarardh ke pradhan kavi the j aaun braiden, jinhoanne varnanatmak aur vyangyatmak kavy rachana mean vishesh saphalata prapt ki. draiben k poorv aangrezi gady prachin laitin gady ke anukaran mean likha jata tha. is prachin vishad shaili ke pramukh lekhak the t aaumas braun (1605-82 ee.), jeremi telar (1613-67 ee.) aur miltan' draiben ki rachanaoan mean navin aangrezi gady ki srishti huee. navin gady ka nirman susanskrit janoan ki bolachal ki bhasha ko adhar manakar hua tha.
• 18vian shati ka aangrezi sahity gaharaee tak us nav-lasiki siddhant se prabhavit tha, jisaka udabhav aur vikas mukhy roop se fraans mean hua tha. niyamoan ke agrah aur kathor niyatrann ko manakar kavy rachana hoti thi. pop (1688-1744 ee.) ki rachanaoan se is bat ka spasht pata lagata hai. anek any kaviyoan ke bare mean bhi yah bat saty hai, kintu kuchh aise kavi bhi the, jinaki rachanaean prakriti prem aur tivr bhavanaoan se prerit thi.
• 18vian shati mean gady hi pramukhata thi. patr-patrikaoan mean prakashit nibandhoan ki parampara sudridh ho gayi. pramukh nibandhakar the edisan (1672-1719 ee.), stil (1672-1729 ee.), gold smith (1730-74 ee.) aur d aau. j aaunsan (170984 ee.).
• isi shatabdi mean paanch yashasvi lekhakoan ne aangrezi upanyas lekhan ki nianv dali. ve the fildiang (1707-54 ee.), richardasan (1689-1761 ee.), sm aaulet (1721-70 ee.), starn (1713-68 ee.), aur goldasmith. is kal mean natakoan ki koee vishesh unnati nahian huee. adhikaansh natak bhavanaoan ke atishay pradarshan se vikrit ho gaye the. sheriden (1751-1816 ee.) ne kaangriv ki poorvavarti shaili mean natak likhane ka prayas kiya.
• goldasmith ne bhi prashansaniy natak likhe. shatabdi ke pichhale tis varshoan mean parivartan ke chihn drishtigochar hone lage the. t aaumas gre (1716-71 ee.), k aaulins (1721-59 ee.), barns (1751-96 ee.), blek (1757-1827 ee.), koopar adi ki kavy rachanaoan ke prati anastha saf-saf dikhayi deti hai.
• anek pravrittiyoan aur prabhavoan ne milakar unnisavian shati ke prarambh se hi aangrezi sahity ko ek navin roomani svaroop de diya. ab niyamoan ki avahelana tatha svabhavik prerana ke vashibhoot hokar kavyarachana hone lagi. kalpana aur bhavana, unmukt tatha shaili nirbandh ho gayi. is navin pravritti ka sarvottam pratiphal vardasavarth (1770-1850 ee.), kolarij (1772-1834 ee.), sk aaut (1771-1832 ee.), sheli (1792-1822 ee.), kits (1795-1821 ee.), bayaran (1788-1824 ee.) adi ke kavy mean hua.
• is shreni ka adhikaansh kavy muktakoan mean likha gaya hai tatha tivr anubhooti se otaprot hai. sk aaut ke upanyasoan tatha laib prabhriti nibandhakaroan ke lekhoan mean bhi roomani prabhav lakshit hua hai. sab milakar unnasavian shati ke 40 varshoan ka roomani sahity atyant rochak aur mahattvapoorn hai.
• lagabhag 1840 ee. ke bad viktoriyan yug ka arambh hua. is yug ki avadhi lambi thi aur isamean roomani aur klasiki prabhan ne milakar ek santulit avastha utpann ki.
• vijnan tatha audyogik unnati evan padarthavadi darshan ke vikas dvara is navin yug ki visheshataean nirdharit hueean. kintu sath hi sath poorvavarti kalpanajanya bhavanajany pravrittiyaan bhi nirmool nahian hueean. yadi brauniang (1812-89 ee.) ke kavy mean roomani pravrittiyaan adhik spasht haian to tenisan (1809-92 ee.) ke kavy mean klasiki visheshataoan ki pramukhata hai. age chalakar vahi mishran maithyoo arnald (1822-88 ee.), meredith (1828-1909 ee.), hardi (1840-1928 ee.) prabhriti ki rachanaoan mean drishtigochar hota hai.
• gady sahity ka utthan drut gati se ho raha tha. upanyasoan mean yatharth chitran dikens (1812-70 ee.) adi ne manovijnan ka adhar liya tha; meredith aur hardi ne apana naya jivan darshan apani rachanaoan mean prastut kiya. is shati mean nibandh aur alochana ki bhi santoshaprad unnati huee.
• bisavian shati ka aangrezi sahity vaividhy tatha navinata se samanvit hai. svikrit moolyoan ki phir se jaanch ho rahi hai aur naye-naye prayog kiye ja rahe haian. sahity itane prachur pariman mean prakashit ho raha hai ki samany nishkarshoan mean use sametana kathin ho gaya hai. natakoan mean pahale to yatharthavad ki hi pramukhata thi. barnard sh aau (1853-1950 ee.), galsavardi (1867-1933 ee.) adi ne yatharth niroopan ki shaili mean katipay samasyaoan ka hal apane natakoan mean prastut kiya hai.
• idhar pichhale tis varshoan mean kavy naty ne mahattvapoorn pragati ki hai. ti. es. iliyat, aden, stifen speandar, kristofar phraee adi ne prabhavotpadak kavy natak likhe haian. upanyas pahale to samajik vishayoan par likhe gaye, phir bad mean manovaijnanik tathyoan par unaki rachana huee. pahali shreni ke pramukh lekhak haian–ech0 ji0 vels (1866-1946 ee.), galsavardi, arnald benet (1867-1913 ee.), aur doosari shreni ke varziniya volph (1822-1941 ee.), jems jvais (1822-1941 ee.), alds haksale (1894 ee.) adi.
• idhar pichhale kuchh varshoan se elizaveth boven, kamptan barnet, graham grin adi ne aise upanyas likhe haian, jinamean katha ki rochakata ki or vishesh dhyan diya gaya hai. bisavian shati ki aangrezi kavita 1920 ee. ke poorv paramparagat thi. yah bat t aaumas hardi, ravart brijez (1844-1930 ee.) adi ki rachanaoan se vidit hai. jarjiyan kaviyoan ki rachanaoan mean navinata avashy thi, kintu unhoanne kavy ke kshetr mean kranti nahian upasthit ki.
• navin kavita ka arambh ti. es. iliyat ne kiya aur unake bad arden, speandar, livis, maiankanis, dailain t aaumas adi ne use nirantar adhikadhik aur chamatkarapoorn banaya. ti. es. iliyat aur aee. e. richard ne vartaman shati mean aangrezi alochana shastr ko abhootapoorv riti se samriddh banaya hai. kolarij, arnald, valtar petar (1839-94 ee.) ke sath hi sath in donoan ki bhi ganana aangrezi ke pramukh sahityashastriyoan mean ki jaegi.
• lagabhag 19vian shatabdi ke madhy se aangrezi (jo ki us samay shasan ki bhasha thi) ka prachar drutagati se bharatavarsh mean badhane laga aur phalat: hindi sahity aangrezi sahity se prabhavit hua. tab se yah prabhav (yahaan prabhav shabd apane simit, shastriy arth mean prayukt ho raha hai) nirantar badhata hi gaya hai.
• hindi gady bahut had tak aangrezi gady ke adarsh par vikasit hua. katipay lekhakoan ne prachin sanskrit gady ka adarsh bhi samane rakha, kintu usaki apeksha adhunik aangrezi gady ko hi apanaya gaya. hindi gady sahity vividh aangoan par aangrezi sahity ki chhap hai.
• hindi nibandhoan ne aangrezi nibandhoan ka barabar anukaran kiya hai. hindi kathasahity ne prachin katha akhyayika ka marg chho dakar aangrezi upanyas ki parampara apanayi hai. shaili, nirmanapaddhati tatha uddeshyaau–sabhi drishtiyoan se aj ka hindi upanyas yooropiy upanyasoan ka rrini hai.
• yahi bat laghu kahaniyoan ke sambandh mean bhi thik hai. hindi natak mean 19vian shatabdi mean sheksapiyar ke natakoan ka prabhav p da. unaka anuvad hua aur unhian ke dhang par natak likhe gaye. tadanantar barabar aangrezi natakoan ke prabhav mean hindi natak likhe gaye haian. udaharanarth, hindi ke samasyamoolak natak ibsan, sh aau aur galsavardi ki rachanaoan se spashtataya prabhavit haian. jayashankar prasad ke natakoan mean bharatiy tatha pashchaty pranali ka ekikaran hua hai.
• hindi kavy-naty bhi pashchaty kavy-naty se prabhavit hai. hindi kavita ne 19vian shatabdi ke uparant nirantar aangrezi kavita se prabhav grahan kiya hai. sabase adhik prabhav 19vian shatabdi ke aangrez roomani kaviyoan ka p da hai. chhayavadi kavita mean yah prabhav pag-pag par dikhalaee p data hai. pichhale pachchis varshoan mean hindi kavita par ti. es. iliyat aur unake paravarti aangrezi kaviyoan ki kritiyoan ka vishesh prabhav p da hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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