अंडा
right|300px aanda us golabh vastu ko kahate haian jisamean se pakshi, jalachar aur sarisrip adi anek jivoan ke bachche phootakar nikalate haian. pakshiyoan ke aandoan mean, mada ke sharir se nikalane ke turant bad, bhitar keandr par ek pila aur bahut gadha padarth hota hai jo golakar hota hai. ise yok kahate haian. yok par ek vrittakar, chipata, chhota, batan sarikha bhag hota hai jo vikasit hokar bachcha ban jata hai. in donoan ke oopar saphed ardh taral bhag hota hai jo ailbyumen kahalata hai. yah bhi vikasit ho rahe jiv ke lie ahar hai. sabake oopar ek k da khol hota hai jisaka adhikaansh bhag kh diya mitti ka hota hai. yah khol radhranmay hota hai jisase bhitar vikasit hone vale jiv ko vayu se aksijan milata rahata hai. bahari khol saphed, chittidar ya rangin hota hai jisase aanda door se spasht nahian dikhaee p data aur aanda khane vale jantuoan se usaki bahut kuchh raksha ho jati hai.
sanrachana
aranbh mean aanda ek prakar ki koshika (sel) hota hai aur any koshikaoan ki tarah yah bhi koshika dravy (saitroplajm) aur keandrak (nyookliyas) ka bana hota hai, parantu usamean ek visheshata hoti hai jo aur kisi prakar ki koshika mean nahian hoti aur vah hai prajanan ki shakti. sansechan ke pashchath jisamean mada ke dianb aur nar ke shukranu koshika ka samekan hota hai, aur kuchh jantuoan mean bina sansechan ke hi, dianb vibhajit hota hai, badhata hai aur aant mean jis jantu vishesh ka vah aanda rahata hai usi ke roop, gun aur akar ka ek naya prani ban jata hai.
gun
aande mean prajanan ki kshamata se sanbaddh kuchh vishesh gun hote haian. adhikaansh jantu apane aandoan ko sharir se bahar nikalane ke pashchath kisi upayukt sthan par rakh chho date haian, jahaan aandoan ka vikas hota hai. aise aandoan ke koshika dravy yok (pitak) khady padarth se bhare hote haian. yah sadharanat pila hota hai. yok ke atirikt aur bhi bahut se padarth aande mean hote haian, jaise vasa, vitamin, enazaim ityadi. jin jantuoan ke aandoan mean yok ki matra kam hoti hai unamean aand vikas ki kriya aantim shreni tak nahian pahuanchati. bhroon vikas ke lie avashyak shakti aande mean nissadit (dip aaujited) yok ki rasayanik pratikriya se utpann hoti hai aur is karan jab aande mean yok paryapt matra mean nahian hota to sharir nirman ki kriya bich hi mean ruk jati hai. kuchh praniyoan ke aandoan mean aisi hi avastha hoti hai tatha inaka aanda badhakar dianbh (larava) banata hai. dianbh apana khady svayan khojata aur khata hai jisase isake sharir ka poshan tatha vardhan hota hai aur aant mean dianbh ka roopaantaran hota hai. parantu jin jantuoan ke aandoan mean yok paryapt matra mean upasthit hota hai unamean roopaantaran nahian hota. kuchh aise bhi jantu hote haian jinamean aand vikas sharir ke bahar nahian balki mada ke sharir ke bhitar hota hai. aise jantuoan ke aandoan mean yok nahian hota.
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- aanda protozoa se uchch vargiy sharirik sangathan vale sab jantu samoohoan mean paya jata hai. nimn shreni ke jantuoan ke aandoan mean bhi yok hota hai aur adhikaansh mean k da khol bhi, jise kavach kahate haian. kiritin (rotifera) ke aandoan mean ek vichitrata paee jati hai. aande sab ek saman nahian, pratyut tin prakar ke hote haian. grishm rritu ke aande do prakar ke hote haian, chhote tatha b de. in aandoan ka vikas bina sansechan ke hi hota hai. b de aandoan ke vikas se mada utpann hoti hai aur chhotoan se nar. hemant kal ke aande mote kavach se ghire hote haian aur inake vikas ke lio sansechan avashyak hota hai. ye aande hemant rritu ke aant mean vikasit hote haian.
- (oligokota) mean keanchuoan ke sansechit aande kuchh ailbyumen ke sath (kokoon kosh mean) band rahate haian. ye bhoomi mean die jate haian aur mitti mean hi inaka vikas hota hai.
- joankoan mean bhi aande yok tatha shukraputi (sparmatophors) ke sath kokoon kosh mean band rahate haian. yo kokoon kosh gili mitti mean die jate haian.
- kitoan ke aandoan mean bhi yok evan vasa adhik matra mean hoti hai. aande kee jhilliyoan se ghire hote haian. adhikaansh kitoan ke aande belanakar hote haian, parantu kisi-kisi ke golakar bhi hote haian.
- kathini varg (krasteshia) mean se kisi-kisi ke aande ekatapiti (ek or yokavale, tilosesithal) hote haian aur kuchh keandrapati (bich mean yokavale, seantrolesithal). kuchh klomapada (braiankiopoda) tatha akhanditaang anuvarg (aaustrakoda) mean aande bina sansechan ke vikasit hote haian. jalapianshu prajati (daifnia) mean grishm rritu ke aande bina sansechan ke hi vikasit ho jate haian, parantu hemant kal mean die hue aandoan ke lie sansechan avashyak hota hai. bichchhuoan ke aande golakar hote haian aur inamean pitak paryapt matra mean hota hai. mak diyoan ke aande bhi golakar hote haian aur inamean bhi pitak hota hai. ye kokun kosh ke bhitar die jate haian aur vahian vikasit hote haian.
- udarapad choornapravar (shankh varg, gaistropoda molask) dheriyoan mean aande dete haian jo shleshyak (jeli) mean lipate rahate haian. in dheriyoan ke bhaanti-bhaanti ke akar hote haian. adhikaansh lanbe, belanakar athava patti ki tarah ke ya rassi ke roop ke hote haian. is prakar ki kee rassiyaan apas mean milakar ek b di rassi bhi ban jati hai. agraklom gan (pr aausibraiankia) mean aande shvet drav ke sath ek sanput (kaipsool) mean band hote haian. is prakar ke bahut se sanput ikattha kisi chattan athava samudri ghas se sate pae jate haian.
- aisa bhi hota hai ki sanput ke bhitar ke bhroonoan mean se keval ek hi vikasit hota hai aur shesh bhroon usake lie khady padarth ban jate haian. sthalachar phupphus-manthar-gan (palamoneta prani) mean pratyek aanda ek chipachipe padarth se dhaka rahata hai aur kee aande ek-doosare se milakar ek shrriankhala banate haian jo prithvi par chhidroan mean rakhe jate haian. nikanchuk (vaijinyula) mean us ailbyumini dher ka, jisake bhitar aanda rahata hai, oopari tal kuchh samay mean k da ho jata hai aur choone ke kavach ke saman pratit hota hai.
- shirshapada (sefalopoda) ke aande b di nap ke hote haian aur inamean pitak ki matra bhi adhik hoti hai. pratyek aanda ek aandavesht kala (jhilli) se yukt hota hai. anek aande ek shleshi padarth athava charm sadrish padarth samavrit hote haian aur ya to ek shrriankhala mean kram se lage hote haian ya ek samooh mean ekatrit rahate haian.
- samudr tara (star phish) ke aandoan ka oopari bhag svachchh kaanch ke saman hota hai aur keandr mean pila athava narangi rang ka yok hota hai.
- halaklom varg (elasmobraankiai) ke sansechit aande ek avaran ke bhitar band rahate haian jo kiretin ka bana hota hai. aisa aandavaran kuanthatuand varg (h aaulosephali) mean bhi paya jata hai. sprishatuand prajati (kailoriankam) mean inaki lanbaee lagabhag 25 seantimitar hoti hai. rashmipaksha (aiktinoplerigiai) ke aande in machhaliyoan ke aandoan se chhote hote haian aur birale hi kabhi avaran mean band hote haian. machhaliyaan lakhoan ki sankhya mean aande deti haian. kuchh ke aande pani ke oopar tairate haian, jaise snehaminika (haidak), kantapritha (tarabat), chipita (sol) tatha snehamin (k aaud) ke. kuchh ke aande pani mean doobakar peandi par pahuanch jate haian; jaise bahula (heriang), mridupaksha (saiman) tatha karburi (traut) ke. kabhi-kabhi aande chattanoan ke oopar sata die jate haian. phupphusamatsya (dipnoi) ke aande ek shleshiy avaran mean rahate haian jo pani ke sanpark se phool uthate haian.
- vipuchchh gan (ainyoora) dheriyoan mean aande dete haian. pratyek aande ka oopari bhag kala aur niche ka shvet hota hai aur vah ek ailbyumini avaran mean band rahata hai. ek var die ge samast aande ek ailbyumini dher mean lipate rahate haian. aande ek or yok vale (tilolesithal) hote haian.
- adhikaansh sarisrip (reptails) aande dete haian, yadyapi kuchh bachche bha janate haian. aande ka kavach charmapatr sadrish athava kailsiyamamay hota hai. aande adhikaansh bhooprishth ke chhidroan mean rakhe jate haian aur soory ke tap se vikasit hote haian. mada gh diyal apane aandoan ke samip hi rahati aur unaki raksha karati hai.
- pakshiyoan ke aande b de hote haian aur pitak se bhare rahate haian. jiv dravy (protoplazm) pitak ke oopar ek chhote se bhrooniy bianb (jaraminal disk) ke roop mean hota hai. aande ka sabase bahari bhag ek kailsiyamamay kavach hota hai. isake bhitar ek charm patr sadrish kavachakala hoti hai. yah kala dvigun hoti hai. brahm aur aantarik pardoan ke bich, aande ke chau de aant par, ek rikt sthan hota hai jise vayukoop kahate haian. kavachakala aande ke aantarik taral bhag ko charoan or se ghere rahati hai. taral padarth ka bahari bhag ailbyuminamay hota hai jisake svayan do bhag hote haian. isaka bahy bhag sthool tatha shyan (viskas) hota hai aur isake donoan sire rassi ke saman bate hote haian jinhean shvetak rajju (kaleza) kahate haian. bhitari ailbyumen adhik taral hota hai. jaisa pahale bataya gaya hai, aande ka keandriy bhag yok kahalata hai.
- kavach tin staroan ka bana hota hai. isake bahari tal par ek star hota hai jise uchcharm kahate haian. kavach anek chhidroan tatha kulyikaoan se biddh hota hai. in chhidroan mean ek protin padarth hota hai jo kiretin se adhik kolajen ke sadrish hota hai. (kolajen sares ke saman ek padarth hai jo sharir ke tantuoan mean paya jata hai.)
- sabase chhote aande prakooj pakshi (hamiang bard) ke hote haian aur sabase b de vidhavi (moa) tatha tuganvihang prajati (eepiornis) ke.
rasayanik sanrachana
aande ke ailbyumen ke tin star hote haian. inaki rasayanik sanrachana bhinn-bhinn hoti hai jaisa nimnalikhit sarani se pratit hota hai:
| aantarik sookshm star | madhy sthool star | bahy sookshm star | |
|---|---|---|---|
| aandashleshm (ovomyoosin) | 1.10 | 5.11 | 1.91 |
| aandavartuli (ovoglobulin) | 9.59 | 5.59 | 3.66 |
| aand ailbyumen (ovoailbyumen) | 89.29 | 89.19 | 94.43 |
in tinoan staroan ke jal ki matra mean koee vibhinnata nahian hoti. shyanata mean avashy vibhinnata hoti hai, parantu yah ek kaliliy (kalayadal) ghatana samajhi jati hai. aand ailbyumen mean char prakar ke protinoan ka hona to nishchit rahata hai-- aandashveti (aand ailbyumen), samashveti (konalbyumen), aandashleshma (ovomyook aaued) tatha aandashlashmi, parantu aandabartuli ka hona anishchit hai. aandashveti mean prastut bhinn-bhinn protinoan ki matra nimnalikhit sarani mean di gee hai
| aandashveti | 77 pratishat |
| samashveti | 3 pratishat |
| aandashleshmabh | 13 pratishat |
| aandashleshmi | 7 pratishat |
| aandavartuli | leshamatr |
kaha jata hai ki aandashveti ka karbohaidret varg kshiridhu (mainoz) hai. any anusandhan ke anusar yah ek bahusharkaril (p aaulisaikaraid) hai jisamean 2 an (m aaulekyool) madhum-tikti (glukosamain) ke haian, 4 anu kshiridhu ke aur 1 anu kisi anirdharit naitrojanamay sanghatak ka hai. aandashleshmabh mean karbohaidret ki matra adhik hoti hai (lagabhag 10 pratishat). sanyukt bahusharkaril madhum-tikti tatha kshiridhu ka samanvik (ikvim aaulekyoolar) mishran hota hai. kis had tak yo protin jivit avastha mean vartaman rahate haian, yah kahana ati kathin hai.
vasa evan protin
murgi ke aande ka keandriy bhag pila hota hai, us par ek pila star vibhinn rachana ka hota hai. in donoan pile bhagoan ke oopar shvet star hota hai jo mukhyat ailbayumen hota hai. isake oopar k da chhilaka hota hai. yok ka mukhy protin aandopiti (bitelin) hai jo ek prakar ka phaspho protin hai. doosari shreni ka protin livetin hai jo ek koot-avartuli (syudoglobulin) hai jisamean 0.067 pratish phasaphoras hota hai. tisara protin aandopoti shleshmabh (vitelomyukaed) hai jisamean 10 pratishat karbohaidret hota hai. yok mean kliv vasa, bhasvayey, tatha saandrav (sterol) bhi paryapt matra mean hote haian. 55 gram ke ek aande mean 5.58 gram klib vasa tatha 1.28 gram phasphet hota hai, jisamean 0.68 gram aandapiti (lesithin) hota hai. aandapiti ke vasaml (faiti aisid) adhikaansh samatalik (aisopasitik), mrakshik (oleik), atasik linoleik), adantaminik (klupanodonik) tatha 9:10- shodashiny (deksadekanoik) aml haian. talik tatha vasa aml kam matra mean hote haian. aande mean mastishki (sefalin) bhi hoti hai, tatha 1.75 pratishat pitt saandrav (kolesterol).
vitamin
aande ke pile tatha shvet donoan hi bhagoan mean vitamin pae jate haian, kiantu pile bhag mean adhik matra mean, jaisa is sarani mean diya gaya hai-
| vitamin | pile bhag mean | shvet bhag mean |
|---|---|---|
| e | + | - |
| bi1 | + | - |
| bi2 | + | + |
| pi-pi | + | - |
| si | - | - |
| di | + | - |
| ee | + | - |
ahar mean aande ki upayogita
pakshiyoan ke aande, visheshakar murgi ke aande, prachin kal se hi vibhinn deshoan mean b de chav se khae ja rahe haian. bharat mean aandoan ki khapat kam hai kyoanki adhikaansh hiandoo aanda khana dharmaviruddh samajhate haian. aandoan mean uttam ahar ke adhikaansh avayav supach roop mean vidyaman rahate haian, udaharanat kailsiyam aur phasphoras, jinaki avashyakata sharir ki haddiyoan ke poshan mean p dati hai, loha, jo rudhir ke lie avashyak hai, any khanij, protin, vasa ityadi, aande mean ye sabhi rahate haian. karbohaidret aande mean nahian rahata; isalie chaval, dal, roti ke ahar ke sath aandoan ki vishesh upayogita hai, kyoanki chaval adi mean protin ki b di kami rahati hai. aanda poorn roop se pach jata hai- kuchh sitthi nahian bachati. isalie ahar mean adhik aanda rahane se koshthabaddhata (kabj) utpann hone ka dar rahata hai. videshoan mean adhikaansh prakar ke bhojanoan mean aanda dala jata hai. soop, jeli, chini adi ko svachchh karane mean, kurakuri ahar vastuoan ke oopar chittakarshak tah chadhane ke lie, tikiya adi ko khasta banane ke lie, moyan ke roop mean, kek banane mean, aisakrim mean, pooa aur gulagula banane mean aandoan ka bahut prayog hota hai. rog ke bad durbal vyaktiyoan ke lie kachche aande ya aande ke pey ka prayog hota hai. der tak ubale k de aande sabjiyoan mean p date haian. bharat mean ubale aande, ghi ya makkhan mean adhe tale hue (haf phraid) aande aur aande ke amalet ka adhik chalan hai. khanij, protin, vasa ityadi, aande mean ye sabhi rahate haian. karbohaidret aande mean nahian rahata; isalie chaval, dal, roti ke ahar ke sath aandoan ki vishesh upayogita hai, kyoanki chaval adi mean protin ki b di kami rahati hai. aanda poorn roop se pach jata hai-kuchh sitthi nahian bachati. isalie ahar mean adhik aanda rahane se koshthabaddhata (kabj) utpann hone ka dar rahata hai. videshoan mean adhikaansh prakar ke bhojanoan mean aanda dala jata hai. soop, jeli, chini adi ko svachchh karane mean, kurakuri ahar vastuoan ke oopar chittakarshak tah chadhane ke lie, tikita adi ko khasta banane ke lie, moyan ke roop mean, kek banane mean, aisakrim mean, pooa aur gulagula banane mean aandoan ka bahut prayog hota hai. rog ke bad durbal vyaktiyoan ke lie kachche aande ya aande ke pey ka prayog hota hai. der tak ubale k de aande sabjiyoan mean p date haian. bharat mean ubale aande, ghi ya makkhan mean adhe tale hue (haf phraid) aande aur aande ke amalet ka adhik chalan hai.[1]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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