अंतरराष्ट्रीय श्रम संघ
aantararashtriy shram sangh
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| vivaran | 'aantararashtriy shram sangh' aantararashtriy adharoan par mazadooroan tatha shramikoan ke hitoan ki raksha ke lie niyam vanata hai. yah sanyukt rashtr ki vishisht sanstha hai. |
| sthapana | 1919 |
| mukhyalay | jeneva, svitazaralaind |
| uddeshy | is sangathan ka uddeshy sansar ke shramik varg ki shram aur avas sanbandhi avasthaoan mean sudhar karana hai. |
| vishesh | varsh 1969 mean is sangathan ko vishv shaanti ke lie nobel puraskar se sammani kiya gaya tha. |
| any janakari | bharat is sangathan ke sansthapak sadasy rashtroan mean hai aur 1922 se usaki karyakarini mean sansar ki athavian audyogik shakti ke roop mean vah avasthit rahata raha hai. |
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aantararashtriy shram sangh (aangrezi: International Labour Organization or I.L.O.) ek tridaliy aantararashtriy sanstha hai, jisaki sthapana 1919 ee. ki shaanti sandhiyoan dvara huee aur jisaka lakshy sansar ke shramik varg ki shram aur avas sanbandhi avasthaoan mean sudhar karana hai.
itihas
yadyapi is sangathan ki sthapana 1919 ee. mean huee, tathapi usaka itihas audyogik kraanti ke praranbhik dinoan se hi aranbh ho gaya tha, jab navotthit audyogik sarvahara varg ne samaj ki utkraantimoolak shaktiman sanstha ke roop mean tatkalin samaj ke arthashastriyoan ke lie ek samasya utpann kar di thi. yah audyogik sarvahara varg ke karan n keval tarah-tarah ke udyog-dhandhoan ke vikas mean ativ moolyavan siddh ho raha tha, balki shram ki vyavasthaoan aur vyavasayoan ke tivragatik keandrikaran ke karan asadharan shakti sanpann hota ja raha tha. fraansisi rajy kraanti, samyavadi ghoshana ke prakashan, pratham aur dvitiy iantaraneshanal ki sthapana aur ek ne sangharsh nirat varg ke abhyuday ne virodhi shaktiyoan ko is samajik chetana se loha lene ke lie sangathit prayatn karane ko vivash kiya.[1]
isake atirikt kuchh aupaniveshik shaktiyoan ne, jinhean das shramikoan ki b di sankhya upalabdh thi, any rashtroan se audyogik vikas mean badh jane ke sankalp se unamean aandesha utpann kar diya aur aisa pratit hone laga ki sansar ke bazar par unaka ekadhikar ho jaega. aisi sthiti mean aantararashtriy shram ke vidhan ki avashyakata spasht ho gee aur is disha mean tarah-tarah ke samajhautoan ke prayatn samoochi 19vian shatabdi bhar hote rahe. 1889 ee. mean jarmani ke samrat ne barlin-shram-sammelan ka ayojan kiya. phir 1900 mean peris mean shram ke vidhan ke lie ek aantararashtriy sangh ki sthapana huee. isake tatvavadhan mean barn mean 1905 evan 1906 mean ayojit sammelanoan ne shram sanbandhi pratham niyam banae. ye niyam striyoan ke rat mean kam karane ke aur diyasalaee ke udyog mean shvet ph aausphoras ke prayog ke virodh mean banae ge the, yadyapi pratham mahayuddh chhi d jane se 1913 mean bane sammelan ki manyataean jor n pak d sakian.
shaktishali tred yooniyanoan ka uday
yoorop ke vyavasayik keandroan mean hone vali b di h dataloan aur 1917 ki bolshevik kraanti ne shram ki samasyaoan ko visphot ki sthiti tak pahuanchane se rokane aur unhean niyantrit karane ki avashyakata siddh kar di. is sujhav ke parinamasvaroop 1919 ke shaanti sammelan ne aantararashtriy shram vidhan ke lie ek aisa jaanch kamishan baithaya, jo aantararashtriy shram sangh tatha vishv-shram-chartar ka nirman sanbhav kar sake. kamishan ke sujhav kuchh parivartanoan ke sath man lie ge aur pooanjivadi jagath mean shram ke uttarottar badhate hue jhag doan ko dhyan mean rakhakar is sangh ko shighratishighr apana kary aranbh kar dene ka nirnay kar liya gaya. shighrata yahaan tak ki gee ki aktoobar, 1919 mean vashiangatan di.si. mean pratham shram sammelan ki baithak ho gee, jabaki abhi sandhi ki shartean bha sarvatha many nahian ho paee thian.
bharat ka yogadan
bharat is sangathan ke sansthapak sadasy rashtroan mean hai aur 1922 se usaki karyakarini mean sansar ki athavian audyogik shakti ke roop mean vah avasthit rahata raha hai. 1949 mean is sangathan ke bajat mean bharat ka yogadan 3.32 pratishat hai, jo sanyukt rajy amarika, gret briten, soviyat sangh, fraans, jarmani ke prajatantr sangh tatha kanada ke bad satavean sthan par hai. dvitiy mahayuddh ke paravarti kal mean yah sangathan sanyukt rashtr sangh ki ek vishisht sanstha ban gee hai.[1]
sansthaean
aantararashtriy shram sangh mean tin sansthaean haian-
- sadharan sammelan (jenaral k aaunphrasean)
- shasi nikay (gavarniang b aaudi)
- aantararashtriy shram karyalay
sadasy rashtr
sadharan sammelan aantararashtriy shram sammelan ke nam se adhik vikhyat hai. shasi nikay sangh ki karyakarini ke roop mean kam karata hai. aantararashtriy shram karyalay ka sthayi sachivalay hai. sangathan ke vartaman vidhan ke anusar sanyukt rashtr sangh ka koee bhi sadasy is sangathan ka sadasy ban sakata hai, use keval sadasyata ke sadharan niyamoan ka palan svikar karana hoga. yadi sarvajanik sammelan chahe to sanyukt rashtr sangh ki paridhi se bahar ke desh bhi isake sadasy ban sakate haian. aj aantararashtriy shram sangh ke sadasy rashtroan ki sankhya 71 hai, jinaki rajanitik aur arthik vyavasthaean vibhinn prakar ki haian.
shakti tatha baithak
aantararashtriy shram sangh ki samoochi shakti aantararashtriy shram sammelan ke hathoan mean hai. usaki baithak prati varsh hoti hai. is sammelan mean pratyek sadasy rashtr char pratinidhi bhejata hai. parantu in pratinidhiyoan mean do rajakiy pratinidhi sadasy rashtroan ki sarakaroan dvara niyukt hote haian, tisara udyogapatiyoan ka aur chautha shramikoan ka pratinidhitv karata hai. inaki niyukti bhi sadasy sarakarean hi karati haian. siddhaant: ye pratinidhi udyogapatiyoan aur shramikoan ki pradhan pratinidhi sansthaoan se chun lie jate haian. un sansthaoan ke pratinidhitv ka nirnay bhi unake desh ki sarakarean hi karati haian. parantu pratyek pratinidhi ko vyaktigat matadan ka adhikar hota hai.
sammelan ka kam aantararashtriy shram niyam evan sujhav sanbandhi masavida banana hai, jisamean aantararashtriy samajik aur shram sanbandhi nimnatam man a jaean. is prakar yah ek aise aantararashtriy manch ka kam karata hai, jis par adhunik audyogik samaj ke tinoan pramukh aangoan-rajy, sangathan (vyavastha, mainejameant) aur shram-ke pratinidhi audyogik sanbandhoan ki mahatvapoorn samasyaoan par paraspar vichar vinimay karate haian. do-tihaee bahumat dvara niyam aur bahumat dvara sipharish svikrit hoti hai; parantu svikrit niyamoan ya sipharishoan ko man lena sadasy rashtroan ke lie avashyak nahian. haan, unase aisi asha avashy ki jati hai ki ve apane deshoan ki rashtriy sansadoan ke samaksh 18 mahine ke bhitar un vishayoan ko vichar ke lie prastut kar dean. sujhavoan ke svikaran par vichar itana avashyak nahian hai jitana niyamoan ko kanoon ka roop dena. sangh rajyoan ke vishay mean ye niyam sujhav ke roop mean hi grahan karane hote haian, vidhan ke roop mean nahian. jab koee sarakar niyam ko man leti hai aur usaka vyavahar karana chahati hai to use aantararashtriy shram karyalay mean is sanbandh ka ek varshik vivaran bhejana p data hai.[1]
shasi nikay
shasi nikay bhi ek tin aangoan vali sanstha hai. yah 32 sadasyoan se nirmit hai, jinamean 16 sarakari tatha ath-ath udyogapatiyoan aur shramikoan ke pratinidhi hote haian. in 16 sarakari sansthanoan mean se ath un deshoan ke lie haian, jo pradhan audyogik desh man lie ge haian. shesh ath prati tisare varsh sarakari pratinidhiyoan dvara nirvachit hote haian, jinake nirvachan ka adhikar karyakarini mean sammilit un ath deshoan ko bhi prapt hota hai, jo pradhan audyogik desh hone ke karan usake pahale se hi sadasy haian. isaka nirnay bhi karyakarini parishadh dvara hi hota hai ki ath pradhan audyogik desh kaun se hoan. karyakarini niti aur karyakram nirdharit karati hai, aantararashtriy shram karyalay ka sanchalan aur sammelan dvara niyukt anek samitiyoan aur ayogoan ke karyoan ka nirikshan karati hai. karyalay ke dairektar jenaral ka nirvachan karyakarini hi karati hai aur vahi sammelan ka karyakram (ejeanda) bhi prastut karati hai.
aantararashtriy shram karyalay
aantararashtriy shram karyalay sammelan tatha karyakarini ka sthayi sachivalay hai. sanyukt rashtr sangh ke karmachariyoan ki hi bhaanti shram karyalay ke karmachari bhi aantararashtriy sivil sarvis ke karmachari hote haian jo us aantararashtriy sanstha ke prati uttaradayi hote haian. shram karyalay ka kam aantararashtriy shram sangh ke vividh aangoan ke lie kary vivaran, kagaz patr adi prastut karana hai. sachivalay ke in karyoan ke sath hi vah karyalay aantararashtriy shram anusandhan ka bhi keandr hai, jo jivan aur shram ki paristhitiyoan ko aantararashtriy dhang se manyata pradan karane ke lie unase sanbandhit sabhi vishayoan par moolyavan samagri ekatr karata tatha unaka vishleshan aur vitaran karata hai. sadasy deshoan ki sarakaroan aur shramikoan se vah nirantar sanpark rakhata hai. apane samayik patroan aur prakashanoan dvara vah shram vishayak soochanaean deta rahata hai.
pustika prakashan
shram karyalay barabar vivaran, savadhi samajik samasyaoan ka adhyayan, pradhan sadharan sammelan ke adhiveshanoan tatha vividh samitiyoan ka adhyayan, pradhan sadharan sammelan ke adhiveshanoan tatha vividh samitiyoan aur takaniki sammelanoan ke vivaran, sandarbh granth, shram ke aank doan ki varshik pustakean, sanyukt rashtr sangh ke samane upasthit kie ge aantararashtriy shram sangh ke vivaran tatha vishesh pustikaean prakashit karata rahata hai. prakashit patroan mean di iantaraneshanal lebar rivyoo sangh vishayak samany vyakhyatmak nibandhoan aur aank doan ka masik patr hai; iandastri aiand lebar shram anusandhan ka vivaran prakashit karane vala pakshik hai; lejisletiv siriz vibhinn deshoan ke shram kanoonoan ka vivaran prastut karane vala dvimasik hai; aaukyoopeshanal sephti aiand helth tatha di bibliyograifi aauv iandastriyal haijin traimasik haian. inamean se adhikaansh patr vibhinn bhashaoan mean chhapate haian.
svikrit niyam
aantararashtriy shram sammelan dvara kul svikrit niyam 1958 ke aant tak 109 rahe haian aur vidhan ke roop mean svikrit vibhinn deshiy vidhanoan ki sankhya, jo shram karyalay dvara prapt ho chuke the, 1808 hai. 1958 ke aant tak bharat ne 23 niyam mane haian. kuchh deshoan ne shartoan ke sath niyam svikar kie haian; adhikaansh ne anek mahatv ke niyam svikrit nahian kie haian. niyamoan ko svikar karane ki gati mand hai. yadyapi adhikatar deshoan ne anek mahatv ke niyam svikrit nahian kie haian, tathapi alpatam man sthapit karane ka naitik vatavaran aantararashtriy shram sangh ne utpann kar diya hai. usi ka parinam hai ki ek aise aantararashtriy shram qanoon ka vikas ho chala hai, jisamean usake svikrit anek niyamoan evan sujhavoan ka samavesh hai. inamean kam ke ghantoan, vishramakal, vetan sahit varshik chhattiyoan, mazadoori ka bhav, usaki raksha, alpatam mazadoori ki vyavastha, saman kamoan ka saman parishramik, naukari pane ki alpatam ayu, naukari ke lie avashyak daktari pariksha, rat ke samay striyoan, bachchoan evan alpayu yuvak tatha yuvatiyoan ki niyukti jachcha ki raksha, audyogik suraksha evan svasthy, audyogik kalyan, bekari ka bima, karyakalik chot ko kshatipoorti, chikitsa ki vyavastha, sangathit hone aur samoohik maang karane ka adhikar adi anek mahatvapoorn prashn sulajhae ge haian aur inake lie samany aantararashtriy nyoonatam man nirdharit ho ge haian. in aantararashtriy nyoonatam manoan ka prabhav pratyaksh niyamasvikaran dvara athava apratyaksh roop se naitikata ke prabhav se vibhinn deshoan ke shram vidhan par p da hai, kyoanki unamean satat parivartanashil samay ki avashyakataean pratibianbit hoti rahi haian.[1]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 aantararashtriy shram sangh (hindi) bharatakhoj. abhigaman tithi: 11 march, 2015.
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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