अंतर्राष्ट्रीय विधि, सार्वजनिक
aantarrashtriy vidhi, sarvajanik paribhasha– aantarrashtriy kanoon un vidhi niyamoan ka samooh hai jo vibhinn rajyoan ke parasparik sanbandhoan ke vishay mean prayukt hote haian. yah ek vidhi pranali hai jisaka sanbandh vyaktiyoan ke samaj se n hokar rajyoan ke samaj se hai.
itihas
aantarrashtriy kanoon (vidhi) ke udbhav tatha vikas ka itihas nishchit kal simaoan mean nahian baanta ja sakata. prophesar h aaulaiand ke matanusar puratan kal mean bhi svatantr rajyoan mean manyata prapt aise niyam the jo dootoan ke visheshadhikar, sandhi, yuddh ki ghoshana tatha yuddh sanchalan se sanbandh rakhate the.[1] prachin bharat mean bhi aise niyamoan ka ullekh milata hai.[2] yahoodi, yoonani tatha rom ke logoan mean bhi aise niyamoan ka hona paya jata hai.
14vian, 13vian, sadi ee. poo. mean khatti rani ne misri faraoon ko donoan rajyoan mean paraspar shaanti aur saujany banae rakhane ke lie jo patr likhe the ve aantarrashtriy drishti se itihas ke pahale adarsh mane jate haian. ve patr khatti aur faraooni donoan abhilekhagaroan mean surakshit rakhe ge jo aj tak surakshit haian.
madhy yug mean shayad kisi prakar ke aantarrashtriy kanoon ki avashyakata hi n thi kyoanki samudri dasyu samast sagaroan par chhae hue the, vyapar pray lupt ho chuka tha aur yuddh mean kisi prakar ke niyam ka palan nahian hota tha. bad mean punarjagaran evan dharm sudhar ka yug aya tab aantarrashtriy kanoon ke vikas mean kuchh pragati huee. kalaantar mean manav sabhyata ke vikas ke sath achar tatha riti ki paranparaean banian jinake adhar par aantarrashtriy kanoon age badha aur panapa. 19vian shatabdi mean usaki pragati vishesh roop se vibhinn rashtroan ke madhy hone vali sandhiyoan tatha abhisamayoan dvara huee. sanh 1899 tatha 1907 ee. mean heg mean hone vale shaanti sammelanoan ne aantarrashtriy kanoon ke roop ko mukharit kiya aur aantarrashtriy vivachan nyayalay ki sthapana huee.
pratham mahayuddh ke pashchath rashtrasangh (lig aauph neshans) ne janm liya. usake mukhy uddeshy the shaanti tatha suraksha banae rakhana aur aantarrashtriy sahayog mean vriddhi karana. parantu 1937 ee. mean japan tatha itali ne rashtrasangh ke astitv ko bhari dhakka pahuanchaya aur aant mean 19 aprail, sanh 1946 ee. ko sangh ka astitv hi mit gaya.
dvitiy mahayuddh ke vijeta rashtr gret briten, amerika tatha soviyat roos ka adhiveshan m aausko nagar mean hua aur ek chhota-sa ghoshanapatr prakashit kiya gaya. tadanantar anek sthanoan mean adhiveshan hote rahe aur ek aantararashtriy sangathan ke vishay mean vichar-vinimay hota raha. sanh 1945 ee. mean 25 aprail se 26 joon tak, sain phraansisko nagar mean ek sammelan hua jisamean pachas rajyoan ke pratinidhi sammilit hue. 26 joon, 1945 ee. ko sanyukt rashtrasangh tatha aantarrashtriy nyayalay ka ghoshanapatr sarvasammati se svikrit hua jisake dvara nimnalikhit uddeshyoan ki ghoshana ki gee
(1) aantararashtriy shaanti evan suraksha banae rakhana.
(2) rashtroan mean parasparik maitri badhana.
(3) sabhi prakar ki arthik, samajik, saanskritik tatha manaviy aantararashtriy samasyaoan ko hal karane mean aantararashtriy sahayog prapt karana.
(4) samany uddeshyoan ki poorti ke lie vibhinn rashtroan ke karyakalapoan mean samanjasy sthapit karana.
is prakar sanyukt rashtrasangh aur visheshataya aantararashtriy nyayalay ki sthapana se aantararashtriy kanoon ko yatharth roop mean vidhi (kanoon) ka pad prapt hua. sanyukt rashtrasangh ne aantararashtriy-vidhi-ayog ki sthapana ki jisaka pramukh kary aantararashtriy vidhi ka vikas karana hai.
aantarrashtriy vidhi ka sanhitakaran
kanoon ke sanhitakaran se tatpary hai samast niyamoan ko ekatr karana, unako ek sootr mean kramanusar baandhana tatha unamean samanjasy sthapit karana. 18vian tatha 19vian shatabdi mean is or prayas kiya gaya. ianstityoot aauv iantaranaishanal l aau ne bhi isamean samuchit yog diya. heg sammelanoan ne bhi is kary ko apane hath mean liya. sanh 1920 ee. mean rashtrasangh ne isake lie samiti banaee. is prakar pichhali tin shatabdiyoan mean is kathin kary ko poora karane ka nirantar prayas hota raha. aant mean 21 navanbar, 1947 ee. ko sanyukt rashtrasangh ne is kary ke nimitt sanvidhi dvara aantarrashtriy-vidhi-ayog sthapit kiya.
aantarrashtriy vidhi ke vishay
aantarrashtriy kanoon ka vistar asim tatha isake vishay nirantar pragatishil haian. manav sabhyata tatha vijnan ke vikas ke sath isaka bhi vikas uttarottar hua aur hota rahega. isake vistar ko simabaddh nahian kiya ja sakata. aantarrashtriy vidhi ke pramukh vishay is prakar haian:
(1)rajyoan ki manyata, unake mool adhikar tatha kartavy.
(2) rajy tatha shasan ka uttaradhikar.
(3) videshi rajyoan par kshetradhikar tatha rashtriy simaoan ke bahar kie ge aparadhoan ke sanbandh mean kshetradhikar.
(4) mahasagar evan jal praangan ki simaean.
(5) rashtriyata tatha videshiyoan ke prati vyavahar.
(6) sharanagat adhikar tatha sandhi ke niyam.
(7) rajakiy evan vanijy dootiy samagam tatha unmukti ke niyam.
(8) rajyoan ke uttaradayitv sanbandhi niyam.
(9) vivachan prakriya ke niyam.
aantarrashtriy vidhi ke adhar
aantarrashtriy kanoon ke niyamoan ka sootrapat vicharakoan ki kalpana tatha rashtroan ke vyavaharoan mean hua. vyavahar ne dhire-dhire pratha ka roop dharan kiya aur phir ve prathaean paranparaean ban geean. at aantarrashtriy kanoon ka mukhy adhar paranparaean hi haian. any adharoan mean pratham sthan vibhinn rashtroan mean hone vali sandhiyoan ka hai jo paranparaoan se kisi bhi arth mean kam mahatvapoorn nahian hai. inake atirikt rajyapatr, pradeshiy sansad dvara svikrit sanvidhi tatha pradeshiy nyayalay ke nirnay aantarrashtriy kanoon ki any adhar shilaean haian. bad mean vibhinn abhisamayoan ne tatha nirvachan nyayalay, aantarrashtriy puraskar nyayalay evan aantarrashtriy nyayalay ke nirnayoan ne aantarrashtriy kanoon ko usaka vartaman roop diya.
aantarrashtriy vidhi ke kalpanik tatv- aantarrashtriy vidhi katipay kalpanik tatvoan par adharit hai jinamean pramukh ye haian:
(k) pratyek rajy ka nishchit rajyakshetr hai aur niji rajyakshetr mean usako niji mamaloan mean poorn svatantrata prapt hai.
(kh) pratyek rajy ko kanooni samatulyata prapt hai.
(g) aantarrashtriy vidhi ke aantargat sabhi rajyoan ka saman drishtikon hai.
(gh) aantarrashtriy vidhi ki manyata rajyoan ki sammati par nirbhar hai aur usake samaksh sabhi rajy ek saman haian.
aantarrashtriy vidhi ka ullanghan
aantarrashtriy vidhi ki manyata sadaiv rajyoan ki svechchha par nirbhar rahi hai. koee aisi vyavastha ya shakti nahian thi jo rajyoan ko aantarrashtriy niyamoan ka palan karane ke lie badhy kar sake athava niyamabhanjan ke lie dand de sake. rashtrasangh ki asaphalata ka pramukh karan yahi tha. sansar ke rajanitijn isake prati poornataya sajag the. at sanyukt rashtr ke ghoshanapatr mean is prakar ki vyavastha ki gee hai ki kalaantar mean aantarrashtriy kanoon ko rajyoan ki or se thik vaisa hi samman prapt ho jaisa kisi desh ki vidhi pranali ko apane desh mean shasan varg athava nyayalayoan se prapt hai. sanyukt rashtrasangh apane samast sahayak aangoan ke sath is prakar ka vatavaran utpann karane mean prayatnashil haian. sanyukt rashtrasangh ki suraksha samiti ko karyapalika shakti bhi di gee hai.[3]
|
|
|
|
|
|
tika tippani aur sandarbh
san. gran.-je.dablyoo. garanar; taigor l aau lekchars, 1922; r aaus e taikst buk aauv iantaraneshanal l aau; dablyoo.ee. hal iantaraneshanal l aau; ke.ar.ar. shastri stadiz in iantaraneshanal l aau.
- ↑ lekchars aaun iantaranaishanal l aau h aaulaiand)
- ↑ ramayan tatha mahabharat
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 41,42,43 |
sanbandhit lekh