अक्षर

hindi	jisaka kabhi nash n ho, avinashi, sthir, nity, paramatma, mahadev, vishnu, atma, akash, moksh, mool prakriti, avyakt, shvas ke ek aghat mean uchcharit dhvani ikaee, svar ya svarasahit vyanjan ya vyanjanasahit svar, sthir, brahm, shiv.
-vyakaran	visheshan, pulliang
-udaharan   (shabd prayog)	devanagari mean kul 52 akshar haian, jisamean 14 svar aur 38 vyanjan haian.
-vishesh	akshar (lakshanik) lipi ke roop mean bhi prayog hota hai. jaise-devanagari akshar, arabi akshar
-vilom
-paryayavachi	aank, akhar, varn, harf
sanskrit	[a+kshar] akshar (vikramorvashiyamh), avinashi, anashvar-, , sthir, dridh aksharah- shiv, vishnu akshar- (k) varnamala ka ek akshar-aksharanamakarasmi- adi. (kh) koee ek dhvani-ekaksharan paran brahm-. (g) ek ya anek varn, samashtirup se bhasha-pratishedhaksharaviklavabhiramamh-, dastavej, likhavat, avinashi atma, brahm, pani, akash, paramanand, moksh
any granth
sanbandhit shabd
sanbandhit lekh
any bhashaoan me
bhasha	asamiya	u diya	urdoo	kann d	kashmiri	koankani	gujarati
shabd	barn, akhar, akshar	barn (akhyar)	harf	akshar	achhur, harooph		akshar, varn
bhasha	dogari	tamil	telugu	nepali	panjabi	baangla	bodo
shabd		eluttu	aksharamu		akkhar	varn (rn), akshar (kkh)
bhasha	manipuri	marathi	malayalam	maithili	santhali	siandhi	aangrezi
shabd		svar, varn, shabd	aksharan			akharu

any shabdoan ke arth ke lie dekhean shabd sandarbh kosh

akshar (visheshan) [kshar+achh n. t.]

1. avinashi, achyut, anashvar- ku. 3/50, bhag. 15/16

2. sthir, dridh.-r: shiv 2. vishnu. -ran.

(k) varnamala ka ek akshar-aksharanamakaroasmi-bhag. 10/33 tryakshar adi.

(kh) koee ek dhvani,-ekaksharan paran brahm-manusmriti 2/83

(g) ek ya anek varn, samashtiroop se bhasha-pratishedhaksh-raviklavabhiramamh -sh. 3/25 2. dastavej, likhavat (bahuv), 3. avinashi atma, brahm, 4. pani 5. akash 6. paramanand, moksh. sam. -arth shabdoan ka arth;-chan (chuan) chuah,-chanah (nah) lipik, lekhak, nakalanavis.

isi prakar °jivakah °jivi, °jivikah peshevar lekhak.-chyutakan kisi akshar ke lupt hone ke karan doosara hi arth nikalana. -chhandash (napuan.)-vrittan varnoan ki sankhya se baddh chhand ya vritt-janani- toolika sarakanda ya kalam.-(vi) nyas 1. likhana, varnakram 2. varnamala 3. ved - bhoomika takhti-raghuvansh 19/16-mukhah vidvanh, vidyarthi. -varjit (visheshan) ashikshit, bina padha-likha. -vinyas (pulliang) hijje, lipi, varn vinyas.-shatruah (pulliang) nirakshar, apadh-shiksha (striliang) guhy aksharoan ki vidya.-sansthanan varnavinyas, likhana, varnamala.

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akshar shabd ka arth hai arthath‌ jo n ghat sake, n nasht ho sake. isaka prayog pahale vani ya vakh‌ ke lie evan shabdaansh ke lie hota tha. varn ke lie bhi akshar ka prayog kiya jata raha. yahi karan hai lipi sanketoan dvara vyakt varnoan ke lie bhi aj akshar shabd ka prayog samany jan karate haian. bhasha ke vaijnanik adhyayan ne akshar ko aangreji silebal ka arth pradan kar diya hai, jisamean svar, svar tatha vyanjan, anusvar sahit svar ya vyanjan dhvaniyaan sammilit mani jati haian. ek hi aghat ya bal mean boli jane vali dhvani ya dhvani samuday ki ikaee ko akshar kaha jata hai. ikaee ki prithakata ka adhar svar ya svararath‌ vokv aauyad) vyanjan hota hai. vyanjan dhvani kisi uchcharan mean svar ka poorv ya par aang banakar hi ati hai. astu, akshar mean svar hi merudand hai. akshar se svar ko n to prithakh‌ hi kiya ja sakata hai aur n bina svar ya svararath‌ vyanjan ke akshar ka nirman hi sanbhav hai. uchcharan mean yadi vyanjan moti ki tarah hai to svar dhage ki tarah. yadi svar sashakt samrat hai to vyanjan ashakt raja. isi adhar par pray akshar ko svar ka paryay man liya jata hai, kiantu aisa hai nahian, phir bhi akshar nirman mean svar ka atyadhik mahatv hota hai. katipay bhashaoan mean vyanjan dhvaniyaan bhi akshar nirman mean sahayak siddh hoti haian. aangreji bhasha mean n, r, lh‌ jaisi vyanjan dhvaniyaan svararath‌ bhi uchcharit hoti haian evan svaradhvani ke saman akshar nirman mean sahayak siddh hoti haian. aangreji silebal ke lie hiandi mean akshar shabd ka prayog kiya jata hai. d aau. ramavilas sharma ne silebal ke lie svarik shabd ka prayog kiya jata hai. (bhasha aur samaj, pri. 59). chooanki akshar shabd ka bhasha aur vyakaran ke itihas mean anek arthachchhaya ke lie prayog kiya gaya hai, isalie silebal ke arth mean isake prayog se bhramasrijan ki ashanka rahati hai.

shabd ke uchcharan mean jis dhvani par shikharata ya uchchata hoti hai vahi akshar ya silebal hota hai, jaise hath mean a dhvani par. is shabd mean ek akshar hai. akalpit shabd mean tin akshar haian yatha a kalh‌ pith‌; ajadi mean tin yatha a ja di; arthath‌ shabd mean jahaan jahaan svar ke uchcharan ki prithakata paee jae vahaan-vahaan akshar ki prithakata hoti hai.

dhvani utpadan ki drishti se vichar karane par phuphphus sanchalan ki ikaee ko akshar ya svarik (silebal) kahate haian, jisamean ek hi shirshadhvani hoti hai. sharir rachana ki drishti se akshar ya svarik ko phuphphus spandan bhi kah sakate haian, jisaka uchcharan dhvani tantr mean avarodhan hota hai. jab dhvani khand ya alpatam dhvani samooh ke uchcharan ke samay avayav sanchalan akshar mean uchchatam ho to vah dhvani aksharavath‌ hoti hai. svar dhvaniyaan bahudha aksharavath‌ uchcharit hoti hai evan vyanjan dhvaniyaan kvachith‌. shabdagat uchcharan ki nitaant prithakh‌ ikaee ko akshar kaha jata hai, yatha
(1) ek akshar ke shabd a,
(2) do akshar ke shabd bharatiy, urdoo,
(3) tin akshar ke shabd bolie, jamanat,
(4) char akshar ke shabd adhunatan, kathinaee,
(5) paanch akshar ke shabd avyavaharikata, amanushikata.
kisi shabd mean aksharoan ki sankhya is bat par katee nirbhar nahian karati ki usamean kitani dhvaniyaan haian, balki is bat par ki shabd ka uchcharan kitane aghat ya jhatake mean hota hai arthath‌ shabd mean kitani avyavahit dhvani ikaiyaan haian. akshar mean prayukt shirsh dhvani ke atirikt shesh dhvaniyoan ko aksharaang ya gahvar dhvani kaha jata hai. char mean ek akshar (silebal) hai jisamean a shirsh dhvani tatha ch evan r gahvar dhvaniyaan haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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