अणु
thumb|250px (aangrezi:Molecule) padarth anuoan se milakar bane hote haian aur anu paramanuoan se.
rasayan vijnan mean tatv tatha yaugik ka vah chhota se chhota kan jo svatantr avastha mean rah sakata hai aur jisamean dravy ke sab gun vidyaman rahate haian, anu kahalata hai. sadharanataya inaka vyas 4Å se 20Å tak hota hai. (1Å = 10-10mitar). kisi padarth ke anu mean us padarth ke koee bhautik evan rasayanik gun nahian hote. vastav mean ek anu n thos hota hai, n drav aur n gais. kisi bhi padarth ka anu usi roop mean kabhi rasayanik kriya nahian karata. isake lie anu ka paramanuoanan mean vibhajan avashyak hai.
- anu mean sadharanat do ya adhik paramanu (aitam) rahate haian. anu ki parikalpana ke poorv paramanu ko hi tatvoan tatha yaugikoan donoan ka sookshmatam kan mana jata tha. daltan aur barjiliyas ne tab yah kalpana ki thi ki saman tap tatha dab par sab gaisoan ke ek nishchit ayatan mean upasthit paramanuoan ki sankhya saman hohi hai. is kalpana se jab ge-loosak ke gais ayatan sanbandhi niyam ko samajhane ka prayatn kiya gaya tab kathinaee upasthit huee. isi kathinaee ko hal karane ke lie itali ke vaijnanik amidio avogrado (1776-1856) ne anuoan ki kalpana ki. (ra. ch. me.)
- pratyek padarth chhote-chhote anuoan se milakar bana hai. in anuoan ke bich khali sthan rahata hai jisamean anu tivr gati se bhraman karate rahate haian. anuoan ke bich ki khali sthan vali yah doori bhinn padarthoan mean bhinn hoti hai. ek hi padarth ki tin avasthaoan mean aantar is bich ki doori ke karan hi paya jata hai. arthath thos avastha mean anu pas-pas rahate haian. dravoan mean anuoan ke bich ki doori thos ki apeksha adhik hoti hai. doori badhane se anuoan ke parasparik akarshan mean kami a jati hai aur anuoan ko gatishil hone ki adhik svatantrata mil jati hai. gais ho jane par anuoan ke bich ki doori bahut adhik ho jati hai aur unake bich akarshan bal nahian ke barabar rah jata hai. isase ve lagabhag poornat svatantr hokar pratyek disha mean nirantar svachchhand gati ki sthiti mean a jate haian.
- anuoan ka pariman janane ke lie yadi ham unako chhoti-chhoti geandean manakar pas-pas satakar rakh dean to 1 sean. mi. lanbe sthan mean lagabhag 10 karo d anu a jaeange. anu ek ya ek se adhik paramanuoan se milakar bane hote haian. tatvoan ke anu saman paramanuoan se milakar aur yaugik ke anu asaman paramanuoan se milakar bane hote haian. vivinn padarthoan ke anu vibhinn prakar ke hote haian.
- anu sootr kisi tatv athava yaugik ka vah sootr hai jo usake lie ek anu ke paramanu ki poorn sankhya ka dyotak hai. jaise aksijan (tatv) aur sodiyam kloraid (yaugik) ke anu sootr kramash 02 tatha NaC1 hai.
- anubhar anuoan ke bhar vyakt karane ke lie karban (C12 samasthanik) ke paramanu ke bhar ke barahavean bhag ko bhar ki ikaee man liya gaya hai. kisi padarth ka anubhar usake ek anu ka sapeksh bhar hai jabaki tulana ke lie karban ke ek paramanu ka bhar 12 mana jae. yah keval ek aank matr hi hai. udaharan ke lie maiganisiyam karbonet ka anubhar 84 hai jisaka arth yah hai ki maiganisiyam karbonet ka ek anu karban ke ek paramanu se sat guna ya karban ke ek paramanu ke barahavean bhag se 84 guna bhari hai.[1]
yah anu mean upasthit paramanuoan ke paramanu bharoan ko jo dane se bhi nikal jata hai.
jaise-
NaC1 ka anubhar =Na ka paramanu bhar +C1 ka paramanu bhar
= 23 +35.5=58.5
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 87,88 |