अतिसूक्ष्मदर्शी

atisookshmadarshi (altra-maikr aauskop) ek aisa upakaran hai jisaki sahayata se bahut chhote-chhote kan, jo lagabhag anu ke akar ke hote haian aur sadharan sookshmadarshi se nahian dikhaee dete, dekhe ja sakate haian. vastav mean yah koee navin upakaran nahian hai, keval ek achchha sookshmadarshi hi hai, jisaki vishesh riti se kam mean laya jata hai. jab sadharan sookshmadarshi sadhakar paragamit (traiansamited) prakash se vastuoan ko ham dekhate haian. ksho ve prakash ke marg mean p dakar prakash ko rok deti haian, jisase ve prakashit prishthabhoomi par kale chitroan ke roop mean dikhaee deti haian. parantu bahut chhote kanoan ko paragamit prakash dvara dekhana asanbhav hai, kyoanki jitana prakash ek chhota kan rokata hai usase bahut adhik prakash us kan ke charoan or ke bianduoan se aankh mean pahuanch jata hai. isase utpann chakachauandh ke karan kan adrishy ho jata hai. yadi sookshmadarshi ka prabandh is prakar kiya jae ki kanoan ko kisi paradarshak drav mean dal diya jae, jisamean ve dhule nahian, aur phir in kanoan par bagal se prakash dala jae to prakash kanoan se takarakar oopar rakhe hue ek sookshmadarshi mean pravesh kar sakata hai. yadi is sthiti mean rakhe hue sookshmadarshi se kanoan ko ab dekha jae to ve poornat kali prishthabhoomi par chamakate hue bianduoan ke roop mean dikhaee dene lagate haian, kyoanki drav ke kan paradarshi hone ke karan prakashit nahian ho pate. yahi atisookshmadarshi ka siddhaant hai.

niche die hue chitroan mean sadharan sookshmadarshi aur atisookshmadarshi donoan ki ritiyaan dikhaee gee hai chitr:228-2.jpg atisookshmadarshi mean kanoan ko kisi paradarshak drav mean dalakar aur prakash ko bagal se ane dekar dekha jata hai.
(k) sadharan sookshmadarshi,
(kh) atisookshmadarshi.

chitr (k) mean prakash ki kiranean kisi drav mean alanbit (saspeanded) kanoan par niche se p d rahi haian aur prakash sidha sookshmadarshi mean pravesh kar raha hai, jisase drashta un kanoan ke prakashit prishthabhoomi par kale kale bianduoan ke roop mean dekh raha hai. chitr (kh) mean prakash dahini or se akar kanoan par p d raha hai aur kanoan se bikharakar sookshmadarshi mean pahuanch raha hai, jisase drashta un kanoan ko poornat kali prishthabhoomi par chamakadar bianduoan ke roop mean dekh raha hai.

atisookshmadarshi dvara kanoan ko dekhane ki jo riti praranbh mean (sanh‌ 1900 ke lagabhag) kam mean laee gee thi vah niche ke chitr mean di huee hai

soory se ane vala tivr prakakh ek samatal darpan par p d raha hai. vahaan se paravartit hokar prakash ki kiranean ek uttal tal (leanj) par p dati hai jo unako ekatrit karake un kanoan par dal deta hai jinaki pariksha sookshmadarshi se ki ja rahi hai. chitr:10228-1.jpg ar. zigamauandi aur ech. sideantauf ne atisookshmadarshi ki riti mean bahut sudhar kie jisase atyant sookshm kanoan ko dekhana sanbhav ho gaya hai. ab soory ke prakash ke sthan par sadharanat p aauiantolait laianp ka tivr prakash kam mean laya jata hai. is laianp mean dhatu ka ek sookshm gola ati tapt hokar shvet prakash deta hai.

prakash ki kiranean sanghanak (kandeansar) s dvara ekatr karake bartan b mean bhare hue drav par dali jati hai aur sookshmadarshi se use dekha jata hai right| sookshmadarshi ke siddhaant ke anusar sookshmadarshi ki vibhedan kshamata (riz aaulviang pavar) ki bhi ek sima hai, arthath‌ yadi kanoan ka akar ham chhota karate chale jaean to ek aisi avastha a jaegi jisase adhik chhota hone par kan apane vastavik roop mean prithakh‌ dikhaee nahian dega. sookshmadarshi ke abhidrishy tal (aaubjektiv) ka mukh vyas (aparchar) jitana hi adhik hoga aur jitane hi kam tarang dairghy ka prakash kanoan ko dekhane ke lie prayukt kiya jaega, utani hi adhik vibhedan kshamata prapt hogi. doosare shabdoan mean, ham kah sakate haian ki kisi sookshmadarshi ki vibhedan kshamata usake abhidrishy tal ke mukh vyas ki samanupati aur prayukt prakash ke tarangadairghy ki pratilomanupati hoti hai. sadharan sookshmadarshi chahe kitana hi badhiya bana ho, vah kabhi kisi aisi vastu ko vastavik roop mean nahian dikha sakata jisaka vyas prayukt prakash ke tarangadairghy ke lagabhag adhe se kam ho. parantu atisookshmadarshi ki sahayata se, anukool paristhitiyoan mean, itane chhote-chhote kan dekhe ja sakate haian jinaka vyas prakash ke tarangadairghy ke 1,100 bhag ke barabar ho. in kanoan ko atisookshmadarshiy kan kahate haian. yadi in kanoan ko sadharan riti se sookshmadarshi dvara dekhane ka prayatn kiya jae to ve dikhaee nahian dete, jisaka karan pahale bataya ja chuka hai. din ke samay akash mean tare n dikhaee dene ka bhi karan yahi hai.

yadi pahale bataee gi riti se ati sookshm kanoan par ek disha se tivr prakash dala jae aur sookshmadarshi ke aksh ko usase lanb rakhakar un kanoan ko dekha jae to ati sookshm hone ke karan pratyek kan prakirnan (skaitariang) dvara prakash ko aankh mean bhej dega. tab vah chamakate hue vrittakar vivartan baiandoan (daphreikshan baiands) se ghira hua hone ke karan prakashit gol chakati ki bhaanti dikhaee dene lagega. in chakattiyoan ka abhasi vyas kanoan ke vastavik vyas se bahut b da hota hai. isalie in chakatiyoan ke vyas se ham kanoan ke akar ke vishay mean koee nishchit jnan prapt nahian kar sakate, parantu phir bhi unase kanoan ke astitv ko samajh sakate haian, unaki sankhya gin sakate haian aur usake dravyamanoan tatha gatiyoan ka pata laga sakate haian.

atisookshmadarshi jis siddhaant par kam karata hai usaka udaharan ham apane dainik jivan mean us samay dekhate haian jab soory prakash ki kiranean kisi chhidr se kamare mean pravesh karati haian aur hava mean u date hue asankhy atisookshm kanoan ke astitv ka jnan karati haian. yadi ane vali kiranoan ki or aankh karake ham dekhean to ye atisookshm kan dikhaee nahian deangean. sanh‌ 1899 ee. mean l aaurd raile ne ganana se siddh kar diya ki jo kan achchhe se achchhe sookshmadarshi dvara sadharan riti se prithakh‌ prithakh‌ nahian dekhe ja sakate unako adhik tivr prakash se prakashit karake atisookshmadarshi ki riti se ham dekh sakate haian, yadyapi is riti se ham unake vastavik akar ka jnan nahian prapt kar sakate. atisookshmadarshi dvara bahut se vilayanoan (solyooshans) ki pariksha se pata chalata hai ki un vilayanoan ke bhitar ya to thos ke chhote-chhote kan kaliliy avastha) kal aauyad stet) mean tairate rahate haian ya thos poorn roop se vilayan mean mila rahata hai. usaki sahayata se kaliloy vilayanoan mean brauniyan gati ka bhi adhyayan kiya jata hai. yadi kaanch ki patti par tho da sa kaanboj (gaianbooj) rag dakar us par pani ki do booandean dal di jaean aur tab atisookshmadarshi se pani ki pariksha ki jae to asankhy chhote-chhote kan b di shighrata se bhinn-bhinn dishaoan mean idhar-udhar dau date hue dikhaee deange. is gati ko sabase pahale sanh‌ 1827 ee. mean ar. braun ne dekha tha, isalie unake nam par ise brauniyan gati kahate haian. yadi bijali se hava mean chaandi ka ark jalaya jae to usase bhi chaandi ke kaliliy kan prapt hote haian, jinako pani mean dalakar brauniyan gati dekhi ja sakati hai. is gati mean kan ashcharyajanak veg se idhar-udhar bhagate hue dikhaee dete haian jinaki tulana dhoop mean bhanabhanate hue ek machchhar samuday se ki ja sakati hai. atisookshmadarshi dvara dikhaee dene vale kanoan ki sookshmata prakash ki tivrata par nirbhar rahati hai. prakash ki tivrata jitani adhik hogi utane hi adhik sookshm kan dikhaee dene lageange.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

san. gran.- ar. zigmauandi: kal aaueds aiand di altramaikroskop, je. alekjaiandar dvara anuvadit (vili); ee. ef. bartan phizikal pr aaupartiz aauv kal aauedal solyooshans, laangamains grin aiand kan..

sanbandhit lekh

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