अधिकार
- adhikar-1
adhikar kisi vastu ko prapt karane ya kisi kary ko sanpadit karane ke lie upalabdh karaya gaya kisi vyakti ki kanoonasammat ya sanvidasammat suvidha, dava ya visheshadhikar hai. kanoon dvara pradatt suvidhaean adhikaroan ki raksha karati haian. donoan ka astitv ek-doosare ke bina sanbhav nahian. yahaan kanoon adhikaroan ko manyata deta hai vahaan inhean lagoo karane ya inaki avahelana par niyantran sthapit karane ki vyavastha bhi karata hai. rajanitik aur sanvaidhanik drishti se adhikar manav itihas se saman shashvat hai. prachin kal mean parivar aur sanpatti par matrisattak samaj mean maan ka tatha pitrisattak samaj mean pita ka adhikar hota tha. rajatantr ke vikas ke sath raja daivi adhikar ke siddhaantoan ki sahayata se praja se praja ko samast adhikaroan se nirast kar rashtr vishesh mean sanprabhu ban jane laga. praja ya dharmik samoohoan ke hastakshep se raja ke simit adhikar ki manyata prachalit huee. bharat aur yoonan ke prachin ganarajyoan mean janatantr ya ganatantr ki kalpana ki gee, jisase raja ke adhikar praja ke hathoan mean ja pahuanche evan kahian pratyaksh janatantr se, to kahian nirvachit pratinidhiyoan ke madhyam se shasan hone laga. pleto ne adarsh nagar rajyoan ki janasankhya 1050 to arastu ne 10 hajar nishchit ki. arastoo ne apratyaksh janatantr ki bhi vyavastha di. uttari bharat mean ganatantroan ka vishesh prachalan hua, khasakar bauddh yug mean. kuru, lichchhavi, mall, magadh jaise anek ganatantroan ka itihas mean ullekh milata hai. hiandoo rajashastroan ne praja ke adhikaroan ko sanrakshan pradan karane ke lie raja ka pramukh kartavy praja ka ranjan aur rakshan bataya. prachin kal mean shasakoan aur samantoan ne janata ke adhikaroan ka apaharan kar das pratha ka bhi prachalan kiya jisake aantargat stri-purushoan ke kray-vikray ka kram shuroo hua aur balath shasaketar vyaktiyoan evan samoohoan ko das banaya jane laga. bharat mean das pratha ke viruddh manaviy adhikaroan ke lie sabase pahale gautamabuddh ne avaz uthaee aur bhikshu banakar dasoan ko mukti dene ka kram chalaya.
adhunik janataantrik adhikaroan ki prapti ka sangharsh ianglaiand mean 13vian shati se aranbh hua jisamean raja ke nirankush adhikaroan ke viruddh vijay hasil huee. 1215 ee. mean prasiddh maigna karta ki ghoshana se british sansad ko raja par niyantran karane ka adhikar mila. 1603 se jems pratham ne daivi adhikar ke lie phir sangharsh shuroo kiya, kiantu 1688 ee. mean gauravapoorn kraanti ne samasya ko sada ke lie sulajha diya, jisake pashchath ianglaiand mean sansadiy shasan ki sthapana kar di gee. 16 disanbar, 1889 ko british sansad ki adhikar ghoshana ko raja viliyam tatha rani meri ne svikar kar shasan mean janata ke adhikar ko manyata di, tabase british sansad ke adhikar badhate hi ge. vishv mean manav adhikar ki vyapak garima phraansisi kraanti (1789 ee.) se sthapit huee. jaan jaik roosoan ke sanvida siddhaant se prerit kraanti ke samay sanvidhan sabha ne yah ghoshana ki thi ki sanvidhan nirmit hone par sarvapratham manav adhikaroan ka ullekh kiya jaega. yah ghoshana vastav mean jarj vashiangatan ke netritv mean amarika (sanyukt rajy) ki svatantrata ki ghoshana (sanh 1778 ee.) ke siddhaantoan se prerit thi. manav adhikar ki ghoshana ke adhar par samata, svatantrata evan bandhuta ka kanooni adhikar prapt hua.
svatantrata se pahale aur svatantrata ke bad
ianglaiand ke rajanitik sangharsh evan phraans ki kraanti ne duniya mean pooanjivadi janatantroan ka rasta saph kiya, jisake phalasvaroop samrajyavad evan navasamrajyavad ke vistar se anek rashtroan ke manaviy adhikaroan ko chhinakar yoorop ke alava sari duniya ko gulam banaya gaya. vishv ke do mahayuddh (1914-18 evan 1939-45) bhi isi ke parinan haian. 1847 ee. mean jarman darshanik karl marks tatha british darshanik phraian darik aiangels ne mainiphesto aauv d kamyunist parti likhakar shramik evan shoshit varg ke adhikaroan ki prapti ke lie sangharsh ki ek nee disha di, jisake lie shoshanavihin tatha vargahin samaj ki sthapana evan manushy ke saman arthik adhikar mukhy lakshy nirdharit kie ge. inhian lakshyoan ko drishti mean rakhakar 1917 ee. mean roos mean nee kraanti huee jisane rajasatta par shramikoan evan mehanatakashoan ke adhikar ke siddhaant ko moort svaroop pradan kiya, jab ki is kraanti ne ek sath hi samast shoshak varg ko sada ke lie satta ke adhikar se chyut kar diya. is kraanti ke pashchath sanvidhan dvara nagarikoan ko ve adhikar die ge jinake bare mean manav itihas mean kabhi suna bhi nahian gaya tha. 1936 ee. sanvidhan ke anusar tatkalin soviyat sangh mean janata ko svatantrata, samata aur bandhuta ke atirikt kary prapt karane, kary karane ke nishchit aur simit samay ke sath avakash ka anand prapt karane, bekari, vriddhavastha, rog, ayogyata ka bhatta tatha bima ki suvidha prapt karane, nishulk evan anivary praranbhik tatha uchch shiksha prapt karane, tred yooniyan, sahakarita sangh, yuvak sanghatan sthapit karane, samast striyoan ko savetan chaudah mahine ka prasooti avakash prapt karane aur apani maangoan ki poorti ke lie aandolan karane ke adhikar pradan kie ge. samajavadi deshoan ko chho dakar aise adhikar any deshoan mean nahian mil sake haian. 1947 ee. mean rajanitik dasata se mukti milane par 26 janavari, 1950 ee. se lagoo bharatiy sanvidhan ne bhi katipay maulik adhikar janata ko die haian kiantu sanpatti ke adhikar par adharit hone ke karan ye utane vyapak nahian ho sake haian jitane soviyat sanvidhan dvara pradatt adhikar. bharatiy sanvidhan ne dharm, prajati, jati, liang ke bhedabhav ko mitakar kanoon ke samaksh samata ka adhikar pradan kiya hai. asprishyata tatha begari ka aant kar diya hai. sarakar ki or se milane vali upadhiyoan ka aant kar diya hai. bhashan, sabha, sangathan, avagaman ki svatantrata pradan ki gee hai. shoshan ke sanrakshan ka adhikar diya gaya hai. daihik svatantrata (haibies karps) ka adhikar diya gaya hai jisake aantargat bina karan batae koee nagarik giraphtar nahian kiya ja sakata. giraphtar vyakti ko nyayalay se nyay pane ka adhikar hoga. vishvas ke adhar par dharm ko manane, prachar karane ka adhikar diya gaya hai. dharm, sanpraday athava bhasha ke adhar par alpasankhyak evan bahusankhyak varg ko apani ruchi ke anusar shiksha sansthaean sthapit karane tatha unaki vyavastha karane ka adhikar hoga. sanpatti rakhane, bechane aur kharidane ka adhikar pratyek nagarik ko diya gaya hai. adhikaroan ki raksha ke lie sanvaidhanik upachar ka bhi adhikar diya gaya hai. samajavad evan arthik svatantrata ki pragati ke lie bharatiy sansad ne 1971-72 mean sanvidhan mean 24vaan, 25vaan aur 26vaan sanshodhan kar sanpatti ke adhikar ko simit kar diya hai.
vartaman sthiti
vishv ke samast deshoan ke nagarikoan ko abhi poorn manav adhikar nahian mila hai. aphrika ke anek deshoan evan sanyukt rajy amarika ke dakshini rajyoan mean abhi bhi kisi-n-kisi roop mean dasapratha, rangabhed tatha begari maujood haian. bharat mean harijanoan tatha anek pariganit jatiyoan ko vyavahar mean samata aur sanpatti ke adhikar nahian mil sake haian. do tihaee manav jati ka abhi bhi arthik shoshan hota chala a raha hai. upaniveshavad ke karan eshiya, aphrika tatha laitin amarika ke anek avikasit rashtroan ka b de samrajyavadi rashtroan dvara arthik shoshan ho raha hai. isi disha mean mukti tatha rashtroan aur nagarikoan ke adhikaroan ki suraksha ke lie sanyukt rashtr sangh sachesht haian. sanyukt rashtrasangh ki or se prati varsh 10 disanbar ko manav-adhikar-divas manaya jata hai. sanh 1945 mean apani sthapana ke samay se hi sanyukt rashtrasangh ne manav adhikaroan ki abhivriddhi evan sanrakshan ke lie prayas aranbh kiya hai. is nimitt manav-adhikar-ayog ne adhikaroan ki ek vistrit rooparekha prastut ki jis sanyukt rashtr mahasabha ne 10 disanbar, 1948 ko svikar kiya. tis adhyayoan ke manav adhikar ghoshanapatr mean un adhikaroan ka ullekh hai jinhean vishvabhar ke stri-purush bina bhedabhav ke pane ke adhikari haian. in adhikaroan mean vyakti ke jivan, daihik svatantrata, suraksha evan svadhinata, dasata se mukti, svaichchhik giraphtari evan najaraband se mukti, svatantr evan nishpaksh nyayadhikaran ke samane sunavaee ka adhikar, aparadh pramanit n hone tak niraparadh mane jane ka adhikar, avagaman evan avas ki svatantrata, kisi desh ki rashtriyata prapt karane ka adhikar, vivah karane ka aur parivar basane ka adhikar, sanpatti rakhane ka adhikar, vichar, dharm, upasana ki svatantrata, abhivyakti ki svatantrata, shaantipoorn sabha karane ki svatantrata, matadan karane aur sarakar mean shamil hone ka adhikar, samajik svatantrata ka adhikar, kam pane ka adhikar, samuchit jivanastar ka adhikar, shiksha prapt karane ka adhikar, samaj ke saanskritik jivan mean sahabhagi banane ka adhikar ityadi shamil haian. vaikalpik roop se sanyukt rashtrasangh anek sangathanoan evan sansthaoan ka nirman kar dharati par in adhikaroan ko charitarth karane ke lie prayatnashil hai.[1]
adhikar-2
adhikar tantrashastr ki drishti se adhikar shabd ka mooly sadhanatmak hai. sadhana mean pravesh pane ke lie jis yogyata, kshamata ki prapti avashyak hoti hai, use adhikar kahate haian. inase tatvajnan adi moksh ka adhikar milata hai. sarvajanik aur sarvadeshik shastr tantr vibhinn sadhanakramoan, aantaryaang, bahiryaang, shatkarm, dhyanayog adi ke adhikaroan ka vidhan manav kalyan ke lie hi karate haian. taantrik sadhak pashu, vir, divy bhavoan ke dvara mahashakti ki archana karata hua sakal brahm ke shaktisvaroop ko anadi chetan aur anandaroop samajhakar atmavivek ki upalabdhi karata hai. vamakeshvaratantr ke anusar janm se 16 varsh tak pashubhav, 50 varsh tak virabhav aur age ka samay divy bhav ka hota hai. adhikararth dikshagrahan, abhishek adi sanskar shishy ke lie aparihary haian. lokadharmi aur shivadharmi, bubhukshu aur mumukshu, shaiksh aur ashaiksh (bauddh) adi ke adhikaravaichitray evan shaktipat ki tivrata ke anusar diksha ke bhi vibhinn bhed hote haian. adhikar ke 21 sanskaroan ke uparaant shakabhishek, poornabhishek, mahasamrajyabhishek adi ki vidhi sanpann hoti hai. aant mean sarvaangin adhikar ke lie acharyabhishek hota hai jisake bina diksha dene ka adhikar nahian milata. vivriti ke lie svachchhandatantr dekha ja sakata hai. adhikar aur sadhakabhed se panchamakaroan mean bhi arthabhed milata hai. bauddh tantroan mean bhi is adhikarabhed ka vistar milata hai. adhikar nirnay mean shaithily ke karan taantrik sadhanaoan ko kalaantar mean apatat niandit hona p data hai.[1]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh