अभिनय

abhinay ek kala hai jise sikhane aur abhyas karane ki zaroorat hoti hai yah jivan ke anubhav ka kavyatmak pratiroop hai. jaise- kisi abhineta ya abhinetri ke dvara kiya jane vala vah kary hai jisake dvara ve kisi katha ko darshate haian.

• 'natyashastr' abhinay ka mool granth mana jata hai. isake rachayita bharatamuni the.

abhinay ke prakar

abhinay mukhy roop se char prakar ka hota hai-

1. aangik
2. vachik
3. ahary aur
4. sattvik.

aangik abhinay

aangik abhinay ka arth hai- "sharir, mukh aur cheshtaoan se koee bhav ya arth prakat karana, jisamean poore sharir ki vishesh cheshta ke dvara abhinay kiya jata hai." abhinay vishesh ras, bhav tatha sanchari bhav ke anusar kie jate haian. aangik abhinay mean terah prakar ka sanyukt hast abhinay, chaubis prakar ka asanyukt hast abhinay, chauansath prakar ka nritt hast ka abhinay aur char prakar ka hath ke karan ka abhinay bataya gaya hai. isake atirikt vaksh ke paanch, parshv ke paanch, udar ke tin, kati ke paanch, uru ke paanch, jangha ke paanch aur pair ke paanch prakar ke abhinay batae ge haian. bharat ne solah bhoomichariyoan aur solah akashachariyoan ka varnan karake das akashamandal aur us bhaum mandal ke abhinay ka parichay dete hue gati ke abhinay ka vistar se varnan kiya hai ki kis bhoomika ke vyakti ki manch par kis ras mean, kaisi gati honi chahie, kis jati, ashram, varn aur vyavasay vale ko rangamanch par kaise chalana chahie tatha rath, viman, arohan, avarohan, akashagaman adi ka abhinay kis gati se karana chahie. gati ke hi saman asan ya baithane ki vidhi bhi bharat ne vistar se samajhaee hai. jis prakar yoorop mean ghanavadiyoan (kyoobrists) ne abhinayakaushal ke lie vyayam ka vidhan kiya hai vaise hi bharat ne bhi abhinay ka aisa vistrit vivaran diya hai ki abhinay ke sanbandh mean sansar mean kisi desh mean abhinay kala ka vaisa saangopaang niroopan nahian hua.

vachik abhinay

abhineta rangamanch par jo kuchh mukh se kahata hai vah sabaka sab vachik abhinay kahalata hai. sahity mean to ham log vyakrita vani hi grahan karate haian, kiantu natak mean avyakrita vani ka bhi prayog kiya ja sakata hai. siti dena ya dhoroan ko haankate hue chatakari dena adi sab prakar ki dhvaniyoan ko mukh se nikalana vachik abhinay ke aantargat ata hai. bharat ne vachik abhinay ke lie 63 lakshanoan ka aur unake dosh-gun ka bhi vivechan kiya hai. vachik abhinay ka sabase b da gun hai apani vani ke aroh-avaroh ko is prakar sadh lena ki kaha hua shabd ya vaky apane bhav aur prabhav ko banae rakhe. vachik abhinay ki sabase b di visheshata yahi hai ki yadi koee javanika ke pichhe se bhi bolata ho to keval usaki vani sunakar hi usaki mukhamudra, bhavabhangima aur akaanksha ka jnan kiya ja sake.

ahary abhinay

vastav mean abhinay ka aang n hokar nepathyakarm ka aang hai ahary abhinay aur isaka sanbandh abhineta se utana nahian hai jitana nepathyasajja karane vale se. kiantu aj ke sabhi pramukh abhineta aur naty prayokta yah manane lage haian ki pratyek abhineta ko apani mukhasajja aur roopasajja svayan karani chahie.

sattvik

satvik abhinay to un bhavoan ka vastavik aur hardik abhinay hai jinhean ras siddhaant vale satvik bhav kahate haian aur jisake aantargat, sved, stanbh, kanp, ashru, vaivarny, romaanch, svarabhang aur pralay ki ganana hoti hai. inamean se sved aur romaanch ko chho dakar shesh sabaka satvik abhinay kiya ja sakata hai. ashru ke lie to vishesh sadhana avashyak hai, kyoanki bhav magn hone par hi usaki siddhi ho sakati hai. bharat ke natyashastr mean sabase vichitr prakaran hai chitrabhinay ka, jisamean unhoanne rrituoan, bhavoan, anek prakar ke jivoan, devataoan, parvat, nadi, sagar adi ka, anek avasthaoan tatha prat:, saayan, chandajyotsna adi ke abhinay ka vivaran diya hai. yah samoocha abhinayavidhan pratikatmak hi hai, kiantu ye pratik us prakar ke nahian haian jis prakar ke yooropiy pratikabhinayavadiyoan ne grahan kie haian.

abhinay karane ki pravritti bachapan se hi manushy mean tatha any anek jivoan mean hoti hai. hath, pair, aankh, muanh, sir chalakar apane bhav prakat karane ki pravritti sabhy aur asabhy jatiyoan mean saman roop se paee jati hai. unake anukaran krityoan ka ek uddeshy to yah rahata hai ki isase unhean vastavik anubhav jaisa anand milata hai aur doosara yah ki isase unhean doosaroan ko apana bhav batane mean sahayata milati hai. isi doosare uddeshy ke karan sharirik ya aangik cheshtaoan aur mukhamudraoan ka vikas hua jo jangali jatiyoan mean boli huee bhasha ke badale ya usaki sahayak hokar abhinay prayog mean ati hai.

yoonan mean devataoan ki pooja ke sath jo nrity praranbh hua vahi vahaan ka abhinayakala ka pratham roop tha jisamean nrity ke dvara katha ke bhav ki abhivyakti ki jati thi. yoonan mean praranbh mean dharmik vedi ke charoan or jae natakiy nrity hote the unamean sabhi log saman roop se bhag lete the, kiantu pichhe chalakar samavet gayakoan mean se kuchh chune hue samarth abhineta hi mukhy bhoomikaoan ke lie chun lie jate the jae ek ka hi nahian, kee ki bhoomikaoan ka abhinay karate the kyoanki mukhauta pahanane ki riti ke karan yah sanbhav ho gaya tha. mukhaute ke prayog ke karan vahaan vachik abhinay to bahut samunnat hua kiantu mukh mudraoan se abhinay karane ki riti pallavit n ho saki.

itali vasiyoan mean abhinay ki ruchi b di svabhavik hai. natak likhe jane se bahut pahale se hi vahaan yah sadharan pravritti rahi hai ki kisi dal ko jahaan koee vishay diya gaya ki vah jhat usaka abhinay prastut kar deta tha. sangit, nrity aur drishy ke is prem ne vahaan ke rajanaitik aur dharmik sangharsh mean bhi abhinayakala ko jivit rakhane mean b di sahayata di hai.

yoorop mean abhinay kala ko sabase adhik mahatv diya sheksapiyar ne. usane svayan manav svabhav ke sabhi charitroan ka chitran kiya hai. usane haimalet ke sanvad mean shreshth abhinay ke mool tatvoan ka samavesh karate hue bataya hai ki abhinay mean vani aur sharir ke aangoan ka prayog svabhavik roop se karana chahie, atiranjit roop se nahian.

18vian shatabdi mean hi yoorop mean abhinay ke sanbandh mean vibhinn siddhaantoan aur pranaliyoan ka pradurbhav hua. phraansisi vishvakoshakar deni didaro ne udattavadi (klasikal) phraansisi natak aur usaki roodh abhinay paddhati se oobakar vastavik jivan ke natak ka siddhaant pratipadit kiya aur bataya ki natak ko phraans ke burjuva (madhyavargiy) jivan ki vastavik pratichchhaya banana chahie. usane abhineta ko yah sujhaya ki prayog ke samay apane par dhyan dena chahie, apani vani sunani chahie aur apane avegoan ki smritiyaan hi prastut karani chahie. kiantu 'masko stej aiand ianpiriyal thietar' ke bhootapoorv prayokta aur kala sanchalak thiyodor kaumisarajevaski ne is siddhaant ka khandan karate hue likh tha: 'ab yah siddh ho chuka hai ki yadi abhineta apane abhinay par savadhani se dhyan rakhata rahe to vah n darshakoan ko prabhavit kar sakata hai aur n rangamanch par kisi bhi prakar ki rachanatmak srishti kar sakata hai, kyoanki use apane aantarik svatm par jo pratibianb prastut karate haian unapar ekagr hone ke badale vah apane bahy svatm par ekagr ho jata hai jisase vah itana adhik atmachetan ho jata hai ki usaki apani kalpana shakti nasht ho jati hai. at:, shreshthatar upay yah hai ki vah kalpana ke ashray par abhinay kare, navanirman kare, nayapan lae aur keval apane jivan ke anubhavoan ka anukaran ya pratiroopan n kare. jab koee abhineta kisi bhoomika ka abhinay karate hue apani svayan ki utpadit kalpana ke vishv mean vicharan karane lagata hai us samay use n to apane oopar dhyan dena chahie, n niyantran rakhana chahie aur n to vah aisa kar hi sakata hai, kyoanki abhineta ki apani bhavana se udbhut aur usaki ajna ke anusar kam karanevali kalpana abhinay ke samay usake aveg aur abhinay ko niyantrit karati, path dikhalati aur sanchalan karati hai.

20vian shatabdi mean anek natyavidyalayoan, natyasansthaoan aur rangashalaoan ne abhinay ke sanbandh mean anek ne aur spasht siddhaant pratipadit kie. marks rinahart ne jarmani mean aur firmi gemie ne peris mean us prakritivadi natyapaddhati ka prachalan kiya jisaka pratipadan phraans mean aande aantvaan ne aur jarmani mean kroneg ne kiya tha aur jisaka vikas barlin mean otobrahm ne aur masko mean stanislavaski ne kiya. in prayoktaoan ne bich-bich mean prakritivadi abhinay mean ya to ritivadi (phormalists) logoan ke vicharoan ka sannivesh kiya ya sanh‌ 1910 ke pashchath‌ kromisarajevaski ne abhinay ke sanshleshanatmak siddhaantoan ka jo pravarttan kiya tha unaka bhi tho da bahut samavesh kiya; kiantu adhikaansh phraansisi abhineta 18vian shatabdi ki prachin romaansavadi (romaantik) paddhati ka ardhodatt (soodo-klasikal) abhinayapaddhati ka hi prayog karate rahe.

sanh‌ 1910 ke pashchath‌ jitane abhinayasiddhaant prasiddh hue unamean sarvaprasiddh masko art thietar ke prayokta stanisalavaski ki pranali hai jisaka siddhaant yah hai ki koee bhi abhineta rangamanch par tabhi svabhavik aur sachcha ho sakata hai jab vah un avegoan ka pradarshan kare jinaka usane apane jivan mean anubhav kiya ho. abhinay mean yah aantarik prakritivad stanisalavaski ki koee nee soojhi nahian thi kyoanki kuchh phraansisi natyajnoan ne 18vian shatabdi mean inhian vicharoan ke adhar par apani abhinay paddhatiyaan pravartit ki thian. stanisalavaski ke anusar ve hi abhineta prem ke drishy ka pradarshan bhali-bhaanti kar sakate haian jo vastavik jivan mean prem kar rahe hoan.

stanasilavaski ke siddhaant ke viruddh pratikavadiyoan (sianbolists), ritivadiyoan (farmalists) aur abhivyanjanavadiyoan (ekspreshanists) ne nee riti chalaee jisamean satyata aur jivanatulyata ka poorn bahishkar karake kaha gaya ki abhinay jitana hi kam, vastavik aur kam jivanatuly hoga utana hi achchha hoga. abhineta ko nishchit charitr nirman karane ka prayatn karana chahie. use goodh vicharoan ka roodh riti se apani vani, apani cheshta aur mudraoan dvara prastut karana chahie aur vah abhinay roodh, jivan-samy-hin, chitramay aur kathaputali--nrity--shaili mean prastut karana chahie.

roodhivadi log age chalakar meyarahold, tayarof aur aravin piskatar ke netritv mean abhinay mean itani uchhal-kood, natavidya aur layagati ka prayog karane lage ki rangamanch par unaka abhinay aisa pratit hone laga manoan koee sarakas ho raha ho jisamean uchhal-kood, sharir ka kalatmak santulan aur isi prakar ki gatiyoan ki pradhanata ho. yah abhinay hi ghanavadi (kyoobistik) abhinay kahalane laga. in layavadiyoan mean se meyarahold to age chalakar kuchh prakritivadi ho gaya kiantu liyopold jessavar, nikolasaivarenov adi abhivyanjanavadi, ya yoan kahie ki atiranjit abhinayavadi log kuchh to roodhivadiyoan ki pranaliyoan ka anusaran karate rahe aur kuchh manovaijnanik prakritivadi paddhati ka.

is prakar abhinay ki drishti se yoorop mean paanch prakar ki abhinay paddhatiyaan chalian: (1) roodhivadi ya sthir ritivadi (farmalist), (2) prakritivadi (nechuralist), (3) abhivyanjanavadi (ekspeshanist) jo atiranjit abhinay karate the, (4) ghanavadi (kyoobist) jo santulit vyayam poorn gatiyoan dvara yantratmak abhinay karate the aur (5) pratikavadi (sibolists), jinhoanne apane abhinay mean pratyek bhav ke anusar kuchh nishchit mukh mudraean aur aangik gatiyaan pratik ke roop mean man li thian aur un sab bhavoan ki avasthaoan mean se log unhian pratikoan ka abhinay karate the. kiantu ye pratik bharatiy mudrapratikoan se poornat: bhinn the. yah pratikavad yoorop mean saphal nahian ho saka.

20vian shatabdi ke chauthe dashak se, arthath‌ dvitiy mahayuddh ke asapas, yoorop ki abhinayapranali mean parivartan hua aur pray: sabhi yooropiy tatha amariki rangashalaoan mean pratyek abhineta se yah asha ki jane lagi ki vah apane abhinay mean koee navinata aur maulikata dikhakar atyant apratyashit dhang ka abhinay karake logoan ko santusht kare. ajakal abhineta ke lie yah avashyak mana jane laga hai ki vah apani kalpana ka prayog karake natak ke bhav ki pratyek paristhiti mean apane abhinay ka aisa sanshlisht sanyojan kare ki usase natak mean kuchh vishesh chetana aur sajivata utpann ho. usaka dharm hai ki vah rangashala ke vyavaharik drishtikon ko dhyan mean rakhakar apani pratibha ke bal se natakakar ki bhavana ka uchit aur spasht sanrakshan karata hua natak ka pravah aur prabhav banae rakhe.

ajakal ke prasiddh abhinetaoan ka kathan hai ki abhineta ko kisi vishesh paddhati ka anusaran nahian karana chahie aur n kisi abhineta ka anusaran karana chahie. vastav mean abhinay ka koee ek siddhaant nahian hai, jo do natakoan ke lie ya do abhinetaoan ke lie kisi ek paristhiti mean saman kaha ja sake. ajakal ke abhineta sanchalak (aiktar-mainejar) isi mat ke haian ki achchhe abhineta ko sansar ke sab natakoan ki sab bhoomikaoan ke lie koee nishchit pranali dhooandh nikalani chahie aur tadanusar apane ko svayan shikshit karate chalana chahie. ajakal ke adhikaansh natyagharoan ka mat hai ki natak ko prabhavashali banane ke lie abhineta ko n to bahut adhik prakritivadi hona chahie aur n adhik abhivyanjanavadi ya layavadi. atiranjit abhinay to kabhi karana hi nahian chahie.

ajakal ki abhinayapranali mean ek charitrabhinay (kairektar aiktiang) ki riti chali hai jisamean ek abhineta kisi vishesh prakar ke charitr mean visheshata prapt karake sad sab natakoan mean usi prakar ki bhoomika grahan karata hai. chalachitroan ke karan is prakar ke charitr abhineta bahut badhate ja rahe haian.

bhoomika mean svikrit pad, prakriti, ras aur bhav ke anusar chhah prakar ki gatiyoan mean abhinay hota hai---atyant karun mean stabdh gati, shaant mean mand gati, shrriangar, has aur bibhats mean sadharan gati, vir mean drut gati, raudr mean vegapoorn gati aur bhay mean ativegapoorn gati. in sabaka vidhan vibhinn bhavoan, vyaktiyoan, avasthaoan aur paristhitiyean par avalanbit hota hai. abhinay ka kshetr bahut vyapak hai. sankshep mean yahi kaha jae sakata hai ki abhineta ko maulik hona chahie aur kisi paddhati ka anusaran n karake yah prayatn karana chahie ki apani rachana ke dvara natakakar jo prabhav darshakoan par dalana chahata hai usaka uchit vibhajan ho sake.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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