अरबी लेखक

poorv madhyakalin bharat ke samaj aur sanskriti ke vishayoan mean hamean sarvapratham arab vyapariyoan evan lekhakoan se vivaran prapt hota hai. in vyapariyoan aur lekhakoan mean mukhy haian- alaberooni, suleman aur alamasoodi. uparyukt videshi yatriyoan ke vivaran ke atirikt kuchh farasi lekhakoan ke vivaran bhi prapt hote haian, jinase bharatiy itihas ke adhyayan mean kafi sahayata milati hai. isamean mahattvapoorn haian-

1. firadausi (940-1020 ee.) kritashahanama, (Book of Kings)
2. rashadudvin krit 'jamiet al tavarikh'
3. ali ahamad krit ‘chachanama‘
4. minahaj-ul-siraj krit ‘tabakat-e-nasiri‘
5. jiyauddin barani krit ‘tarikh-e-firojashahi evan
6. abul fazal krit ‘akabaranama‘ adi.

• yooropiy yatriyoan mean 13 vi shatabdi mean venis (itali) se aye se suprasidv yatri markopoloan dvara dakshin ke pandy rajy ke vishay mean janakari milati hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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