अल्पबुद्धिता

alpabuddhita alpabuddhita sanbandhi kanoon ne yah paribhasha di hai ki alpabuddhita mastishk ka vah avaruddh athav apoorn vikas hai jo 18 varsh ki ayu ke poorv paya jae, chahe vah janmajat karanoan se utpann ho chahe rog athava aghat (chot) se, parantu vastavikata yah hai ki alpabuddhita sadharan se kam manasik vikas aur janm se hi ajnat karanoan dvara utpann simit buddhi ka phal hai. any sab prakar ki alpabuddhita ko gaun manasik nyoonata kahana chahie. binet parikshan mean vyakti ki yogyata dekhi jati hai aur anuman kiya jata hai ki utani yogyata kitane varsh ke bachche mean hoti hai. isako us vyakti ki manasik ayu kahate haian. udaharanat:, yadi sharir ke aangoan ke svasth rahane par bhi koee balak alpabuddhita ke karan apane hath se svachchhata se nahian kha sakata, to usaki manasik ayu char varsh mani ja sakati hai. yadi us vyakti ki sadharan ayu 16 varsh hai to usaka buddhi gunaank (inatelijeans kosheant, stainaford-benet) 4/16´100, arthath‌ 25, mana jaega. is gunaank ke adhar par alpabuddhita ko tin vargoan mean vibhajit kiya jata hai. yadi yah gunaank 20 se kam hai to vyakti ko moodh (aangreji mean idiyat) kaha jata hai; 20 aur 50 ke bichavale vyakti ko nyoonabuddhi (ianbesail) kaha jata hai aur 50 se 70 ke bich durbalabuddhi (fibul maianded), parantu yah vargikaran aniyamit hai, kyoanki alpabuddhita atoot riti se uttarottar badhati hai. samany buddhi, durbal buddhi, itani moodhata ki daktar usaka pramanapatr de sake aur usase bhi adhik alpabuddhita ke bich bhed vyakti ke samajik acharan par nirbhar hai; koee nahian kah sakata ki moorkhata ka kahaan aant hota hai aur moodhata ka kahaan aranbh. jinaka buddhita gunaank 70 se 75 ke bich p data hai unhean log mandabuddhi kah dete haian, parantu mandabuddhita bhi uttarottar kam hokar samanyabuddhita mean mil jati hai. aise bhi udaharan milate haian jinamean keval prayasashakti aur avegashakti (konetiv aur imoshanal phankshans) ke sanbandh mean buddhi kam rahati hai.

bharat mean alpabuddhita sanbandhi aank de upalabdh nahian haian. yoorop mean sari janasankhya ka lagabhag do pratishat alpabuddhi paya jata hai, parantu yadi mandabuddhi aur pichh di buddhivaloan ko bhi sammilit kar liya jae to alpabuddhiyoan ki sankhya kam se kam chhah pratishat hogi. saubhagy ki bat hai ki moodh aur nyoon buddhivale kam hote haian (h 1/2 pratishat se bhi kam). inaka anupat yoan rahata hai :moodh,1 :nyoonabuddhi 4 :durbalabuddhi, 20.

alpabuddhita ke karanoan ka pata nahian hai. anuvanshikata (herediti) tatha garbhavastha athava janm ke samay athava poorvashaishavakal mean rog athava chot sanbhav karan samajhe jate haian.

alpabuddhita jitani hi adhik rahati hai utana hi kam usamean anuvanshikata ka prabhav rahata hai, keval kuchh vishesh prakar ki alpabuddhita, jo kabhi-kabhi hi dekhane mean ati hai aur jisamean drishti bhi hin ho jati hai, khanadani hoti hai. santan mean pahuanch jane ki sanbhavana, moodhata athava nyoonabuddhita ki apeksha, durbalabuddhita mean adhik rahati hai. garbhavastha mean mata ko jarman mizals niramayi chhoti mata (chikan p aauks), vayaras ke karan mastishkarti (vayaras enasefailaitiz) ityadi hona aur mata-pita ke rudhiroan mean paraspar vishamata (inak aaumpaitibiliti), mata-pita mean upadansh (sifalis) aur janm ke samay chot athava any kshati mahatvapoorn karan samajhe jate haian. janm ke samay ki kshatiyoan mean bachche mean rakt ki kami se vivarnata (pailar), jamua (tivr shvasarodh, itana gala ghut jana ki sharir nila p d jae, bloo asfiksiya), dugdh pine ki shakti n rahana athava janm ke bad akshep (chhatapatane ke sath behoshi ka daura) haian.

balyakal ke aranbh mean mastishk mean pani badh jane (jalashirsh, haidrosefalas) aur mastishkarti (mastishk ka pradah, enasefailaitij) se mastishk bahut kuchh⌠ kharab ho jata hai aur is prakar gaun alpabuddhita utpann hoti hai. khop di ki haddi mean kuchh prakar ki trutiyoan se bhi, jinake karan khop di badhane nahian pati, manasik trutiyaan utpann hoti haian. ye rog mastishk ko vastavik bhautik kshati pahuanchate haian aur is kshati ke karan vividh aangoan mean bhi vikriti utpann ho sakati hai.

alpabuddhi bachchoan mean vikas ke sadharan pad, jaise baithana, kh da hona, chalana, bolana, svachchhata (visheshakar mootr ko vash mean rakhana), der se vikasit hote haian. ek varsh ki ayu ke pahale in sab trutiyoan ka pata pana kathin hota hai, parantu chatur mataean, visheshakar ve jo isake pahale svasth bachche pal chuki haian, kuchh trutiyaan shighr bhaanp leti haian, jaise doodh pine mean vibhinnata, n rona aur bachche ka mata ke prati nyoon akarshan, bachche ka bahut shaant aur chup rahana ityadi.

sadharanat:, moodh samany bhautik vipattiyoan se, jaise ag se ya s dak par ga di se, apane ko nahian bacha sakata. moodhoan ko apane hath khana ya apane ko svachchh rakhana nahian sikhaya ja sakata. unamean se kuchh apane sathiyoan ko pahachan sakate haian aur apani saral avashyakataean bata sakate haian; vastut: ve pashuoan se bhi kam buddhivale hote haian. jo kuchh ve pate haian use muanh mean dal lete haian, jaise mitti, ghas, kap da, cham da; kuchh moodh apana sir hilate rahate haian ya jhoomate rahate haian.

nyoon buddhivaloan ki bhi dekhabhal doosaroan ko karani p dati hai aur unako khilana p data hai. ve jivikoparjan nahian kar sakate. saralatam batoan ko chho dakar any batean smaran rakhane ya gun dhang sikhane mean ve asamarth hote haian. parantu yah sanbhav hai ki ve svayanchalit yantr ki tarah, bina samajhe, sikhaya gaya kary karate rahean. kabhi-kabhi ve kuchh dinaank ya ghatanaean bhi smaran rakh sakate haian, parantu jo kuchh bhi ve kisi n kisi prakar sikh lete haian usaka ve yathochit upayog nahian kar pate. nyoonabuddhivaloan ka vyaktitv vividh hota hai; kuchh dayavan aur ajnakari hote haian; doosare kroor, dhokhebaj aur kunahi (badala lenevale). inase bhi adhik alpabuddhitavale bahudha jiddi, shighr dhokha khanevale aur khushamadapasand hote haian. ve shighr hi samajadrohi margoan mean utar p date haian; jaise veshyavritti, chori, dakaiti aur bhari aparadh. ve bina aparadh ki mahatta ko samajhe hatya tak kar sakate haian.

durbal buddhivale, jinhean aangreji mean moran bhi kahate haian, vishesh shiksha se itana sikh sakate haian ki yantravath‌ shram dvara ve apana jivikoparjan kar sakean. aise vyaktiyoan ko jivikoparjan ke lie avashy utsahit karana chahie. kheti, bartan adi maanjane ki naukari aur majadoori adi ka kam ve kar sakate haian. prayogashala mean kaanch ke bartan dhona aur mej saph karana bhi kuchh aise vyakti sanbhal lete haian.

pathashala jane ki ayu ke pahale, durbal buddhivale bachchoan mean any bachchoan ki tarah jijnasa nahian hoti. apane man se kam karane ki shakti bhi unamean nahian hoti aur n unamean khel kood adi ke prati ruchi hoti hai; ve b de shaant aur nishkriy rahate haian. unaki smaranashakti paryapt achchhi ho sakati hai. bahudha ve der mean bolana aranbh karate haian; boli saph nahian hoti aur vyanjana bhi achchhi nahian hoti. aise bachchoan ko vishesh pathashalaoan mean shiksha di jae to achchha hai. unaki kamapravritti (seksianstiankt) nyoonavikasit hoti hai, parantu striyoan mean durbalabuddhivaliyoan ka veshyavritti apanana asadharan nahian hai. durbalabuddhivali mata nirday hoti hai, bachchoan ki thik dekhabhal nahian karati aur grihasthi bhi thik se nahian chalati, jisase grihasth jivan du:khamay ho jata hai. bahudha durbal buddhivale l dake apana alag samooh banakar chori karate haian ya aveshayukt aparadh karate haian, udaharanat: yadi malik ke prati krodh hai to usake ghar mean ag laga sakate haian. paise ke pralobhan se hatya ityadi aparadhoan ke lie unhean sugamata se raji kiya ja sakata hai, parantu ve yojana nahian bana pate aur bahudha pak d lie jate haian, kyoanki ve bachane ki cheshta hi nahian karate. ye log bina yah samajhe ki parinam kya hoga, aparadh kar baithate haian.

aise bhi log haian jo pathashala mean mandabuddhi samajhe jate the, parantu pichhe apane hi prayatn se ooanchi sthitiyoan mean pahuanche haian.

kuchh vishesh prakar ki alpabuddhitaean bhi haian jinamean manasik trutiyoan ke sath sharirik vikriti bhi rahati hai, jaise maudgalyabh moodhata (m aauaangol aauyad idiosi, jisamean aryavansh ke logoan ka chehara vikrit hokar mangol logoan ki tarah ho jata hai), kretinijm (ek rog jisamean bachapan se hi sharirik vriddhi ruk jati hai aur vikriti, ghegha, thayarayad-hinata, khurakhuri k di tvacha aur moodhata adi lakshan utpann ho jate haiaian; yah bahudha thayarayad ras ke karan utpann ho jate hai), kadakarata (g aaurag aauyalijm) ityadi.

alpabuddhivale bachchoan ki dekhabhal sadharan pathashalaean nahian kar sakatian aur unamean aise bachchoan ko bharati karana aur unako kisi n kisi prakar pas karane ki cheshta karana bhool hai. sanyukt rajy (amarika) adi katipay deshoan mean alpabuddhi aur durbalabuddhi bachchoan ki prithakh‌ bastiyaan hoti haian jahaan unaki vishesh dekhabhal ki jati hai aur is uddeshy se vishesh prashikshan diya jata hai ki jahaan tak ho sake, unaka vikas kar diya jae. in abhage bachchoan ki samajik samasyaoan ka aur parivar ke logoan ko chhutakara dene ka yahi sabase achchha hal hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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