अल्बेनिया

albeniya balkan prayadvip mean ek samajavadi prajatantr desh hai. kshetraphal 28,748 varg ki. mi. (11,101 varg mil), janasankhya 20,79,800 (1969 ee.) jisamean 70 pratishat musalaman, 20 pratishat kattarapanthi (arthod aauks) eesaee tatha 10 pratishat roman kaitholik haian. isake bhoobhag ki adhikatam lanbaee 224 mi.mi., adhikatam chau daee 96 ki.mi. aur samudratat ki kul lanbaee 240 mi. mi. hai. isaki rajadhani tirana hai jisaki janasankhya 1,96,000 (1967) hai. albeniyaee bhasha do boliyoan mean vibhakt hai-gheg tatha t aausk. gheg shkuanbi nadi ke uttar mean aur t aausk dakshin mean boli jati hai. 1945 se rajakiy bhasha vah hai jo t aausk ko adhar banakar vikasit ki gee hai.

alabeniya ke uttar tatha poorv mean yoogoslaviya, dakshin poorv mean yoonan (gris), pashchim mean aidriyatik sagar aur dakshin pashchim mean ayoniyan sagar haian.

albeniya ke lagabhag poore bhoobhag mean albeniyaee alps namak parvat phaila hua hai; phalasvaroop is desh ka adhikatar bhag anupajaoo aur sagaratal se 3,000 phut ooancha hai. poorvi sima par korab namak sarvochch parvat shikhar hai jisaki ooanchaee 9,066 phut hai. tatiy pradesh maidani, at: upajaoo hai. parantu yah bhi maleriyavale daladaloan ke karan abhi tak avikasit p da hai. dakshin pashchim albeniya mean bhi korache nagar ke charoan or upajaoo maidan haian jahaan khetiba di ki jati he.

is desh mean vividh prakar ke bhoodharatal haian, at: yahaan vividh prakar ki jalavayu aur tadanusar vibhinn prakar ki vanaspatiyaan milati haian. dakshin ke tatiy maidanoan mean bhoomadhyasagariy jalavayu hai jisamean shit rritu mean varsha hoti hai aur grishm rritu lagabhag shushk rahati hai. madhyavarti tatha uttari ilakoan mean lagabhag barahoan mas kaphi varsha hoti hai. uchch parvatiy bhagoan mean paha di jalavayu rahati hai jisamean shit rritu ke dauran himapat hota hai.

itihas : jarj kastriyota (jo iskandarabeg ke nam se prasiddh the) ki 1467 ee. mean mrityu ke pashchath‌ albeniya par turki ka adhipaty ho gaya jo 1912 ee. tak bana raha. 29 navanbar, 1912 ko vlone (vailona) mean albeniya ki svatantrata ki ghoshana ki gee. landan mean ayojit rajadoot sammelan mean albeniya ki bhaugolik simaoan ka nirdharan kiya gaya tatha prians viliyam aauv vid albeniya ke shasak manonit hue. ve 7 march, 1914 ko dureans pahuanche. lekin jaldi hi desh mean arajakata vyapt ho gee aur prians 3 sitanbar, 1914 ko albeniya chho dakar chale ge. 26 aprail, 1915 ko landan mean hue gupt samajhaute mean pravadhan rakha gaya ki albeniya ka bantavara kar diya jae. parantu 3 joon, 1917 ko itali ne ukt samajhauta asvikar kar diya aur albeniya sthit italavi pradhan senapati ne jirokastar namak nagar mean albeniya ki svatantrata ki ghoshan kar di. janavari, 1925 mean yahaan janataantrik shasan ki sthapana ki gee jo 1 sitanbar, 1928 ko rajatantr mean parivartit kar diya gaya aur 31 janavari, 1925 se rashtrapati ki haisiyat se kam karanevale ahamad beg jogu samrath ho ge. ye aprail, 1939 tak sianhasanaroodh rahe parantu isi sanh‌ mean albeniya par itali ka adhipaty ho gaya aur samrath jogu ianglaiand bhag ge. 1939 se 1944 tak albeniya par italivaloan tatha jarmanoan ka adhipaty raha. kiantu 29 navanbar, 1944 ko mitrarashtroan ki sena ne ise mukt kara liya. 10 navanbar, 1945 ko briten, amarika tatha roos ne janaral enavar hoksha ki asthayi sarakar ko manyata de di, lekin is shart par ki yathashighr ne chunav kara die jaeange. 2 disanbar, 1945 ko hue chunav ke parinamasvaroop albeniya mean samyavadiyoan ko bahumat mila aur unhoanne shasan sanbhalakar 11 janavari, 1946 ko albeniya ko ek ganatantr desh ghoshit kar diya gaya. 1946 mean gret-briten tatha amarika ne albeniya se sanbandh vichchhed kar lie tatha sanyukt rashtrasangh mean albeniya ko sadasy banane ke prastav par nishedhadhikar (vito) ka prayog kiya. aantat: 15 disanbar, 1955 ko albeniya rashtrasangh ka sadasy bana. lekin amarika ne is avasar par bhi matadan mean bhag nahian liya. albeniya ke stalinavadi tatha chinasamarthak rukh ke karan 1961 mean roos ne bhi isase apane rajanayik sanbandh samapt kar lie.

sanvidhan tatha shasan : albeniya ka rajanitik dhaancha 1946 mean svikrit sanvidhan ke anuroop haian. lekin ukt sanvidhan ko 1950, 1955, 1960 tatha 1963 mean sanshodhit kiya gaya hai. desh ki sarvochch vidhayika ek sadaniy jan aseanbali hai jisaki baithak varsh mean do bar hoti hai aur jo dainik shasan chalane ka adhikar sthayi samiti (prasidiyam) ko sauanp deti he. sthayi samiti mean adhyaksh (cheyaramain), tin upadhyaksh (depyuti cheyaramain), ek sachiv (sekretari) tatha das sadasy hote haian. jan aseanbali ke sahakariyoan (depyutiz) ka chunav vayask matadan se hota he. aisa pratyek sahakari ath hajar matoan ka pratinidhitv karata hai.

sarakar mean ek pradhan mantri (mantriparishadh ka adhyaksh), char upapradhan mantri, 13 mantri tatha sarakari yojana ayog ka ek adhyaksh hota he. sanpoorn shasan par albeniyaee shramasangathan (arthath‌ kamyunistaparti) ka prabhutv rahata hai jisaki sthapana 8 navanbar, 1941 ko huee thi aur jisaka prashasakiy nikay polit byooro hai.

krishi : jaisa isase poorv likha ja chuka hai, albeniya ka adhikatar bhoobhag anupajaoo, jangali aur parvatiy hai. 1969 ee. yahaan 5,80,200 hekteyar bhoomi kheti ke tatha 6,35,300 hekteyar charagahoan ke lie upayog mean laee gee. 1970 ee. mean 2,83,200 hekteyar jamin ki sianchaee ki gee. yahaan ke maidanoan mean aangoor, santare, niboo adi bhoomadhyasagariy phal paida hote haian.

dvitiy vishvayuddh ke bad yahaan janavadi krishipranali lagoo ki gee. at: bhoomi par sarakar (b de jangaloan tatha kheti ke lie anupayukt bhoomi), sarakari pharmoan (1969 ee. mean adhikrit 1,17,300 haikteyar krishi yogy bhoomi), sahakari samitiyoan (1969 mean adhikrit 4,61,600 hekteyar) tatha niji logoan (1,300 hekteyar) ka adhikar hai. mee, 1967 mean niji bhookhandoan (platoan) ko 50-60 pratishat tak kam kar diya gaya tha. 1969 mean yahaan traiktaroan (pratyek 15 ashvashaktivala) ki sankhya 10,470 thi.

1965 mean yahaan nimnalikhit utpadan (mitrik tanoan me) hua : anaj (gehooan chaval adi) 3,26,000; kapas 23,000; tanbakoo 14,000; aloo 21,000.

1964 mean yahaan 4,27,100 gay bail, 16,82,200 bhedean, 11,99,300 bakariyaan, 1,46,600, sooar (1963 mean), 1,22,100 gho de tatha khachchar aur 16,90,000 murgiyaan thian. is varsh kul 3,600 mitrik tan machhaliyaan bhi pak di geean.

khanij : albeniya khanijoan ki drishti se kaphi samriddh hai. parantu inhean upalabdh karane ki paddhati pichhale kuchh hi varshoan se vikasit ki ja rahi hai. 1970 mean yahaan sat koyale, sat kromiyam (varshik utpadan 3,00,000 mitrik tan) tatha chhah taanbe ki khanoan mean kam hua. 1969 mean tirana ke nikat valiyas mean koyale ke bahut b de bhandar ki khoj ki gee hai. vlon ke nikat namak ka utpadan bhi hota hai.

udyog dhandhe : albeniya mean poore udyog dhandhoan ka rashtriyakaran kiya ja chuka hai. utpadan kaphi kam hai. pramukh udyog krishi utpadoan ko taiyar karana, vastr tatha simeant ke haian. chin ki sahayata se rasayanik tatha abhiyaantriki sanbandhi udyogoan ki sthapana ki ja rahi hai. elabasan mean ek lauh tatha ispat ka karakhana sthapit kiya ja raha hai jisaki kshamata ath lakh tan hogi. lenin jalavidyuth‌ steshan, malik chini mil, shkodar tanbakoo mil tatha stalin vastr mil pahale se hi utpadanaprakriya mean haian. yahaan ab 6 jalavidyuth‌ghar haian jinase 1965 mean 342 karo d 9 lakh kilovat vidyut paida ki gee thi.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

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poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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