अवदान साहित्य
avadan sahity bauddhoan ka sanskrit bhasha mean charitapradhan sahity. 'avadan' (prakrit apadan) ka amarakosh ke anusar arth hai-prachin charit, puratan vritt (avadanan karmavrittansyath). 'avadan' se tatpary un prachin kathaoan se hai jinake dvara kisi vyakti ki gunagarima tatha shlaghaniy charitr ka parichay milata hai. kalidas ne isi arth mean 'avadan' shabd ka prayog kiya hai.[1] bauddh sahity mean isi arth mean 'jatak' shabd bhi bahush: prachalit hai, parantu avadan jatak se katipay vishayoan mean bhinn hai. 'jatak' bhagavanh buddh ki poorvajanm ki kathaoan se sarvatha sanbaddh hote haian jinamean buddh hi poorvajanm mean pradhan patr ke roop mean chitrit kie ge rahate haian. 'avadan' mean yah bat nahian paee jati. avadan pray: buddhopasak vyaktivishesh adarsh charit hota hai. bauddhoan ne janasadharan mean apane dharm ke tatvoan ke prachar ke nimitt subodh sanskrit gady-pady mean is suandar sahity ki rachana ki hai.
is sahity ka prakhyat granth 'avadanashatak' hai jo das vargoan mean vibhakt hai tatha pratyek varg mean das-das kathaean haian. in kathaoan ka roop theravadi (hinayani) hai. mahayan dharm ke vishisht lakshanoan ka yahaan vishesh abhav drishtigochar hata hai. yahaan bodhisatv sanpraday ki batean bahut kam haian. buddh ki upasana par agrah karana hi in kathaoan ka uddeshy hai. in kathaoan ka vargikaran ek siddhaant ke adhar par kiya gaya hai. pratham varg ki kathaoan mean buddh ki upasana karane se vibhinn dasha ke manushyoan (jaise brahman, vyapari, rajakanya, seth adi) ke jivan mean chamatkar utpann hota hai tatha ve agale janm mean buddhatv pate haian. pret ki vartaman dasha ko dekhakar kahian usake poorvajanm ka varnan hai, to kahian arhath bananevale vyaktiyoan ke shubh jivan ka rochak vivaran. avadanashatak ka chini bhasha mean anuvad tritiy shatabdi ke poorvardh mean hua tha. phalat: isaka samay dvitiy shatabdi mana jata hai.
divyavadan- mahayani siddhaantoan par ashrit kathanakoan ka rochak varnan is lokapriy granth ka pradhan uddeshy hai. isaka 34vaan prakaran 'mahayanasootr' ke nam se abhihit kiya gaya hai. yah ullekh granth ke maulik siddhaantoan ki disha pradarshit karane mean upayogi mana ja sakata hai. divyavadan avadanashatak ke kathanak tatha kavyashaili se visheshat: prabhavit hua hai. isaki adhi kathaean vinayapitak se aur baki sootralankar se sangrihit ki gee haian. samagr granth ka to nahian, parantu katipay kathaoan ka anuvad chini bhasha mean tritiy shatak mean kiya gaya tha. shuang vansh ke raja pushyamitr (178 ee.poo.) tak ka ullekh yahaan upalabdh hota hai. phalat: isake katipay aanshoan ka rachanakal dvitiy shatabdi manana uchit hoga, parantu samagr granth ka bhi nirmanakal tritiy shatabdi ke bad nahian hai.
ashokavadan- divyavadan ke hi katipay avadan (26-29 avadan) maharaj priyadarshi ashok se sanbaddh hone ke karana 'ashokavadan' ke nam se pukare jate haian. in kathaoan ka, jo aitihasik drishti se nitaant mahatvapoorn haian, keandrabiandu priyadarshi ashok hi haian jinake vyaktigat ghareloo jivan, dharmik nishtha tatha dharmaprachar ke adamy utsah ki janakari ke lie ye kathaean abhipret haian. is avadan mean do kathaean apani rochakata ke karan vishesh mahatv rakhati haian. ashok ke putr kunal ki karun katha bauddhayug ki romaanchak kathaoan mean b di prakhyat hai. buddh ka roop dharan kar mar ka achary upagupt se shiksha ke lie prarthana karana bhi b da hi rochak akhyan hai, natak ke saman hridayavarjak hai.[2]
kalaantar mean avadanashatak ki kathaoan ka hi shlokabaddh sankshipt roop anek granthoan mean milata hai. 'avadanashatak' ke oopar ashrit granthoan mean kalpadrumavadanamala prachinatam pratit hot hai. isaki pratham tatha avadanashatak ki aantim katha ek hi hai. achary upagupt ne in kathaoan ko ashok ke upadesh ke lie kaha hai. yahaan avadanashatak ke pratyek varg ki pratham tatha dvitiy kathaoan ka hi shabdaantar se varnan hai. ratnavadanamala mean isi prakar pratyek varg ki tisari aur chauthi kathaoan ka sankshep hai. ashokavadanamala, dvavianshatyavadan, bhadrakalpavadan, vratavadanamala, vichitrakarnikavadan tatha sumogadhavadan is sahity ke any granth haian. kashmiri kavi kshemeandr (11vian shatabdi) rachit tatha unake putr someandr dvara sanpoorit avadanakalpalata is sahity ka sachamuch ek bahumooly ratn hai jisaki abha tibbati anuvad mean bhi kisi prakar phiki nahian hone paee hai.[3]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ raghuvansh,11|21
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 279 |
- ↑ san.gran.-viantaranits: histri aauv iandiyan litarechar, bhag 2, kalakatta, 1932; speyar dvara sanpadit avadanashatak ki bhoomika (seantapitarsabarg, 1902-9); baladev upadhyay: sanskrit sahity ka itihas, pancham san., kashi, 1958.
sanbandhit lekh
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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