अश्वघोष
sanskrit mean bauddh mahakavyoan ki rachana ka sootrapat sarvapratham mahakavi ashvaghosh ne hi kiya tha. at: mahakavi ashvaghosh sanskrit ke pratham bauddhakavi haian. chini anushrutiyoan tatha sahityik parampara ke anusar mahakavi ashvaghosh samrat kanishk ke rajaguru evamh rajakavi the. itihas mean kam se kam do kanishkoan ka ullekh milata hai. dvitiy kanishk pratham kanishk ka pautr tha. do kanishkoan ke karan ashvaghosh ke samay asandigdh roop se nirnit nahian tha.
- vintaranits ke anusar kanishk 125 ee. mean sianhasan par asin hua tha. tadanusar ashvaghosh ka sthitikal bhi dvitiy shati ee. mana ja sakata hai. parantu adhikaansh vidvanoan ki manyata hai ki kanishk shak sanvat ka pravartak hai. yah sanvatsar 78 ee. se prarambh hua tha. isi adhar par kith ashvaghosh ka samay 100 ee. ke lagabhag manate haian. kanishk ka rajyakal 78 ee. se 125 ee. tak man lene par mahakavi ashvaghosh ka sthitikal bhi pratham shatabdi mana ja sakata hai.
- bauddh dharm ke granthoan mean bhi aise anek praman milate haian, jinake adhar par ashvaghosh, samrat kanishk ke samakalin siddh hote haian. chini parampara ke anusar samrat kanishk ke dvara kashmir ke kundalav mean ayojit anek ant:sakshy bhi ashvaghosh ko kanishk ka samakalin siddh karate haian.
- ashvaghosh krit 'buddhacharit' ka chini anuvad eesa ki paanchavian shatabdi ka upalabdh hota hai. isase vidit hota hai ki bharat mean paryapt roopen pracharit hone ke bad hi isaka chini anuvad hua hoga.
- samrat ashok ka rajyakal ee.poo. 269 se 232 ee. poo. hai, yah tathy poornat: itihas-siddh hai. 'buddhacharit' ke ant mean ashok ka ullekh hone ke karan yah nishchit hota hai ki ashvaghosh ashok ke paravarti the.
- chini parampara ashvaghosh ko kanishk ka diksha-guru manane ke paksh mean hai. ashvaghosh krit 'abhidharmapitak' ki vibhasha namni ek vyakhya bhi prapt hoti hai jo kanishk ke hi samay mean rachi gayi thi.
- ashvaghosh rachit 'shariputraprakaran' ke adhar par pro0 lyoodars ne isaka rachanakal huvishk ka shasanakal svikar kiya hai. huvishk ke rajyakal mean ashvaghosh ki vidyamanata aitihasik drishti se apramanik hai. inaka rajyarohanakal kanishk ki mrityu ke bis varsh ke bad hai. huvishk ke prapt sikkoan par kahian bhi buddh ka nam nahian milata, kintu kanishk ke sikkoan par buddh ka nam aankit hai. kanishk bauddhadharmavalambi the aur huvishk brahman dharm ka anuyayi tha. at: ashvaghosh ka unake darabar mean vidyaman hona siddh nahian hota.
- kalidas tatha ashvaghosh ki rachanaoan ka tulanatmak adhyayan karane ke pashchath yah nishkarsh nikalata hai ki ashvaghosh kalidas ke paravarti the. kalidas ki tithi pratham shatabdi ee. poo. svikar karane se yah manana p data hai ki donoan rachanaoan mean jo samy parilakshit hota hai usase kalidas ka rrin ashvaghosh par siddh hota hai. ashvaghosh ke oopar kalidas ka prabhoot prabhav p da tha, isaka pratyaksh praman yah hai ki kalidas ne kumarasanbhav aur raghuvansh mean jin shloankoan ko likha, unhian ka anukaran ashvaghosh ne buddhacharit mean kiya hai. kalidas ne vivah ke bad pratyagat shiv-parvati ko dekhane ke lie utsuk kailas ki lalanaoan ka tatha svayamvar ke anantar aj aur indumati ko dekhane ke lie utsuk vidarbh ki ramaniyoan ka kramash: kumarasanbhav tatha raghuvansh mean jin shlokoan dvara varnan kiya hai, unhian ke bhavoan ke madhyam se ashvaghosh ne bhi rajakumar siddharth ko dekhane ke lie utsuk kapilavastu ki sundariyoan ka varnan kiya hai. buddhacharit ka nimnashlok-
- vatayanebhyastu vini:sritani parasparayasitakundalani.
strinaan virejurmukhapanakajani saktani harmyeshviv panakajani॥[1]
kumarasanbhav tatha raghuvansh ke nimnashlok-
- tasaan mukhairasavagandhagarbhairvyaptantara sandrakutoohalanamh.
vilolanetrabhramarairgavaksha: sahasrapatrabharana ivasanh.[2] ki pratichchhaya hai. uparyukt shlokadvay ke tulanatmak adhyayan se yah siddh hota hai ki ashvaghosh kalidas ke rrini the, kyoanki jo mool kavi hota hai vah apane sundar bhav ko anekatr vyakt karata hai. us bhav ka prachar-prasar chahata hai isilie kalidas ne kumarasanbhav aur radhuvansh mean apane bhav ko duharaya hai. parantu ashvaghosh ne kalidas ka anukaran kiya hai. at: unhoanne ek hi bar is bhav ko liya hai. phalat: ashvaghosh kalidas se paravarti haian.
vyaktitv tatha kartrivy
sanskrit ke pratham bauddh mahakavi ashvaghosh ke jivanavritt se sambandhit atyalp vivaran hi prapt hai. 'saundaranand' namak mahakavy ki pushpika se jnat hota hai ki inaki mata ka nam suvarnakshi tha tatha ye saket ke nivasi the. ye mahakavi ke atirikt 'bhadant', 'achary' tatha 'mahavadi' adi upadhiyoan se vibhooshit the.[3] unake kavyoan ki antarang pariksha se jnat hota hai ki ve jati se brahman the tatha vaidik sahity, mahabharat-ramayan ke marmajn vidvanh the. unaka 'saketak' hona is tathy ka parichayak hai ki un par ramayan ka vyapak prabhav tha.
- samrat kanishk ke rajakavi ashvaghosh bauddh dharm ke kattar anuyayi the. inaki rachanaoan par bauddh dharm evamh gautam buddh ke upadeshoan ka paryapt prabhav parilakshit hota hai. ashvaghosh ne dharm ka prasar karane ke uddeshy se hi kavita likhi thi. apani kavita ke vishay mean ashvaghosh ki suspasht udghoshana hai ki mukti ki charcha karane vali yah kavita shanti ke lie hai, vilas ke lie nahian.[4] kavy-roop mean yah isalie likhi gee hai taki anyamanask shrota ko apani or akrisht kar sake.
- ashvaghosh bauddh-darshan-sahity ke prakand pandit the. inaki ganana un kalakaroan ki shreni mean ki jati hai jo kala ki yavanika ke pichhe chhipakar apani manyataoan ko prakashit karate haian. inhoanne kavita ke madhyam se bauddh dharm ke siddhantoan ka vivechan kar janasadharan ke lie saralata tatha saralatapoorvak sulabh evamh akarshak banane ka saphal prayas kiya hai. inaki samast rachanaoan mean bauddhadharm ke siddhant pratibimbit hue haian. bhagavan buddh ke prati aparimit astha tatha any dharmoan ke prati sahishnuta mahakavi ashvaghosh ke vyaktitv ki anyatam visheshata hai. ashvaghosh kavi hone ke sath hi sangit marmajn bhi the. unhoanne apane vicharoan ko prabhavashali banane ke lie kavy ke atirikt gitatmakata ko pramukh sadhan banaya.[5]
- bahumukhi pratibha ke dhani tatha sanskrit ke bahushrut vidvanh mahakavi ashvaghosh mean shastr aur kavy-sarjan ki saman pratibha thi. unake vyaktitv mean kavitv tatha acharyatv ka manikaanchan sanyog tha. unhoanne sajrasoochi, mahayanashraddhotpadashastr tatha sootralankar athava kalpanamanditika namak dharm aur darshan vishayoan ke atirikt shariputraprakaran namak ek roopak tatha buddhacharit tatha saundaranand namak do mahakavyoan ki bhi rachana ki. in rachanaoan mean buddhacharit mahakavi ashvaghosh ka kirtistambh hai. isamean kavi ne tathagat ke sattvik jivan ka saral aur saras varnan kiya hai. 'saundaranand' ashvaghoshapranit dvitiy mahakavy hai. isamean bhagavan buddh ke anuj nand ka charit varnit hai. in rachanaoan ke madhyam se bauddh dharm ke siddhantoan ka vivechan kar unhean janasadharan ke lie sulabh karana hi mahakavi ashvaghosh ka mukhy uddeshy tha. inaki samast rachanaoan mean bauddh dharm ke siddhant suspasht roop se pratibimbit haian. ashvaghosh pranit mahakavyoan mean buddhacharit apoorn tatha saundaranand poorn roop mean mool sanskrit mean upalabdh hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ buddhacharit 3.19
- ↑ kumarasanbhav 7.62, raghuvansh7.11
- ↑ ary suvarnakshiputrasy saketakasy bhikshorachary bhadantashvaghoshasy mahakavermahavadin: kritiriyamh. (ashvaghosh- saundaranand ki pushpika
- ↑ 'ityesha vyupashantaye n rataye moksharthagarbhakriti:'saundaranand 18.63
- ↑ Keith- History of Sanskrit Literature, Page 56