आंग्ल-अफ़ग़ान युद्ध प्रथम
pratham aangl-afagan yuddh (1838-1842 ee.) eest iandiya kampani ke shasan kal mean gavarnar-janaral l aaurd aaukalaind ke samay mean shuroo hua aur yah usake uttaradhikari l aaurd elanabaro ke samay tak chalata raha. roos apani shakti kafi badha chuka tha aur ab vah afaganistan par bhi apana prabhav jamana chahata tha. afaganistan ka amir dost muhammad british sarakar se samajhauta karana chahata tha, kyoanki vah panjab ke maharaja ranajit sianh se apani suraksha chahata tha. is yuddh ke parinamasvaroop aangrezoan ne qabul par qabza kar liya aur vahaan bhayankar lootamar ki. hazaroan afagan logoan ko maut ke ghat utar diya. is 'aangl-afagan yuddh' se koee labh nahian hua, balki isamean 20,000 bharatiy tatha aangrez sainik mare ge aur dedh karo d rupaya barbad ho gaya, jisako bharat ki garib janata se vasoola gaya.
roos ka badhata prabhav
1868 ee. mean afaganistan ka bhootapoorv amir shahashuja aangrezoan ka peanshanayaphta hokar panjab ke ludhiyana nagar mean rahata tha. us samay roos ke gupt samarthan se faras ki sena ne afaganistan ke simavarti nagar herat ko gher liya. herat bahut samarik mahattv ka nagar mana jata tha aur use 'bharat ka dvar' samajha jata tha. jab us par roos ki sahayata se faras ne qabza kar liya to ianglaiand ki sarakar ne use bharat ke british samrajy ke lie khatara mana. halaanki us samay faras aur bharat ke british samrajy ke bich mean panjab mean ranajit sianh aur afaganistan mean dost muhammad ka svatantr rajy tha.
dost muhammad ki ichchha
amir dost muhammad bhi herat par faras ke hamale se roosi akraman ka khatara mahasoos kar raha tha. vah apani suraksha ke lie bharat ki british sarakar se samajhauta karana chahata tha. kintu vah apane poorab ke p dosi maharaja ranajit sianh se apani suraksha ki garanti chahata tha, jisane hal hi mean peshavar par adhikar kar liya tha. at: usane is shart par 'aangl-afagan gathabandhan' ka prastav rakha ki aangrez use ranajit sianh se peshavar vapas dilane mean madad deange aur isake badale mean amir apane darabar tatha desh ko roosiyoan ke prabhav se mukt rakhega. l aaurd aaukalaiand ki sarakar maharaja ranajit sianh ki shakti se bhay khati thi aur usane us par kisi bhi prakar ka dabav dalane se inkar kar diya.
tripakshiy sandhi tatha hamala
barns, jise aaukalaiand ne amir se batachit ke lie qabul bheja tha, aprail 1838 ee. mean qabul se khali hath laut aya. usake lautane ke bad amir ne ek roosi ejeant ki avabhagat ki, jo kuchh samay se usake darabar mean rahata tha aur ab tak upeksha ka patr bana hua tha. is bat ko aaukalaiand ki sarakar ne amir ka shatrutapoorn vyavahar samajha aur julaee, 1838 ee. mean usane panjab ke maharaja ranajit sianh aur nishkasit amir shahashuja se, jo ludhiyana mean rahata tha, ek tripakshiy sandhi kar li, jisaka uddeshy shahashuja ko phir se afaganistan ki gaddi par baithana tha. yah anuman tha ki shahashuja qabul mean amir banane ke bad apane videshi sanbandhoan mean, khasataur se roos ke sanbandh mean bharat ki british sarakar se niyantrit hoga. is akramak aur anyayapoorn tripakshiy sandhi ke bad aangl-afagan yuddh anivary ho gaya. is tripakshiy sandhi ka yadi julaee 1838 mean kuchh auchity bhi tha to vah sitambar mean faras ki sena dvara herat ka ghera utha liye jane aur afagan kshetr se hat jane ke bad samapt ho gaya. lekin l aaurd aaukalaind ko isase santosh nahian hua aur aktoobar mean usane afaganistan par chadhaee kar di.
dost muhammad ka atm-samarpan
is akraman ka koee auchity nahian tha aur isake dvara 1832 ee. mean siandh ke amiroan se ki gee sandhi ka bhi ullanghan hota tha, kyoanki aangrezi sena unake kshetr se hokar afaganistan gayi thi. is yuddh ka sanchalan bhi bahut galat dhang se kiya gaya. arambh mean aangrezi sena ko kuchh saphalata mili. aprail 1839 ee. mean kandhar par qabza kar liya gaya. julaee mean aangrezi sena ne gazani le liya aur agast mean qabul. dost muhammad ne qabul khali kar diya aur aant mean aangrez sena ke age atm samarpan kar diya. usako bandi banakar kalakatta bhej diya gaya aur shahashuja ko phir se afaganistan ka amir bana diya gaya. kintu isake bad hi sthiti aur bhi visham ho gee.
afaganoan ka krodh
shahashuja ko amir banane ke bad aangrezi sena vahaan se vapas bula leni chahie thi, lekin aisa nahian kiya gaya. shahashuja keval kathaputali shasak tha aur desh ka prashasan vastav mean sar viliyam maikanatan ke hathoan mean tha, jisako l aaurd aaukalaiand ne rajanitik adhikari ke roop mean vahaan bheja tha. afagan log pahale se hi shahashuja ko pasand nahian karate the aur is bat se bahut naraj the ki aangrezi sena ki bandookoan ki or se use amir bana diya gaya hai. isilie qabul mean aangrezi adhipaty sena ko rakhana zaroori ho gaya tha. yuddh ke karan chizoan ke dam betahasha badh gaye the, jisase janata ka har varg pi dit tha. aangrezi sena ki kuchh harakatoan se bhi janarosh prabal ho gaya tha. is mauke ka dost muhammad ke l dake akabar khaan ne chalaki se phayada uthaya aur 1841 ee. mean poore desh mean shahashuja aur usaki sanrakshak aangrez sena ke viruddh b de paimane par balave shuroo ho ge. sar viliyan maikanatan ke khas salahakar elekzeandar barns ki aniti se afagan log chidhe hue the. navambar, 1841 ee. mean ek kruddh afagan bhi d barns aur usake bhaee ko ghar se ghasit kar le gee aur donoan ko mar dala.
akraman
maikanatan aur qabul sthit aangrezi sena ke kamandar janaral enafianstan ne us samay dhulamulapan aur kamazori ka pradarshan kiya aur disambar mean akabar khaan se sandhi kar li, jisake dvara afaganistan se aangrezi sena ko vapas bula lene aur dost muhammad ko dubara amir bana dene ka ashvasan diya gaya. shighr hi yah bat saf ho gee ki is sandhi ke pichhe maikanatan ki niyat saf nahian hai. is par akabar khaan ke adesh se maikanatan aur usake tin sathiyoan ko maut ke ghat utar diya gaya. qabul par adhikar karane vali aangrezi sena ke 16,500 sainik 6 janavari, 1841 ee. ko qabul se jalalabad ki or ravana hue, jahaan janaral sel ke netritv mean ek doosari aangrez sena dati huee thi. aangrezi sena ki vapasi vinashakari siddh huee. afaganoan ne sabhi or se us par akraman kar diya aur poori sena nasht kar di. keval ek vyakti, 'daktar viliyam braidan' gambhir roop se jakhmi aur thaka maanda 13 janavari ko jalalabad pahuancha.
aangrezoan ki vijay
is durghatana se gavarnar-janaral l aaurd aaukalaind aur ianglaiand ki sarakar ko gahara dhakka laga. aaukalaiand ko ianglaiand vapas bula liya gaya aur l aaurd elanabaro ko usake sthan par gavarnar-janaral (1842-1844 ee.) banaya gaya. elanabaro ke karyakal mean janaral polak ne aprail, 1842 ee. mean jalalabad par phir se niyantran kar liya aur mee mean janaral n aaut ne kandhar ko phir se aangrezoan ke adhikar mean le liya. isake bad donoan aangrezi senaean raste mean sabhi virodhiyoan ko kuchalate hue age badhian aur sitambar, 1842 ee. mean qabul par adhikar kar liya. in senaoan ne bache hue bandi aangrez sipahiyoan ko chhu daya aur aangrezoan ki vijay ke upalakshy mean qabul ke bazar ko barood se u da diya.
qabul ki loot
aangrezoan ne qabul shahar ko nirdayata ke sath dhvast kar dala, b de paimane par lootamar ki aur hazaroan begunah afaganoan ko maut ke ghat utar diya. in barbaratapoorn krityoan ke sath is anyayapoorn aur alabhaprad yuddh ka aant hua. shighr hi afaganistan se aangrezi sena ko vapas bula liya gaya aur dost muhammad, jise kalakatta mean nazarabandi se riha kar diya tha, afaganistan vapas laut gaya aur 1842 ee. mean dobara gaddi par baitha, jisase use anavashyak aur anuchit tarike se hata diya gaya tha. vah 1863 ee. tak afaganistan ka shasak raha. us varsh 80 sal ki umr mean usaka dehant hua.
nishkarsh
isamean koee sandeh nahian ki 'pratham afagan yuddh' bharat ki british sarakar ki or se nitaant anuchit riti se akaran hi chhe d diya gaya tha aur l aaurd aaukalaiand ki sarakar ne usaka sanchalan b di ayogyata ke sath kiya. is yuddh se koee labh nahian hua aur isamean 20,000 se bhi adhik bharatiy tatha aangrez sainik mare ge. yuddh mean dedh karo d rupaya barbad ho gaya, jisako bharat ki garib janata se jabaran vasoola gaya.
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