अग्नि
| chitr:Disamb2.jpg agni | ek bahuvikalpi shabd hai any arthoan ke lie dekhean:- agni (bahuvikalpi) |
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thumb|250px|agni agni rasayanik drishti se agni jivajanit padarthoan ke karban tatha any tatvoan ka aauksijan se is prakar ka sanyog hai ki garami aur prakash utpann hoan. agni ki b di upayogita hai: ja de mean hath-pair seankane se lekar paramanu bam dvara nagar ka nagar bhasm kar dena, sab agni ka hi kam hai. isi se hamara bhojan pakata hai, isi ke dvara khanij padarthoan se dhatuean nikali jati haian aur isi se shakti utpadak ianjan chalate haian. bhoomi mean dabe avasheshoan se pata chalata hai ki pray prithvi par manushy ke pradurbhav kal se hi use agni ka jnan tha. aj bhi prithvi par bahut si jangali jatiyaan haian jinaki sabhyata ekadam praranbhik hai, parantu aisi koee jati nahian hai jise agni ka jnan n ho.
adim manushy ne pattharoan ke takarane se utpann chiangariyoan ko dekha hoga. adhikaansh vidvanoan ka mat hai ki manushy ne sarvapratham k de pattharoan ko ek-doosare par marakar agni utpann ki hogi.
utpatti ke sambandh mean pauranik gatha
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agni ki utpatti ke sambandh mean pauranik gatha is prakar hai-sarvapratham dharm ki vasu namak patni se agni utpann hua. usaki patni svaha se usake tin putr hue-
- pavak
- pavaman
- shuchi
chhathe manvantar mean vasu ki vasudhara namak patni se dravinak adi putr hue, jinamean 45 agni-santan utpann hue. is prakar sab milakar 49 agni haian. vibhinn karmoan mean agni ke bhinn-bhinn nam haian. laukik karm mean agni ka pratham nam pavak hai. grihapravesh adi mean nimnaankit any nam prasiddh haian-
agnestu maruto nam garbhadhane vidhiyate.
puansavane chandranama shugaankarmani shobhan:..
simante mangalo nam pragalbho jatakarmani.
nagni syatparthivi hyagni: prashane ch shuchistatha..
satyanamath choodayaan vratadeshe samudbhav:.
godane sooryanama ch keshante hyagniruchyate..
vaishvanaro visarge tu vivahe yojak: smrit:.
chaturthyantu shikhi nam dhritiragnistatha pare..
prayashchitte vidhushchaiv pakayajne tu sahas:.
lakshahome tu vahni:syat kotihome hutashn:..
poornahutyaan mrido nam shantike varadastatha.
paushtike baladashchaiv krodhagnishchabhicharike..
vashyarthe shamani nam varadaneabhidooshak:.
koshthe tu jathari nam kravyado mritabhakshane..[1]
vibhinn nam
garbhadhan mean agni ko "marut" kahate haian. puansavan mean "chandrama', shugaankarm mean "shobhan", simant mean "mangal", jatakarm mean 'pragalbh", namakaran mean "parthiv", annaprashan mean 'shuchi", choo dakarm mean "saty", vratabandh (upanayan) mean "samudbhav", godan mean "soory", keshant (samavartan) mean "agni", visarg (arthath agnihotradikriyakalap) mean "vaishvanar', vivah mean "yojak", chaturthi mean "shikhi" dhriti mean "agni", prayashchit (arthath prayashchittatmak mahavyahritihom) mean "vidhu', pakayajn (arthath pakaang hom, vrishotsarg, grihapratishtha adi mean) 'sahas', lakshahom mean "vahni", koti hom mean "hutashan", poornahuti mean "mrid", shanti mean "varad", paushtik mean "balad", abhicharik mean "krodhagni", vashikaran mean "shaman", varadan mean "abhidooshak", koshth mean "jathar" aur mrit bhakshan mean "kravyad" kaha gaya hai.[2]
gharshan vidhi
gharshan (rag dane ki) vidhi se agni bad mean nikali hogi. pattharoan ke hathiyar ban chukane ke bad unhean sudaul, chamakila aur tivr karane ke lie rag da gaya hoga. rag dane par jo chiangariyaan utpann huee hoangi usi se manushy ne agni utpann karane ki gharshan vidhi nikali hogi.
gharshan tatha takkar in donoan vidhiyoan se agni utpann karane ka dhang ajakal bhi dekhane mean ata hai. ab bhi avashyakata p dane par ispat aur chakamak patthar ke prayog se agni utpann ki jati hai. ek vishesh prakar ki sookhi ghas ya ruee ko chakamak ke sath satakar pak d lete haian aur ispat ke tuk de se chakamak par tivr prahar karate haian. takkar se utpann chiangari ghas ya ruee ko pak d leti hai aur usi ko phooank-phooankakar aur phir patali lak di tatha sookhi pattiyoan ke madhy rakhakar agni ka vistar kar liya jata hai. gharshan vidhi se agni utpann karane ki sabase saral aur prachalit vidhi lak di ke patare par lak di ki chh d rag dane ki hai. thumb|250px|left|havan kund mean prajvalit agni
- any vidhi
ek-doosari vidhi mean lak di ke takhte mean ek chhichhala chhed rahata hai. is chhed par lak di ki chh di ko mathani ki tarah veg se nachaya jata hai. prachin bharat mean bhi is vidhi ka prachalan tha. is yantr ko 'arani' kahate the. chh di ke tuk de ko uttara aur takhte ko adhara kaha jata tha. is vidhi se agni utpann karana bharat ke atirikt lanka, sumatra, astreliya aur dakshini aphrika mean bhi prachalit tha. uttari amerika ke iandiyan tatha madhy amerika ke nivasi bhi yah vidhi kam mean late the. ek var charls darvin ne tahiti (dakshini prashaant mahasagar ka ek dvip jahaan sthaniy adivasi hi basate haian) mean dekha ki vahaan ke nivasi is prakar kuchh hi sekand mean agni utpann kar lete haian, yadyapi svayan use is kam mean saphalata bahut samay tak parishram karane par mili. faras ke prasiddh granth shahanama ke anusar husen ne ek bhayankar sarpakar rakshasi se yuddh kiya aur use marane ke lie unhoanne ek b da patthar pheanka. vah patthar us rakshas ko n lagakar ek chattan se takarakar choor ho gaya aur is prakar sarvapratham agni utpann huee.
- dantakatha
uttari amarika ki ek dantakatha ke anusar ek vishal bhaianse ke dau dane par usake khuroan se jo takkar pattharoan par lagi usase chiangariyaan nikalian. in chiangariyoan se bhayankar davanal bh dak utha aur isi se manushy ne sarvapratham agni li.
agni ka manushy ki saanskritik tatha vaijnanik unnati mean bahut b da bhag raha hai. laitin mean agni ko pyooras arthath pavitr kaha jata hai. sanskrit mean agni ka ek paryay pavak bhi hai jisaka shabdarth hai pavitr karane vala. agni ko pavitr manakar usaki upasana ka prachalan kee jatiyoan mean hua aur ab bhi hai.
satat agni
agni utpann karane mean pahale sadharanat: itani kathinaee p dati thi ki adikalin manushy ek bar utpann ki huee agni ko nirantar prajjvalit rakhane ki cheshta karata tha. yoonan aur pharas ke log apane pratyek nagar aur gaanv mean ek nirantar prajvalit agni rakhate the. rom ke ek pavitr mandir mean agni nirantar prajvalit rakhi jati thi. yadi kabhi kisi karanavash mandir ki agni bujh jati thi to b da apashakun mana jata tha. tab pujari log prachin vidhi ke anusar pun: agni prajvalit karate the. sanh 1830 ke bad se diyasalaee ka avishkar ho jane ke karan agni prajvalit rakhane ki pratha mean shithilata a gee. diyasalaiyoan ka upayog bhi gharshan vidhi ka hi udaharan hai; aantar itana hi hai ki usamean phasphoras, shora adi ke shighr jalane vale mishran ka upayog hota hai.
prachin manushy jangali janavaroan ko bhagane, ya unase surakshit rahane ke lie agni ka upayog barabar karata raha hoga. vah ja de mean apane ko agni se garam bhi rakhata tha. vastut jaise-jaise janasankhya badhi, log agni ke hi sahare adhikadhik thande deshoan mean ja base. agni, garam kap da aur makanoan ke karan manushy aise thande deshoan mean rah sakata hai jahaan shit rritu mean use sardi se kasht nahian hota aur jalavayu adhik svasthyaprad rahati hai.
vidyut kal mean agni
motarakar ke ianjanoan mean petrol jalane ke lie bijali ki chiangari ka upayog hota hai, kyoanki aisi chiangari abhisht kshanoan par utpann ki ja sakati hai. makanoan mean kabhi-kabhi bijali ke tar mean kharabi a jane se ag lag jati hai. tal (lenz) tatha avatal (k aaunakev) darpan se soory ki rashmiyoan ko ekatrit karake bhi agni utpann ki ja sakati hai. gris tatha chin ke itihas mean in vidhiyoan ka ullekh hai.
ag bujhana
ag bujhane ke lie sadharanat: sabase achchhi riti pani u delana hai. baloo ya mitti dalane se bhi chhoti ag bujh sakati hai. door se agni par pani dalane ke lie rakabadar panp achchha hota hai. chhoti-moti ag ko thali ya parat se dhakakar bhi bujhaya ja sakata hai. aranbh mean ag bujhana saral rahata hai. ag badh jane par use bujhana kathin ho jata hai. praranbhik ag ko bujhane ke lie yantr milate haian. ye lohe ki chadar ke baratan hote haian, jinamean sode (sodiyam karabonet) ka ghol rahata hai. ek shishi mean aml rahata hai. baratan mean ek khooanti rahati hai. thoankane par vah bhitar ghusakar aml ki shishi ko to d deti hai. tab aml sode ke ghol mean pahuanchakar karban daiaauksaid gais utpann karata hai. isaki dab se ghol ki dhar bahar veg se nikalati hai aur ag par dali ja sakati hai. adhik achchhe ag bujhane vale yantroan se sabun ke jhag (phen) ki tarah jhag nikalata hai jisamean karban daiaauksaid gais ke bulabule rahate haian. yah jalati huee vastu par pahuanchakar use is prakar chha leta hai ki ag bujh jati hai.
godam, dookan adi mean svayanchal savadhan (aautomaitik alarm) laga dena uttam hota hai. ag lagane par ghanti bajane lagati hai. jahaan teliphon rahata hai vahaan aisa prabandh ho sakata hai ki ag lagate hi apane ap agnidal (fayar briged) ko soochana mil jae. isase bhi achchha vah yantr hota hai jinamean se, ag lagane par, pani ki phuhar apane ap chhootane lagati hai. pratyek b de shahar mean sarakar ya myunisipailiti ki or se ek agnidal rahata hai. isamean vaitanik karmachari niyukt rahate haian jinaka kartavy hi ag bujhana hota hai. soochana milate hi ye log motar se agni sthan par pahuanch jate haian aur apana kary karate haian. sadharanat: ag bujhane ka sara saman unaki ga di par hi rahata hai; udaharanat pani se bhari tanki, panp, kainavas ka paip (hoj), is paip ke muanh par lagane vali toanti (n aauzal), sidhi (jo bina divar ka sahara lie hi tirachhi kh di rah sakati hai aur ichchhanusar ooanchi, nichi ya tirachhi ki tatha ghumaee ja sakati hai), bijali ke tej roshani aur laudaspikar adi. jahaan pani ka paip nahian rahata vahaan ek any lari par keval pani ki b di tanki rahati hai. kee videshi shaharoan mean sarakari prabandh ke atirikt bima kanpaniyaan ag bujhane ka apana niji prabandh bhi rakhati haian. jahaan sarakari agni dal nahian rahata vahaan bahudha svayansevakoan ka dal rahata hai jo vachanabaddh rahate haian ki muhalle mean ag lagane par turant upasthit hoange aur upachar kareange. bahudha sarakar ki or se unhean shiksha mili rahati hai aur avashyak saman bhi unhean sarakar se upalabdh hota hai. ag lagane par turant agnidal ko soochana bhejani chahie (ho sake to teliphon se), aur turant spasht shabdoan mean batana chahie ki ag kahaan lagi hai.[3]
granthoan ke matanusar
- rrigved ke anusar
hindoo devamandal ka prachinatam sadasy, vaidik sanhitaoan aur brahman granthoan mean isaka mahattvapoorn sthan hai. agni ke tin sthan aur tin mukhy roop haian-
- vyom se soory
- antariksh (madhyakash) mean vidyut
- prithvi par sadharan agni
rrigved mean sabase adhik sookt agni ki stuti mean hi arpit kiye ge haian. agni ke adim roop sansar ke pray: sabhi dharmoan mean pae jate haian. vah 'grihapati' hai aur parivar ke sabhi sadasyoan se usaka snehapoorn ghanishth sambandh hai.[4] vah andhakar, nishachar, jadoo-tona, rakshas aur rogoan ko door karane vala hai.[5] agni ka yajniy svaroop manav sabhyata ke vikas ka lamba charan hai. pachan aur shakti nirman ki kalpana isamean nihit hai. yajniy agni vedika mean nivas karati hai.[6] vah samidha, dhrit aur som se shaktiman hota hai.[7] vah manavoan aur devoan ke bich madhyasth aur sandeshavahak hai.[8] agni ki divy utpatti ka varnan bhi vedoan mean vistar se paya jata hai.[9] agni divy purohit hai.[10] vah devataoan ka paurohity karata hai. vah yajnoan ka raja hai.[11] naitik tatvoan se bhi agni ka abhinn sambandh hai. agni sarvadarshi hai. usaki 100 athava 1000 aankhean haian. jinase vah manushy ke sabhi karmoan ko dekhata hai.[12] usake guptachar haian, vah manushy ke gupt jivan ko bhi janata hai. vah rrit ka sanrakshak hai.[13] agni papoan ko dekhata aur papiyoan ko dand deta hai.[14] vah pap ko kshama bhi karata hai.[15]
- vaijnanik aur darshanik tattvoan par prabhav
agni ki tulana brihaspati aur brahmanaspati se bhi ki gee hai. vah mantr, dhi (buddhi) aur brahm ka utpadak hai. is prakar ka abhed sookshmatam tattv se darshaya gaya hai. vaidik sahity mean agni ke jis roop ka varnan hai, usase vishv ke vaijnanik aur darshanik tattvoan par kafi prakash p data hai. jaimini ne mimaansasootr ke "havi:prakshepanadhikaran" mean agni ke chh: prakar bataye haian-
- garhapaty
- ahavaniy
- dakshinagni
- sabhy
- avasathy
- aupasan
'agni shabd ka vyutpattyarth is prakar hai : jo oopar ki or jata hai'(agi gatau, aangenalopashch, aangh+ni aur nakar ka lop).
- vaidik dharm ke anusar
avesta mean agni ko paanch prakar ka mana gaya hai. parantu agni ki jitani udatt tatha vishad kalpana vaidik dharm mean hai, utani anyantr kahian par bhi nahian hai. vaidik karmakand ka shraut bhag aur grihy ka mukhy kendr agnipoojan hi hai. vaidik devamandal mean indr ke anantar agni ka hi doosara sthan hai. jisaki stuti lagabhag do sau sooktoan mean varnit hai. agni ke varnan mean usaka parthiv roop jvala, prakash adi vaidik rrishiyoan ke samane sada vidyaman rahata hai. agni ki tulana anek pashuoan se ki gee hai. prajvalit agni garjanashil vrishabh ke saman hai. usaki jvala saur kiranoan ke tuly, usha ki prabha tatha vidyut ki chamak ke saman hai. usaki avaz akash ki garjan jaisi gambhir hai. agni ke lie vishesh gunoan ko lakshy kar anek abhidhan prayukt karake kie jate haian. agni shabd ka sambandh latoni 'ignish' aur lithueniyaee 'ugnish' ke sath kuchh anishchit sa hai, yadyapi preranarthak ajh dhatu ke sath bhasha shastriy drishti se asambhav nahian hai. prajvalit hone par dhoomashikha ke nikalane ke karan dhoomaketu is vishishtita ka dyotak ek prakhyat abhidhan hai. agni ka jnan sarvavyapi hai aur vah utpann hone vale samast praniyoan ko janata hai. isalie vah 'jataveda:' ke nam se vikhyat hai. agni kabhi dyavaprithivi ka putr aur kabhi dyau: ka soonu (putr) kaha gaya hai. usake tin janmoan ka varnan vedoan mean milata hai. jinake sthan haian-svarg, prithvi tatha jal. svarg, vayu tatha prithvi agni ke tin sir, tin jibh tatha tin sthanoan ka bahut nirdesh ved mean upalabdh hota hai. agni ke do janmoan ka bhi ullekh milata hai-bhoomi tatha svarg. agni ke anayan ki ek prakhyat vaidik katha grik kahani se samy rakhati hai. agni ka janm svarg mean hi mukhyat: hua, jahaan se matarishva ne manushyoan ke kalyanarth usaka is bhootal par anayan kiya. agni prasangat: any samast vaidik devoan mean pramukh mana gaya hai. agni ka poojan bharatiy sanskriti ka pramukh chihn hai aur vah grihadevata ke roop mean upasana aur pooja ka ek pradhan vishay hai. isalie agni 'griha', 'grihapati' (ghar ka svami) tatha 'vishvapati' (jan ka rakshak) kahalata hai.
- shatapath brahman ke anusar
shatapath brahman[16] mean gautam rahugan tatha videdh madhav ke netritv mean agni ka sarasvat mandal se poorab ki or jane ka varnan milata hai. isaka tatpary yah hai ki jo ary sanskriti sanhita kal mean sarasvati ke tirasth pradeshoan tak simit rahi, vah brahmanayug mean poorabi prantoan mean bhi phail gee. is prakar agni ki upasana vaidik dharm ka nitant hi avashyak aang hai.[17]
roop ka varnan
agni ke roop ka varnan is prakar hai-
piangabhrooshmashrukeshaksh: pinaangajatharoarun:.
chhagasth: sakshasootroagni: saptarchi: shaktidharak:..[18]
bhauhean, dadhi, kesh aur aankhean pili haian. aang sthool haian aur udar lal hai. bakare par aroodh haian, akshamala liye hai. isaki sat jvalaean haian aur shakti ko dharan karata hai.
- shubh lakshan
hom yogy agni ke shubh lakshan nimnaankit haian-
archishmanh pinditashikh: sarpi:kanchanasannibh:.
snigdh: pradakshinashchaiv vahni: syath karyasiddhaye..[19]
jvalayukt, pinditashikh, ghi evan suvarn ke saman, chikana aur dahini or gatishil agni siddhidayak hota hai.
- shabd utpadan
dehajany agni mean shabd utpadan ki shakti hoti hai, jaisa ki "sangitadarpan" mean kaha hai-
atmana preritan chittan vahnimahanti dehajamh.
brahmagranthisthitan pranan s prerayati pavak:..
pavakaprerit: soath kramadoordhvapathe charanh.
atisookshmadhvani nabhau hridi sookshman gale pun:..
pushtan shirshe tvapushtanch kritriman vadane tatha.
avirbhavayatityevan panchadha kirtyate budhai:..
nakaran prananamanan dakaramanalan viandu:.
jat: pranagnisanyogatten nadoabhidhiyate..
atma ke dvara prerit chitt deh mean utpann agni ko ahat karata hai. brahmagranthi mean sthit prerit vah pran kram se oopar chalata hua nabhi mean atyant sookshm dhvani karata hai tatha gale aur hriday mean bhi sookshm dhvani karata hai. sir mean pusht aur apusht tatha mukh mean kritrim prakash karata hai. vidvanoan ne paanch prakar ka agni bataya hai. nakar pran ka nam hai, dakar agni ka nam hai. pran aur agni ke sanyog se nad ki utpatti hoti hai. sab devataoan mean isaka pratham aradhyatv rrigved ke sarvapratham mantr "agnimile purohitamh" se prakat hota hai.
- roop ka prayog
yogagni athava jnanagni ke roop mean bhi "agni" ka prayog hota hai. gita mean yah kathan hai-
'jnanagni: sarvakarmani bhasmasatkurute tatha.'
'jnanagnidagdhakarmani tamahu: panditan budha:..'[20]
agni ka sarvapratham sthan
prithvi-sthaniy devoan mean agni ka sarvapratham sthan hai. agni yajniy agni ka pratinidhi roop hai. yajn ke dvara manushy ka sambandh devoan se hota hai. at: yajn ki agni manushy aur devata ke bich sambandh ka soochak hai. parantu agni ka svaroop bhautik bhi hai. inaka svaroop garajate hue vrishabh ke saman batalaya gaya hai. unhean sir aur pair nahian haian parantu jihva lal hai. vaidik mantroan mean batalaya gaya hai ki utpatti ke samay agni ka svaroop bachh de ke saman hai, parantu prajvalit hone par unaka svaroop ashv ke saman hai. unaki jvala ko vidyut ke saman kaha gaya hai. kashth aur ghrit ko unaka bhojan mana gaya hai. agni dhoom patake ke saman oopar ki or jata hai. isi karan se agni ko dhoomaketu kaha gaya hai. yajn ke samay inaka ahvan kiya jata hai ki ye kush ke asan par virajaman hoan tatha devoan ke havish ko grahan karean. agni ka janm sthan svarg mana gaya hai. svarg se matarishva ne dharati par inhean laya. agni jnan ka pratik hai. vah sabhi praniyoan ke jnata dev haian. at: inhean 'jataveda:' kaha gaya hai. agni ko dyusthaniy devata soory bhi mana gaya hai. agni ko 'trividh' tatha 'dvijanma' bhi kaha gaya hai. unaka pratham janm svarg mean tatha doosara janm jal mean (prithvi par) batalaya gaya hai. agni danavoan ke bhakshak tatha manavoan ke rakshak mane ge haian. inaka varnan do sau vaidik sooktoan mean prapt hota hai.[21]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- rabart es. moltan (sanpadak): haiandabuk aauv fayar protekshan, naishanal fayar esosieshan (1948, ianglaiand);
- je. devidasan fayar ianshyoreans (1923).
- maikad aaunel : vaidik maithaloji (strasabarg);
- kith : rilijan end philasaphi aauv ved end upanishadh (haravard), do bhag;
- aravind : hims tud mistik phayar (pandicheri);
- baladev upadhyay : vaidik sahity aur sanskriti (kashi);
- marathi jnanakosh (doosara khand, poona).
- ↑ gobhilaputrakrit sangrah
- ↑ pandey, d aau. rajabali hindoo dharmakosh, 1988 (hindi), bharatadiskavari pustakalay: uttar pradesh hindi sansthan, prishth san 06-08.
- ↑ sajavan, mejar anandasianh “khand 1”, hindi vishvakosh, 1973 (hindi), bharatadiskavari pustakalay: nagari pracharini sabha varanasi, prishth san 73-75.
- ↑ rrigved, 2. 1. 9; 7. 15. 12; 1. 1. 9; 4. 1. 9; 3. 1. 7
- ↑ rrigved 3. 5. 1; 1. 94. 5; 8. 43. 32; 10. 88. 2
- ↑ rrigved 1. 140. 1
- ↑ rrigved 3. 5. 10; 1. 94. 14
- ↑ rrigved 1. 26. 9; 1. 94. 3; 1. 59. 3; 1. 59. 1; 7. 2. 1; 1. 58. 1; 7. 2. 5; 1. 27. 4; 3. 1. 17; 10. 2. 1; 1. 12. 4 adi
- ↑ rrigved 3. 9. 5; 6. 8. 4
- ↑ rrigved 2. 1. 2; 1. 1. 1; 1. 94. 6
- ↑ raja tvamadhvaranamh; rrigved 3. 1. 18; 7. 11. 4; 2. 8. 3; 8. 43. 24 adi
- ↑ rrigved 10. 7. 5
- ↑ rrigved 10. 8. 5
- ↑ rrigved 4. 3. 5-8; 4. 5. 4-5
- ↑ rrigved 7. 93. 7
- ↑ shatapath brahman 1/4/90
- ↑ mishr, d aau. devendr “khand 1”, bharatiy sanskriti kosh, 2009 (hindi), bharatadiskavari pustakalay: yoonivarsiti pablikeshan, prishth san 19.
- ↑ adityapuran
- ↑ vayu puran
- ↑ pandey, d aau. rajabali hindoo dharmakosh, 1988 (hindi), bharatadiskavari pustakalay: uttar pradesh hindi sansthan, prishth san 06-08.
- ↑ mishr, d aau. devendr “khand 1”, bharatiy sanskriti kosh, 2009 (hindi), bharatadiskavari pustakalay: yoonivarsiti pablikeshan, prishth san 13.
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