आत्मकथा

atmakatha hindi sahity mean gady ki ek vidha hai. jaise- lekhak siddhaliangayya dvara rachit atmakatha gaanv gali.

pahali atmakatha

hindi sahity mean banarasidas jain krit ‘arddhakathanak’ ko pahali atmakatha mana jata hai. isaki rachana sanh 1641 ee. mean huee. satrahavian shatabdi mean rachit jivan ke is arddhakathanak mean ghatana, charitr-chitran, deshakal, rochakata, uddeshy pravritti ka sajag nirvah atmakathatmak gathav ke sath hai. yah atmakatha sv aur ahamh ke tyag ki dinata bhari dharana aur kan-kan mean dharm ki chhavi dekhane vali bharatiy manasikata se alag apane bare mean niahsankoch svikar karati kavi-atm-kathakar ki parampara virodhi sahasikata ki parichayak hai aur sath hi bharatiy manasikata par durav ka arop lagane valoan ke lie ek b da prashn chihn bhi.

arddhakathanak mean do prakar ke aitihasik ullekh milate haian- ek ve jinaka sambandh kavi ke janmakal ke poorv se hai aur doosare ve jinaka sambandh usake jivanakal se hai. pahale prakar ke ullekhoan ki etihasikata par kadachit hamean vichar karane ki avashyakata nahian. doosare prakar ke ullekhoan ko itihas ki kasauti par itihasakaroan aur pathalochan ke visheshajnoan ne parakha hai, aur kee aitihasik ghatanaoan ki pramanikata pane par d aau. mata prasad gupt ne ‘bhoomika’ mean ‘arddhakatha’ ki aitihasikata bhalibhaanti pramanit hai jaisi nishchit tippani di hai.

ek asaphal vyapari ki katha ke roop mean kriti ne vyapari varg ko jin yatanaoan, sankatoan aur asuvidhaoan ko jhelana p da un paristhitiyoan ka vyapak roop mean chitran kiya hai. d aau mataprasad gupt ne ‘arddhakatha’ ka mahattv ek any drishti mean aur bhi adhik paya hai-

‘‘vah madhyakalin uttari bharat ki samajik avastha tatha dhani aur nirdhan praja ke sukh-dukh ka yatharth parichay deti hai. badashahoan ki likhi dinacharyaoan aur musalaman itihas lekhakoan dvara likhit tatkalin tarikhoan se hamean shasan aur yuddh sambandhi ghatanaoan ki atoot shrriankhalaean bhale hi mil javean, kiantu itihas ke us svarn yug mean rajadhaniyoan se door hindoo janata-vishesh karake dhani aur vyapari varg ko aharnish kitani yatanaean bhogani p dati thi isaka anuman un dinacharyaoan aur tarikhoan se nahian kiya ja sakata. usake lie hamean ‘arddhakatha’ aisi rachanaoan ka hi ashray lena p dega.’’ brajabhasha aur kh di boli hindi bolane vale kshetr ko hi kavi ne madhyadesh ke shabd se sambodhit kiya hai. vyakaran ki drishti se bhi kriti mean anek vishisht prayog milate hai. isamean visarg aur lh ke atirikt devanagari ke samast svaroan aur vyanjanoan ka prayog hua hai. uchcharan sauandary ki drishti se kahian svar badhaya gaya hai to kahian kisi akshar ka lop hi kar diya gaya hai. ‘karta’ aur ‘karm’ ke prayog vartaman hindi mean apane chalan ke anusar hai.

atmakatha ki vikas-yatra

upanyas, sansmaran, rekhachitr, riportaj, yatra vrittant aur dayari ki hi bhaanti atmakatha namak sahityik vidha ka bhi agaman pashchim se hua hai. d aau. namavar sianh ne apane ek vyakhyan mean kaha tha ki ‘apana lene par koee chij parayi nahian rah jati, balki apani ho jati hai.’ isalie bahas apanav ko lekar nahian, usaki chetana aur prakriya ko lekar ho sakati hai. adhunik kal mean pashchaty sanskriti se sanvad sthapit hone par hindi ke rachanakaroan ne in vidhaoan ko apanaya aur apane jatiy sandarbh se jo dakar unhean vikasit kiya. mahatma gaandhi kahate the ki apane chintan ke daravaje aur khi dakiyaan khuli rakhani chahie, taki vishv ki vibhinn sanskritiyoan ki havaean usamean be-rok-tok aean-jaean; magar yah dhyan rahe ki usi samay apani saanskritik parampara mean hamari j dean bahut gahari aur majaboot ho.
prachinakal se sahityik parampara mean atmakatha ki anupasthiti ke saanskritik karan haian. darshan mean vastavik mahatta atma ki rahi hai. jahaan manushy ke astitv ko hi nashvar mana jata ho vahaan svatantrata ko mahattv nahian milana koee ashchary ka vishay nahian hai. chooanki atma hi vastavik hai aur sare manushyoan mean saman hai, isalie darshanikoan ka tark hai ki sabhi manushy antatah ek hai. vaiyaktikta, atmavatta ya phir vishshtita ka bodh— inako ek-doosare ke paryay ke roop mean ‘maya’ ki mana jata hai. chooanki atmakatha ek svatantr ‘atm’ ki katha hai, isalie use apane janm aur vikas ke lie aisi sanskriti ki zaroorat hoti hai, jisamean vaiyaktikata ko mahattv aur poshan prapt ho.

prachin sahity mean atmakatha

prachin sahity mean atmakatha ki parampara bhale hi nahian rahi ho lekin aisa nahian hai ki kathakaroan ne atm vachan ko nahian apanaya ho. ek sookshm jaanch-p datal ke bad atmakatha-sarikhi sahityik abhivyakti ke kuchh tuk de zaroor milate haian, halaanki unase koee santushti nahian mil pati hai. harshacharit ka vah arambhik hissa hai, jisamean rachayita banabhatt ne apaman, vanchana aur hatasha mean bhare apane bachapan, vidyarthi jivan aur shurooati yuvavastha ki charcha ki hai. isi tarah kuchh aur nam bhi ate haian jinamean bilahan (vikramaankadev charit), dandi (dashakumaracharit) adi pramukh haian. prapt samagri ke adhar par kal kramanusar itihas ki dirgha mean atmakathaoan ke tin nishchit charan dikhate haian—

pratham charan (1600-1875)

pratham charan ke sudirgh kalakhand mean tin mahatvapoorn atmakathaean milati haian. hindi mean satrahavian shatabdi mean rachit banarasidas ‘jain’ ki ‘arddhakathanak’ (1641ee.) apani bebaki mean chauankane vali atmakatha hai. banarasidas ki arddhakatha ke bad ek lamba kalakhand abhivyakti ki drishti se maun milata hai. is lambe maun ko svami dayanand sarasvati ne sanh 1860 mean apane ‘atmacharit’ se to da hai. dayanand sarasvati ji ka svakathit jivan vrittant atyant sankshep mean bhi apane vartaman tak pahuanchane ki katha ka nirvah niji vishisht chetana ke sath karata hai.

svami dayanand sarasvati ne apani atmakatha mean apane prarambhik jivan ke chitran ke sath-sath tatkalin samajik aur dharmik paristhitiyoan ko darshaya hai. ghar se bhagane, vairagi ke hath p dane, pita ke dvara pak de jane, punah bhagane, tadanantar sannyas lene aur vibhinn guruoan se sambaddh kathayean ‘jivan charitr’ mean ati haian. apane dvara kie ge shaivamat ke khandan, bhagavat ke khandan adi anek shastrarth ki charcha, sath hi ary samaj ki unnati ke lie samarpit unaka svayan ka vyaktitv is sankshipt atmakatha ko dharmik drishti se mahattvapoorn sthan dilata hai. eeshvar ki is prarthana se lekhak apani is atmakatha ka samapan karata hai— “...eeshvar se prarthana karata hooan ki sarvatr ary samaj kayam hokar poojadi durachar door ho javean, ved shastroan ka sachcha arth sabaki samajh mean ave aur unhian ke anusar logoan ka acharan hokar desh ki unnati ho jave.”

sanh 1909 tatha 1918 ee. mean do khandoan mean satyanand agnihotri ka atmacharitr ‘mujhamean dev-jivan ka vikas’ prakashit hua. isamean atmakatha kam aur upadeshatmakata adhik hai. aisa pratit hota hai ki lekhak ne aryasamaj ke prachar ki pratisparddha mean dev-samaj ke siddhantoan ka pratipadan karane hetu is granth ko racha tha. astikata aur vaidik vicharadhara ka khandan is atmakatha ka pramukh hissa hai.

sitaram soobedar dvara rachit ‘sipahi se soobedar tak’ jaisi atmakatha apane aangrezi anuvadoan ke anek sanskaranoan mean upalabdh hai. atmakathakar ki sainik banane ki apani mahattvakaanksha, mama ke dvara diya gaya protsahan, ghar ka virodh aur antatah ‘khoob javan’ ho jane par phauj ke lie prasthan jaisi ghatanaean atmakatha ko ruchikar banati hai. atm-kathakar apani a datalis varshoan ki britani phauj ki seva mean paye jang ke ghav, chot ke nishanoan aur chhah medaloan ke prati sarvottam hai. bahut durbhagyapoorn hai is atmakatha ka apane maulik roop hindi mean nahian upalabdh hona.

dvitiy charan (1876-1946)

bharatendu harishchandr ke chhote atmakathatmak lekh ‘ek kahaniah kuchh ap biti kuchh jag biti’ se prarambh huee dvitiy charan mean atmakathaean anek chhote-b de prayog karati hai. is chhote-se lekh mean bharatendu ne apane nij evan apane parivesh ko atyant sookshm drishti ke sath ukera hai. do prishthoan mean likha gaya yah lekh atmakatha ki vidha ke bhavishy ke lie pusht bij hai. apana parichay dene ke kram mean atmakathakar ne apani sahridayata ka yathesht praman diya hai-

“jamin chaman gul khilati hai kya-kya?

badalata hai rang asamaan kaise-kaise.”

“ham kaun hai aur kis kul mean utpann hue haian ap log pichhe janeange. ap logoan ko kya, kisi ka rona ho padhe chalie ji bahalane se kam hai. abhi itana hi kahata hooan ki mera janm jis tithi ko hua, yah jain aur vaidik donoan mean b da pavitr din hai.”

is charan mean kee mahatvapoorn atmakathaean prakashit huee- radhacharan gosvami ki ‘radhacharan gosvami ka jivan charitr’- is chhoti si kriti mean vaiyaktik sandarbhoan se jyada tatkalin sahity aur samaj ki charcha ka nirvah kiya gaya hai. bhaee paramanand ki ‘ap biti (meri ram kahani)’ ka prakashan varsh 1922 ee. hai.

spashtavadita, sachchaee ke lie prasiddh, vaidik dharm ke sachche bhakt paramanand ki apabiti ka apani tatkalin rajanitik sthiti mean ek vishesh rajanitik mahattv hai. giraphtari ka pahala din, havalat ki aandheri kothari ke andar, nyay ki nirasha jaise shirshakoan mean apabiti vibhakt hai jo kahian n kahian ‘dayari’ ke samip lagati hai.

jel ki sajaoan, shadyantroan, aandhere mean bitaye akele ghanti aur vahaan ki gandagi ke bare mean batata lekhak jel ke madhyam se sudhar karane ki asha ko ek kalpit sthiti ghoshit karata hai- “yah vah sthan hai, jahaan manushy samaj ke gire hue adami ikatthe kar diye jate haian, taki ve apane man ke vicharoan ko ek-doosare se badalate hue unake anusar apana kal vyatit karean. jab koee achchhi prakriti ka manushy inamean dal diya jata hai, to kuchh samay tak to use ghrina-si ati hai, parantu kuchh samay vahaan rahane ke pashchath vah bhi vaisa hi ho jata hai, jaisa ki ek mal uthane vale bhangi ki santan jinaki nak mean gandh sooanghane ki shakti mar jati hai.”

20vian shati ke chauthe dashak mean hi mahatma gaandhi ne ‘atm-darshan’ ki apani jivanavyapi koshishoan ko atmakatha ka roop diya, jise unhoanne ‘saty ke prayog’ ki sanjna di. mool roop se yah atmakatha gujarati mean thi jo anudit hokar bad mean hindi mean bhi prakashit hoti hai. atmakatha ki prastavana mean apane uddeshyoan ki ghoshana karate hue unhoanne likha hai-

‘‘mujhe jo karana hai, tis varshoan se maian jisaki atur bhav se rat lagae hue hooan, vah to atm-darshan hai,eeshvar ka sakshatkar hai, moksh hai. mere sare kam isi drishti se hote haian. mera sab lekhan bhi isi drishti se hota hai; aur rajaniti ke kshetr mean mera p dana bhi isi vastu ke adhin hai.’’

gaandhi is bat se sahamat the ki atmakatha likhane ka pashchimi dhang anivaryatah atm-kendrit aur ahammanyatapoorn hai. parantu gaandhi ne apane vyakti ya ‘maian’ ke bajay ‘atma’ ko atmakatha ke kendr mean lakar in pashchaty vikritiyoan ka pratikar kiya. sahi mayane mean gaandhiji ne atmakatha ka bharatiyakaran kiya hai.

kriti ke shirshak ‘saty ke prayog’ se bhi yah pratiti spashtatah hoti hai ki lekhak apane jivan ko prayog-sthal banakar us par anek paristhitiyoan mean bar-bar naye parikshan karake unake parinam sansar ke samane rakhane ki cheshta kar raha hai. isake alava unhoanne spasht kiya ki bharatiy janata unake jivan-vishvas aur jivan vyavahar ka andhanukaran n kare, kyoanki unaki batean ‘antim aur sach’ nahian hai. saty ko unhoanne paya nahian hai, balki use pane ki nirantar athak koshish ki hai. unaki is koshish se prerit hokar, unake jivan-prasangoan ke antarang hissedar banakar any log apane-apane dhang, kshamata aur vivek ke mutabiq yah koshish kar sakate haian. is tarah ve jyada se jyada apane yahaan ek b de paimane par saty ke prayogoan ki is sanskriti ka nirman tatha vikas chahate the. yah kahana atishayokti nahian hai ki is kam ke lie atmakatha se upayukt madhyam aur kuchh ho hi nahian sakata tha.

sanh 1932 mean muanshi premachand ne ‘hans’ ka ek vishesh atmakatha-aank sampadit karake, apane yahaan atmakatha vidha ke vikas ki ek b di pahal ki thi. tab ke ek ne samikshak nandadulare vajapeyi ne is aank mean likhana to svikar nahian hi kiya, ulate is yojana ka jabaradast saiddhantik virodh kiya. masalan vajapeyi ji atmakatha n likhane ko atm-tyag ke mahanh darshan se ‘jo d’ rahe the aur jo parampara mean nahian hai, par jo parampara mean nahian hai unhean adhunik vivek ke sath apanaya aur samriddh bhi to kiya ja sakata hai. is prasang mean achary hajari prasad dvivedi ko yad karana zaroori hai— ‘‘phir yooropiy prabhav hone matr se koee chij asprishy nahian ho jati. premachand ki kahaniyaan, baital pachisi ke dhang ki n hokar adhunik yooropiy kahaniyoan ke dhang ki huee haian, itana kah dene se premachand ka mahattv kam nahian ho jata. prabhav to manushy par tab tak p dega, jab tak usamean jivan hai. jahaan jivan ka veg adhik hai, pran dhara bahav tej hai, usi sthan se usaka aishvary chhitaraega hi. alok sima mean bandhana nahian chahata usaka dharm hi prakashit hona aur prakashit karana hai.’’

1941 mean prakashit atmakatha ‘meri atm kahani’ ke atmakathakar prasiddh sahityakar shyamasundar das haian. sampoorn kriti mean nagari pracharini sabha ki sthapana, vikas, gati, tatkalin hindi aur hindi ki sthiti ki charchaean haian. ek uchchakoti ke bhashavidh ki atmakatha hone ke bavajood bhi atmakatha mean bhasha-shaili ka ya abhivyakti ka madhury nahian hai. patroan ke uddharan, aangreji dastavej, aank doan ka vistrit varnan lekhak ke aitihasik mahattv ko pramanit to karate haian lekin atmakatha ki sahaj nirbandh vaiyaktik gati ko khandit karate haian.

sanh 1942 ee. mean baboo gulabaray ki atmakatha ‘meri asaphalataean’ shirshak se prakashit huee. yah atmakatha atyant hi rochak evan vyangy-vinodapoorn hai, sath hi lekhak ke vyaktitv, charitr, karyakshamata par apratyaksh roop se prakash dalati hai.

haribhaoo upadhyay ki atmakatha ‘sadhana ke path par’ 1946 ee. mean prakashit huee, jisamean lekhak ne 1842 se 1945 tak ke jivananubhavoan ko lipibaddh kiya hai. yah kriti anek jagahoan par upadeshatmak ho gayi hai, lekin aisa soddeshy hua hai, kyoanki lekhak ne bhoomika mean spasht kar diya hai ki ho sakata hai, ye anubhav pathakoan ke lie upayogi hoan.

rahul saankrityayan ki atmakatha paanch khandoan mean ‘meri jivan yatra’ shirshak se prakashit huee. inamean se pahale do khand unake jivanakal mean kramashah 1946 tatha 1947 mean prakashit hue tatha shesh tin khandoan ka prakashan unaki mrityu ke bad sanh 1967 mean hua tha. atmakatha mean rahul saankrityayan ke jivan ke 62 saloan ka chitran hai. pratham khand mean vansh-parichay, janm, shaishav, shila v taruny ka varnan hai. tatha dakshin bharat ki yatra, math ka ashray, ary samaj se sampark, mahatma gaandhi ke prabhav adi ka digdarshan hai. dvitiy khand mean lanka, tibbat, japan, roos v yoorop adi ki yatra, kisan satyagrah, jelayatra, bauddh dharm v samyavad se prabhavit hone ki katha hai. tritiy khand mean soviyat pradesh ke tri-varshiy nivas (1944 se 1947 tak) ka varnan hai. chaturth khand mean 1947 se 1950 tak ki ghatanaoan ka vivaran hai. is khand ka sabase mahatvapoorn hissa hai unaka hindi ke prati samarpan tatha hindi ko rashtrabhasha banane mean unaka yogadan. aantim khand mean atmakathakar ne sahityik samasyaoan ka udghatan kiya hai.

is vishal aur vyapak atmakatha mean lekhak ki sahityik abhiruchiyoan, vaiyaktik gun-doshoan, anubhootiyoan, bhavanaoan, yatraoan tatha vishisht upalabdhiyoan ka vistrit varnan hua hai. sthan-sthan par unaki rachanadharmita, rachana-prakriya tatha lekhan srotoan ka bhi ullekh hai. d aau. haradayal ke shabdoan mean “muhavaredar bhasha mean likhi gayi yah atmakatha unaki yayavari, vidyavyasani evan vidrohi vritti se sakar ho uthi hai.”

tritiy charan (1947- ab tak)

aupaniveshik kal ke dauran viparit paristhitiyoan mean janmi desh ki jagrat vyaktinishth evan samoohik chetana abhivyakti ke is vishisht kshetr ki or bhi gatimayata ke sath pravahit huee. tatkalin rashtriyata ka prabhav atmakathaoan ke vistar mean pratichchhayit hai.

1947 mean prakashit baboo rajendr prasad ki ‘atmakatha’ mean jivan ki dirghakalin ghatanaoan ka aankan evan svachitran bina kisi lag-lapet ke tatasthata ke sath atmakatha mean sampadit hai. lekhak ke bachapan ke tatkalin samajik riti-rivajoan ka, sankuchit prathaoan se hone vali haniyoan ka, tatkalin ganvee jivan ka, dharmik vratoan, utsavoan aur tyauharoan ka, shiksha ki sthitiyoan ka hoo-b-hoo chitr rajendr prasad ki ‘atmakatha’ mean aankit hai. tatkalin hindoo-musalamanoan ke bich ki asampradayik sahaj samany samajik samanvay ki bhavana ka chitr bhi atmakatha anayas hi ukerati hai. saradar ballabhabhaee patel ‘atmakatha’ ko matr kriti hi nahian itihas manate haian- ‘‘prayah pichhale 25 varshoan se hamara desh kis sthiti ko pahuanch gaya hai isaka sajiv aur ek pavitr deshabhakt ke hriday mean ranga hua itihas pathakoan ko is atmakatha mean milega.’’

1951 mean prakashit svami satyadev parivrajak ki ‘svatantrata ki khoj mean, arthath meri atmakatha’ hindi ki atyant mahatvapoorn atmakatha hai. svatantrata ki khoj mean bhatakate pathik ki yah katha manavata se ju di atma ki chhatapatahat evan tatkalin bharatiy rajanitik sthitiyoan se sambaddh hai.

yashapal ki atmakatha ‘sianhavalokan’ ka prakashan lakhanoo se tin khandoan mean hua hai. pratham khand mean lekhak ke baly, shiksha tatha krantikari dal ke karyoan ka ullekh hone se vaiyaktik jivan par prachur prakash p da hai. kriti mean andolan ki ghatanaoan ki rahasyatmakata aur romaanchata ke sath-sath apani vishisht krantikari vicharadhara ke mahattv ko lekhak ne niroopit kiya hai, vyakti, parivar aur rajanitik dasata ki sthitiyaan aur unamean panapati aur vikasit hoti krantikari chetana ko ekasath aankit karati yah atmakatha (sashastr kranti ki kahani) ki shaili vivechanatmak hai. jo kahian n kahian unake upanyasoan ki bhaanti rochak aur marmasparshi hai.

pita ki puny smriti ke sath is atmakatha ka prarambh hota hai. yah kriti tatkalin hindoo aur musalamanoan ke apasi sadbhav ko aankit karati yugin pravrittiyoan ko chitrit karati hai. rajasthani shabdoan ka atyant sahajata ke sath hindi mean ghulamila svaroop atmakatha ko asadharan banata hai.

hindi ke prasiddh natakakar aur hindi sevi seth goviandadas ki atmakatha ke tin bhag ‘prayatn, pratyasha aur niyatarit’ upashirshakoan sahit ‘atm-nirikshan’ shirshak se 1957 ee. mean prakashit hue. tathyatmakata, vishleshanatmakata, nirbhikata evan spashtavadita adi gunoan ke karan yah atmakatha aur mahatvapoorn ho jati hai. lekhak ne apane kiye prem aur pita ki veshyanusakti tak ko nahian chhupaya hai. lekhak ka sajag vyaktitv usaki atmakatha mean sarvatr mukhar hai. gaandhi tatha neharoo tak ki alochana karane mean usane jhijhak nahian dikhaee. sahityakar seth govindadas ki atmakatha ki bhasha shaili ki srijanatmakata is vishisht vidha ko ek aur ayam deti hai.

chaturasen shastri ki do atmakathaean: ‘yadoan ki parachhaiyaan’ (1956), tatha ‘meri atm kahani’ (1963) prapt hoti hai. ‘yadoan ki parachhaiyaan’ mean lekhak ke niji jivan ke kramik byaure ka abhav hai, jabaki maranoparaant prakashit ‘meri atm kahani’ mean pahale do adhyayoan ko chho dakar shesh bhag apramanikata ka prashnachinh lagaye hue haian. d aau. haradayal ke shabdoan mean “isaka karan yah hai ki pahale do adhyay to lekhak ne svayan likhe hai tatha shesh aansh lekhak dvara chho de gaye nots ke adhar par usake anuj chandrasen ne likha hai. chooanki is bat ka kahian koee sanket nahian hai ki shesh aansh mean se kitana chaturasen ka hai tatha kitana chandrasen ka. phalatah is kriti ko atmakatha ki paridhi mean rakhana nyayasangat pratit nahian hota.”

chhathe dashak ke prarambh mean hi pandey bechan sharma ‘ugr’ ki atmakatha ‘apani khabar’ prakashit huee. dushit evan garhit parivesh, pitri-prem ka abhav tatha unmatt evan krodhi bhaee sahab ka niyantran, ‘ugr’ ki niyati thi. ‘apani khabar’ mean pandey bechan sharma ‘ugr’ ne muktibodh ke se atmiy aur akul aveg ke sath apani ‘ajib jiandagi mean ae kuchh pramukh vyaktiyoan ke charitr ki gahari chhanabin ki hai.

ugr ke sambandh mean pankaj chaturvedi ka yah kathan sashakt maloom hota hai, ‘‘jis samaj ke sahity mean jivan ke garhit sach se muanh churane ki naitik durbalata ke karan n to atmakathaoan ki samriddh parampara ban payi ho aur n sashakt vartaman; usi hindi samaj mean rahate hue ugr ne us duniya ke vibhats aandheroan ko ujagar kiya, jisake ve mook darshak nahian rah pae balki vivash hissedar hue.’’

lokapriyata ke kram mean mahatma gaandhi aur pandit neharoo ke bad harivansh ray bachchan ki atmakatha ati hai jisane gady ki is vidha ke lekhan mean navin kirtiman sthapit kie haian. atmakatha ka pratham khand ‘kya bhoolooan kya yad karooan’ 1969 ee. mean prakashit hua. dvitiy khand 1970 ee. mean ‘ni d ka nirman phir’ nam se prakashit. pratham khand mean jahaan bachchan ne apane bhav-jagath aur yauvanarambh ke pratham abhisaroan ka chitran kiya hai, vahaan apane kul, parivesh tatha poorv purooshoan ka bhi atyant rochak tatha saras shaili mean varnan kiya hai. dvitiy khand apekshakrit adhik antarmukhi aur atm vishleshanatmak pravritti se yukt hai. tritiy khand ‘basere se door’ mean prayag vishvavidyalay mean aangreji ka adhyapak banane aur sah adhyapak logoan se dvesh ka chitran hai. kriti ki drishti se ramadhari sianh ‘dinakar’ ne ise anamol evan atyant mahattv ki rachana’ ghoshit kiya hai. bachchan ji ki atm-katha ke aantim khand ka shirshak ‘dashadvar se sopan tak’ hai.

1970 mean prakashit ‘nirala ki atmakatha’ sooryaprasad dikshit dvara sankalit sanyojit evan sampadit hai. is atmakatha mean nirala ke balyakal ki smritiyaan, vivah, dampatyabhav, raja ki naukari, hindi padhana evan vansh kshati adi se sambandhit ghatanaoan ke sath rachana-prakriya tatha sahityik jivan ka bhi vistrit vivechan hai. kavi kathakar ramadarash mishr ki tin bhagoan mean prakashy atmakatha ka keval ek khand ‘jahaan maian kh da hooan’ (1984) hi prakashit hua. is atmakatha ki pramukh visheshata yah hai ki isamean poorvi uttar pradesh ke oob d-khab d gaanvoan ki ziandagi jyoan ki tyoan sakar ho uthi hai.

bhavani dayal sannyasi ki ‘pravasi ki atmakatha’ (1947), ganeshaprasad varni ki ‘meri jivanagatha’, ajitaprasad jain ki ‘ajnat jivan’ (1951), alagooray shastri krit ‘mera jivan’ (1951), naradev shastri krit ‘apabit jagabit’ (1957), prithvi sianh azad krit ‘kraantipath ka pathik’ (1964), abidali dvara hindustani mean krit ‘majadoor se ministar’ (1968), chatubhurj sharma krit ‘vidrohi ki atmakatha’ (1970), moolachand agraval krit ‘ek patrakar ki atmakatha’ (1944), ganesh vasudev mavalankar krit ‘mera vakalati jivan’ (1964), vishvanath lahiri dvara likhit ‘ek pulis adhikari ki atmakatha’ (1984) jaisi atmakathaean prerana ki akshay srot haian, jinaka atmakatha ki vikas yatra mean mahatvapoorn yogadan hai.

asmitavadi atmakathaean

sadiyoan se purushavadi aur savarn-varchasvavadi sanskriti ki sabase jyada prata dana striyaan aur dalit jan sahate a rahe haian. yahi log atmakatha ke jarie apane daroon anubhavoan ka marmik sansar udghatit kareange, to hamara bhav-lok bhi badalega aur vastu-jagat bhi. mohanadas naimisharay ki ‘apane-apane pianjare’, omaprakash valmiki ki ‘joothan’, maitreyi pushpa ki ‘kastoori kundal basai’, tulasiram ki ‘murdahiya’ aur ‘manikarnika’, shyauraj sianh ‘baichen’ ki ‘mera bachapan mere kandhoan par’ atmakathaean is kshetr mean mahatvapoorn pahal hai jo kahian-n-kahian isake ujjval bhavishy ki or ishara karati hai. dalit atmakathaoan ke bare mean omaprakash valmiki kahate haian, “kisi bhi dalit dvara likhi atmakatha sirph usaki jivanagatha nahian hoti, balki usake samaj ki jivanagatha bhi hoti hai. lekhak ki atm abhivyakti hoti hai. usake jivan ke duahkh, dard, apaman, upeksha, atmakatha usaki jati evan samaj ke duahkh-dard aur apaman-upeksha ityadi ko bhi svar deta hai.”

hindi ki pahali dalit atmakatha 1995 mean prakashit mohanadas naimisharay krit ‘apane-apane pianjare’ ko mana jata hai. bharatiy samaj ki varn-vyavastha tale hajaroan varshoan se upekshit jivan ji rahe samaj ka chitran is atmakatha mean mukhy vishay ke roop mean ubhar kar aya hai. manuvadi vyavastha ne jinake jivan ko ajnan, aandhakar, vishamata tatha gulami mean dhakel diya tha aur unaka jivan narakamay bana diya. aise samaj mean shiksha ki roshani ka agaman hua aur us roshani ko apanakar apane dahak anubhavoan ki abhivyakit atmakathaoan mean ane lagi. atmakatha ka ek aansh, “... kuchh doori par do bail-ga diyaan aur mili. ga divan ne keval do saval t d mean kar die the. kahan se are ho? hamamean se itane usaka javab koee deta, doosara saval sath-sath kar diya tha— kaun jat ho?

age pooran ki ga di kh di thi. vah kuchh der chup raha. ba ne jhatak se uttar de diya tha- chamar daravajje se!

ba ka zavab sunate hi ga divan ne tik-tik-tik karate hue ga di age badha li thi. jaise usase hamari ga di chhoo n jae.”

1997 mean prakashit huee omaprakash valmiki ki atmakatha ‘joothan’ samajik s daandh ko ujagar karane vali mahattvapoorn atmakatha hai. bakaul lekhak “dalit jivan ki pi daean asahaniy anubhav hai. aise anubhav jo sahityik abhivyaktiyoan mean sthan nahian pa sake. ek aisi samaj vyavastha mean hamane saansean li haian, jo behad kroor aur asamanaviy hai.” ‘joothan’ ke madhyam se lekhak ne bharatiy samaj, sanskriti, dharm aur itihas mean pavitr tatha utkrisht samajhe jane vale tin pratikoan kramashah shikshak sansthan, guru yani shikshak evan prem par k da prahar kiya hai tatha yah dikhane ki koshish ki hai ki dalit samaj ko apane vyaktitv nirman aur samajik vikas ki prakriya mean in tinoan pratikoan ki nakaratmak bhoomikaoan ka samana karana p data hai. atmakatha mean ullekhit ek aansh, “adhyapakoan ka adarsh roop jo maianne dekha, vah abhi tak meri smriti se mita nahian hai. jab bhi koee adarsh guru ki bat karata hai, to mujhe ve tamam shikshak yad a jate haian, jo maan-bahan ki galiyaan dete the.” is tarah yah atmakatha padadalit, hashie par baithe logoan ke lie mukhyadhara mean ane ka margadarshan karati hai.

‘dohara abhishap’ (1999) kaushalya vaisantri ki yah atmakatha hindi dalit sahity ki pahali atmakatha hai. ek dalit stri ko dohare abhishap se guzarana p data hai- ek usaka stri hona aur doosara dalit hona. kaushalya vaisantri in donoan abhishapoan ko ek sath jiti haian jo unake anubhav jagath ko ek gahanata pradan karate haian. is atmakatha mean tin pidhi ki katha hai, jisamean lekhika ki maan bhagirathi, nani, aji aur svayan lekhika ke jivan ka marmik evan vishad chitran hua hai. lekhika pustak ki bhoomika mean ghoshana karati hai, “putr, bhaee, pati sab mujh par naraj ho sakate haian, parantu mujhe bhi to svatantrata chahie ki maian apani bat samaj ke samane rakh sakooan. mere jaise anubhav aur bhi mahilaoan ke samane ae hoange parantu samaj aur parivar ke bhay se apane anubhav samaj ke samane ujagar karane se darati aur jivan bhar ghutan mean jiti hai. samaj ki aankhean kholane ke lie aise anubhav samane ane ki zaroorat hai.” lekhika ne dalit samaj ki achchhaee-buraee sabhi ka vivaran apani atmakatha mean diya hai. jahaan savarnoan mean vidhava-vivah ko manyata nahian di jati hai, vahian dalit samaj mean koee rok-tok nahian hai agar vidhava dubara shadi (pat) karana chahe.

‘dohara abhishap’ atmakatha ke madhyam se 20vian sadi ke arambhik dashak se lekar ab tak ke dalit samaj ki yatharthavadi v badalati huee tasvir dekhi ja sakati hai. lekhika ne atmakatha mean garibi, abhav, ashiksha, ajnan, aandhavishvas, samajik asamanata aur jatigat napharat ke karan dalit bachchoan, striyoan v poore dalit samaj ki durdasha ka hriday vidarak chitran kiya hai.

‘shikanje ka dard’ sushila takabhaure ki atmakatha nari ke shoshan ke viruddh sangharsh ki gatha hai. lekhika ne is atmakatha ke madhyam se yah mahattvapoorn sandesh diya hai ki samaj ke shoshit shikanje se mukti pani hai to sabase pahale shikshit hona hi p dega. lekhika ke shabdoan mean “sach yah tha- kab aya yauvan, jan n paya man! shikanje mean jak da jivan kabhi mukt bhav ka anubhav hi nahian kar paya. jiandagi ek nishchit ki gee lakir par chalati rahi vah umang kabhi mili hi nahian jo yauvan ka ahasas karati. umr ke sath katu anubhootiyoan ke dansh mahasoos hote rahe. pi da se chhatapatata man mukti ka dhyey lekar age badhata raha. tab mukti ka marg maianne shiksha prapti ko hi mana tha.”

hindi mean der se hi sahi par sarthak aur atmaparikshan ke sath dalitoan ke sangharsh ka chitran hona ek tarah se kranti ki tarah hai. tulasiram ki atmakatha ‘murdahiya’ poore dalit samaj ke adamy jivan sandarbh ke sath age badhane ka sandesh deti hai tatha yah bhi batati hai ki jo narakiy ya dasatapoorn jivan dalitoan ko mila hai usamean vyakti vishesh ka nahian balki vyavastha ka aparadh hai.

d aau. tulasiram dvara likhit ‘murdahiya’ atmakatha apashakun se shubhashakun tak ke saphar ko varnit karati hai. shiksha se kaun-sa parivartan ho sakata hai, isaka adarsh udaharan murdahiya prastut karata hai. dalit hone ke nate samajik bahishkar aur ek aankh se aandha hone ke karan parivarik bahishkar-upeksha ke shikar tulasiram dohari mar jhelate haian. jnan aur shiksha ki aankh pakar ve jis mukam par pahuanch chuke haian usase unaki ek aankh alankar banakar ati hai, jo unake lie bahumooly hai. hamare desh ki shiksha vyavastha nijikaran ke daur se gujar rahi hai aur sarakari nitiyaan prathamik shiksha se uchch shiksha tak nakaratmak banati ja rahi hai. ‘murdahiya’ ko padhate hue isaka ehasas ho jata hai ki hamare desh mean pratibha ki kami nahian hai parantu us pratibha ko nikharane ke lie uchit shiksha tantr ki avashyakata hai.

d aau. tulasiram ki atmakatha ka doosara bhag ‘manikarnika’ 2014 mean prakashit hua. manikarnika yadyapi tulasiram ki atmakatha hai, parantu isamean unake dvara prayukt ‘maian’ ek vyakti nahian balki har pal buddh ke darshan se poornatah prabhavit ek ambedakaravadi hai, jisake har nirnay aur kary ki prishthabhoomi isi darshan se prabhavit hai, yah pustak any atmakathaoan ki bhaanti vyaktigat pi da nahian balki tatkalin samaj ka sampoorn vivaran hai. is pustak mean tulasiram ke murdahiya ke age ka jivan yani apane bachapan ke ‘murdahiya’ ka sath chho d ‘banaras’ ka hath pak dane or unake banaras hiandoo vishvavidyalay mean 10 sal ka jivan sangharsh hai. atmakatha mean tulasiram ne banaras ke prasiddh ghatoan aur mandiroan ka chitran karate hue yahaan ke ‘pandoan’ ke pakhand aur karobar ka varnan karate hue bataya ki ve kaise krishna bhakti ka bakhan karate hue tatha bhoot utarane ke bahane mahilaoan ko shoshan ka shikar banaya karate haian.

isamean 70 ke dashak ki vibhinn rajanitik dharaoan yatha marksavad, samajavad, naksalavad ka darshan aur khasakar unake samakalin itihas ka aisa rochak aur sajiv chitran hai, jo vartaman pidhi ke lie aur mahatvapoorn ho jata hai. atmakatha mean ramamanohar lohiya, jayaprakash narayan, raj narayan aur iandira gaandhi jaise rashtriy netaoan ka chhatr rajaniti par asar ka bhi vivaran hai. pustak ke aant mean atmakathakar ne ‘priti kare na koee’ namak shirshak mean apane jivan ke prem-prasangoan ka sahaj varnan kiya hai.

shyauraj sianh ‘bechain’ ki atmakatha ‘mera bachapan mere kandhoan par’ 2009 mean prakashit huee. lekhak ne dalit jivan ki vastavikata ko isamean nishpaksh bhav se to vyakt kiya hi hai, sath hi dalitoan mean vyapt jativad, dalit purushoan dvara dalit striyoan ke utpi dan ke hridayavidarak drishy bhi hamean is atmakatha mean dikhaee p date haian. pita ki maut ki trasadi se lekar haeeskool ki pariksha uttirn hone tak ki bal v yuva jiandagi ki jaddojahad unase adhik kaun jan sakata hai. kamobesh lekhak ne apane jivan ke har pahaloo ki charcha is pustak mean ki hai, jo aksar unhean apane atit ke samane kh da karata hai, chahe bhookh mean mare hue janavaroan ka maans khana ho, padhaee ke lie mastar ki madhuravani mean phans kar begari karana, yahaan tak ki suandariyoan ka prasang.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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bahari k diyaan

• nee sadi ka hindi atmakatha sahity

sanbandhit lekh

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