आनुपातिक प्रतिनिधान
anupatik pratinidhan shabd ka abhipray us nirvachan pranali se hai jisaka uddeshy lokasabha mean janata ke vicharoan ki ekataoan tatha vibhinnataoan ko ganitaroopi yatharthata se pratibianbit karana hai. 19vian shatabdi ke sansadiy anubhav ne paranparagat pratinidhitv ki pranali ke kuchh svabhavik doshoan par prakash dala. saral bahutamat tatha apekshakrit matadhikiy paddhati (sianpul mejariti aiand riletiv mejariti sistam) ke aantargat pratyek nirvachanakshetr mean ek ya anek sadasy bahumat ke adhar par chune jate haian. arthath is pranali mean is bat ko koee mahatv nahian diya jata ki nirvachit sadasyoan ke prapt matoan tatha kul matoan mean kya anupat hai.
bahudha aisa dekha gaya hai ki alpasankhyak jatiyaan pratinidhan pane mean asaphal rah jati haian tatha bahusankhyak adhikadhik pratinidhitv pa jati haian. kabhi-kabhi alpasankhyak matadata bahusankhyak pratinidhiyo ko bhejane mean saphal ho jate haian. pratham mahayuddh ke uparaant ianglaiand mean haus aauv kamans ke nirvachan ke itihas se hamean isake kee drishtaant milate haian; udaharanarth, sanh 1918 ke chunav mean sanyukt dalavaloan (kolishanist) ne apane virodhiyoan se chaugune sthan prapt kie jab ki unhean keval 48 pratishat mat mile the. isi prakar 1935 mean sarakari dal ne lagabhag ek karo d matoan se 428 sthan prapt kie jab ki virodhi dal 90.9 lakh mat pakar bhi 184 sthan prapt kar saka. isi tarah 1945 ke chunav mean majoor dal ko 1.2 karo d matoan dvara 392 sthan mile, jab ki anudar dal (kanzaravetibz) ko 80.5 lakh matoan dvara keval 189. isake atirikt yadi ham un vyaktiyoan ki sankhya ginean (k) jo keval ek hi ummidavar ke kh de hone ke karan apane matadhikar ka upayog nahian kar sake; (kh) jinaka pratinidhi nirvachan mean har gaya aur unake die hue mat vyarth ge; (g) jinhoanne apane mat ka upayog isalie nahian kiya ki koee aisa ummidavar nahian mila jisaki niti ka ve samarthan karate; (gh) jinhoanne apana mat kisi ummidavar ko keval isalie diya ki usamean kam dosh the, to yah pratit hoga ki vartaman nirvachanapranali vastav mean janata ko pratinidhi dene mean adhikatar asaphal rahati hai. inhian doshoan ka nivaran karane ke lie anupatik pratinidhan ki vibhinn vidhiyaanan prastut ki gee haian.
anupatik pratinidhan ka samany vichar 19vian shatabdi ke madhy mean utpann hua, jab ki upayogitavad ke prabhav ke aantargat sudharakoan ne yaantrik upayoan dvara lokasansthaoan ko adhik saphal banane ka prayas kiya. anupatik pratinidhan ka vichar pahale pahal 1753 mean phraansisi rashtr-vidhan-sabha mean prastut kiya gaya. parantu us samay is disha mean koee kadam nahian uthaya gaya. 1820 mean phraansisi ganitajn garagaun (Gorgonne) ne rajanitik ganit par ek lekh 'nirvachan tatha pratinidhan ke shirshak se ainals aauv maithemetiks mean chhapa. usi varsh ianglaiand nivasi tamas rait hil namak ek adhyapak ne ekal sankramaniy pranali sangil traansafarebil vot) se milati julati ek yojana prastut ki aur usaka ek gairasarakari sanstha ke chunav mean prayog bhi hua. 1839 mean is vidhi ka sarvajanik prayog dakshini astreliya ke nagar ediled mean hua tha. svitzaralaiand mean 1842 mean jiniva ki rajyasabha ke sammukh viktor kanasideraan ne soochipranali (list sistam) ka prastav rakha.
1844 mean sanyukt rajy, amarika mean tamas gilapin ne 'laghusankhyak jatiyoan ka pratinidhan' (an d riprezeanteshan aauv mainaritiz tu aikt vid d mejariti in ilekted aseanbaliz) nam ki ek pustika prakashit ki, jisamean unhoanne bhi anupatik pratinidhan ki soochipranali ka varnan kiya. 12 varsh ke uparaant denamark mean vahaan ke arthamantri karl aandre dvara ayojit nirvachanapranali ke adhar par matapatr ka prayog karate hue ekal sankramaniy paddhati ke adhar par pratham sarvajanik nirvachan hua. parantu samanyat: yah pranali tamas heyar ke nam se jo di jati hai. tamas heyar ianglaiand nivasi the jinhoanne apani do pustakoan arthath mashinari aauv gavarnameant (1856) tatha tritaiz an di ilekshan aauv riprazeantetivaz (1859) mean vistarapoorvak is pranali ka ullekh kiya. aur jab jan stuart mil ne apani pustak riprezeantetiv gavarnameant mean is prastut pranali ki 'rajyashastr tatha rajaniti mean sabase mahatvapoorn sudhar' kahakar prashansa ki tab vishv ke rajanitijnoan ka dhyan isi or akrisht hua. tamas heyar ke maulik ayojan mean samay-samay par vibhinn parivartan hote rahe haian.
anupatik pratinidhitv vibhinn roopoan mean apanaya gaya hai, tathapi in sabamean ek samanata avashy hai, jo is pranali ka ek anivary aang bhi hai ki is pranali ka prayog bahusadasy nirvachanakshetroan (milti-meanbarakaanstitueansi) ke bina nahian ho sakata.
anupatik pratinidhan pranali ke do mukhy roop haian, arthath soochipranali tatha ekal sankramaniy matapranali. soochipranali kuchh her pher ke sath yoorop ke adhikatar deshoan mean prachalit hai. samanyat: is pranali ke aantargat vibhinn rajanitik daloan ki soochiyoan ko unake prapt kie ge matoan ke anusar sadasy die jate haian. is pranali ki vyakhya sabase uttam roop se jarmani ke 1930 ke vaimar vidhan ke aantargat jarman sasandh ke nimn sadan rishtag ki nirvachan paddhati se ki ja sakati hai jise baden ayojana ke nam se sanbodhit kiya jata hai. is ayojana ke anusar rishtag ki kul sankhya niyat nahian thi varanh nirvachan mean dale ge matoan ki kul sankhya ke anusar ghatati-badhati rahati thi. pratyek 60,000 matoan par, jise kota kahate the, ek pratinidhi chuna jata tha. jarmani ko 35 chunavakshetroan mean baant diya gaya tha aur inako milakar 17 chunav bhagoan mean. pratyek rajanitik dal ko tin prakar ki soochiyaan prastut karane ka adhikar tha : sthaniy soochi, pradeshiy soochi tatha rashtriy soochi. pratyek matadata apana mat pratinidhi ko n dekar kisi n kisi rajanitik dal ko deta tha. pratyek nirvachan-kshetr mean mataganana ke uparaant pratyek rajanitik dal ko sthaniy soochi ke oopar pratham ummidavar se utane pratinidhi de die jate the jitane kul prapt matoan ke anusar kota ke adhar par milean; taduparaant pratyek pradesh mean sthaniy kshetroan ke shesh matoan ko jo dakar phir pratyek dal ko pradeshiy soochi se vishesh sadasy de die jate hai aur isi prakar sare pradeshiy kshetroan mean shesh matoan ko phir jo dakar rashtrasoochi se kota ke anusar vishesh sadasy aur isapar bhi yadi shesh mat rah jaean to 30,000 matoan se adhik par ek vishesh sadasy us dal ko aur mil jata tha. is prakar badenapranali ne anupatik pratinidhan ke is siddhaant ko ki 'koee bhi mat vyarth n jana chahie' ka tarkik nishkarsh tak palan kiya. is pranali ki sabase b di kami yah hai ki matadataoan ko pratinidhiyoan ke chunav mean vyaktigat svatantrata nahian hoti.
ekal sankramaniy mat ya heyar pranali ke anusar pratinidhiyoan ka nirvachan samany soochi dvara hota hai, nirvachan ke samay pratyek matadata, ummidavaroan ke nam ke age apani ruchi ke anusar 1, 2, 3, 4 ityadi sankhya likh deta hai. ganana se pratham charan kota ka nishkarsh karana hai. kota ko prapt karane ke lie dale ge matoan ki kul sankhya ko nirvachanakshetr ke niyat sadasyoan ki sankhya mean ek jo dakar, bhag karake, taduparaant parinamaphal mean ek jo d diya jata hai, arthath :
kota = matoan ki kul sankhya
niyat pratinidhi sankhya+1
sabase pahale un ummidavaroan ko nirvachit ghoshit kiya jata hai jo kota prapt kar lete haian. yadi isase samast sthanoan ki poorti nahian hoti tab poorvanirvachit sadasyoan ke kota se adhik matoan ko unake matadataoan mean unaki ruchi ke anusar baant diya jata hai. yadi isapar bhi sthanoan ki poorti nahian hoti, tab kam se kam mat pae hue ummidavar ke matoan ko jab tak baantate rahate haian jab tak kul sthanoan ki poorti nahian ho jati. anubhav se pratit hota hai ki ekal sankramaniy pranali matadataoan ko nirvachan mean svatantrata tatha pratyek samooh ko sankhya ke anusar pratinidhitv pradan karati hai. isaki yah bhi visheshata hai ki rajanitik dal nirvachan mean anuchit labh nahian utha sakate, parantu alochakoan ka kahana hai ki yah nirvachan samany matadataoan ki buddhi se pare hai.
apane gunoan ke karan anupatik pratinidhitv ka b di shighrata se prachar hua hai. pratham mahayuddh ke pahale bhi yoorop ke bahut se deshoan mean soochipranali ka lokasabha ke nirvachan mean adhikatar prayog hone laga tha. denamark mean to 1855 mean hi sansadh ke uchch bhavan ke nirvachan ke lie isaka prayog aranbh ho gaya tha. taduparaant 1891 mean svitzaralaiand ne pradeshik sansadoan ke lie ise apanaya aur 1895 mean belajiyam ne sthaniy chunavoan ke lie tatha 1899 mean sansadh ke lie. sviden ne 1907 mean, denamark ne 1915 mean, halaiand ne 1917 mean, svitzaralaiand ne 1918 mean aur narve ne 1919 mean is pranali ko poorn roop se sab chunavoan ke lie lagoo kar diya. pratham mahayuddh ke uparaant yoorop ke samast ne vidhanoan mean kisi n kisi roop mean anupatik pratinidhan ko sthan diya gaya.
aangreji bhashi deshoan mean adhikatar ekal sankramaniy pranali ka prayog hua hai. briten mean yah pranali 1918 se parlameant ke vishvavidyalayoan ke pratinidhiyoan ke nirvachan mean istemal hoti rahi hai aur ianglaiand ke girje ki rashtrasabha ke lie, skatalaiand mean 1919 se shiksha sanbandhi sansthaoan ke lie, uttari ayaralaiand mean 1920 se parlimeant ke donoan sadanoan ke sadasyoan ke chunav ke lie. ayaralaiand ke vidhan ke anusar sare chunav isi pranali dvara hote haian. dakshini aphrika mean isaka prayog sinet tatha kuchh sthaniy chunavoan mean hota hai. kaineda mean bhi sthaniy chunav isi adhar par hote haian. sanyukt rajy, amarika mean abhi tak is pranali ka prayog sthaniy chunavoan ke atirikt any chunavoan mean nahian ho paya hai.
dvitiy mahayuddh ne is aandolan ko aur age badhaya; udaharanarth, phraans ke chaturth ganatantriy vidhan ne samany soochi ko apani nirvachanavidhi mean sthan diya. taduparaant silon, barma aur iandonishiya ke ne vidhanoan ne ekal sankramaniy matapranali ko apanaya hai. bharatavarsh mean lok-pratinidhan-adhiniyamoan tatha niyamoan (pipuls riprezeantetiv aikts aiand reguleshan) ke aantargat lagabhag sare chunav ekal sankramaniy matapranali dvara hi hote haian. anupatik pratinidhan pranali ke paksh aur vipaksh mean bahut se tark vitark die ja sakate haian. isamean to sandeh nahian ki saidvaantik tatha vyavaharik drishti se yah pranali yadi yatharth roop mean lagoo ki jae to apane uddeshy mean saphalata prapt kar sakati hai. nissandeh yah samaj ke sabhi pramukh samoohoan (groops) ke pratinidhitv ki raksha karati hai. aise deshoan mean jahaan jatiy tatha samajik alpasankhyak samooh haian, is pranali ka vishesh mahatv hai.
alochakoan ka yah kathan ki yah pranali ulajhi huee hai, kuchh tarkayukt nahian pratit hota. pratham to yah pranali svayan hi ek prakar ki rajanitik shiksha ka sadhan hai, aur jahaan tak ulajhan tatha vishamata ka prashn hai, usako nipun tatha suyogy adhikari ki niyukti se door kiya ja sakata hai. anupatik pratinidhan ki ek alochana yah bhi hai ki yah rajanitik daloan ki sankhya mean vriddhi ko protsahan deti hai, parinamasvaroop sansadh mean kisi ek dal ka bahusankhyak hona kathin ho jata hai, jisase adhikaansh mantrimandal sanyuktadaliy tatha phalasvaroop asthayi hote haian.[1] parantu belajiyam tatha svitzaralaiand jaise deshoan ke rajanitik anubhavoan se yah tark niradhar pratit hota hai, kyoanki kisi desh ki rajanitik dalapaddhati itani us desh ki nirvachanapaddhati par nirbhar nahian karati jitani us desh ki samajik, arthik, dharmik, jatiy, bhasha sanbandhi tatha rajanitik paristhitiyoan par.[2]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 376-77 |
- ↑ san.gran.-kamans, je.ar. : proporshanal riprezeanteshan; phinar, ech. : d kes argest pi.ar.; hog, si. jiaiand tatha ji.ech. hailet : proporshanal riprezeanteshan; haravil, ji.pi.ar. : riprezeteshan, its deanjars aiand difekts; hamaphriz, je.ech. : proporshanal riprezeanteshan.
sanbandhit lekh
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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