आपस्तम्ब धर्मसूत्र
apastambiy kalp ke 30 prashnoan mean se 28vean tatha 29vean prashnoan ko apastamb dharmasootr nam se abhihit kiya jata hai. ye donoan prashn 11–11 pataloan mean vibhakt hai, jinamean kramashah 32 aur 29 kandikayean prapt haian.
rachayita
yahi ek kalpasootr hai jisaki shraut, grihy, dharm aur shulbasootr yukt poorn kalp–parampara upalabdh hai; par un sabhi ka kartta ek hi hai ya nahian, yah kahana kathin hai. mahamahopadhyay pandurang vaman kane ke matanusar grihyasootr aur dharmasootr in donoan ke praneta ek hi haian. smritichandrika in donoan ko hi ek granthakar ki kriti manati hai. byoohlar tatha phooyhararh ko bhi is vishay mean koee shanka nahian hai.[1] kintu oldenabarg ke anusar apastamb shrautasootr tatha apastamb dharmasootr ke rachayita bhinn–bhinn vyakti haian.[2] baudhayan dharmasootr ke kee aanshoan ka apastamb dharmasootr se sadrishy haian kintu yah kahana kathin hai ki kisane kisaki samagri li hai. mahamahopadhyay kane apastamb dharmasootr ko baudhayan se paravarti manate haian. is vishay mean banarji ne sudirgh alochana ki hai. isase jnat hota hai ki unhoanne donoan granthoan ki mantr–sampatti ki tulanatmak samiksha ki hai.
apastamb dharmasootr ka sambandh dakshin bharat se pratit hota hai, kyoanki charan–vyoohagat 'maharnav' namak rachana se uddhrit padyoan ke anusar apastamb shakha narmada ke dakshin mean prachalit thi.[3] svayan apastamb ne dharmasootragat shraddh ke prakaran mean brahmanoan ke hath mean jal girane ki pratha 'uttar ke logoan mean' prachalit hai, aisa kahakar dakshin bharatiy hone ka parichay diya hai. is vishay mean ullekhaniy tathy to yah hai ki apastamb dharmasootr mean taittiriy aranyak ke jin mantroan ka nirdesh hai, ve andhrapath se hi grihit haian. isi adhar par byoohlar apastamb ko andhr–pradeshiy manate haian.[4]
tikaean
haradatt ne apastamb dharmasootr se sambandhit donoan prashnoan ko 11–11 pataloan mean vibhakt karake ujjvalavritti namni tika ka pranayan kiya hai. haradatt ke atirikt ek aur bhashyakar ka ullekh kane ne kiya hai, vah hai dhoortasvami. shankar ne bhi apastamb dharmasootr ke adhyatmavishayak do pataloan par bhashy likha hai.[5] bambee sanskrit siriz mean byoohlar dvara haradatt ki ujjvala tika ke aanshoan sahit tatha kumbhakonam sanskaran mean sampoorn haradattiy tika tatha byoohlarakrit bhoomika sahit aangl anuvad 'saikred buk aauph di eest' (bhag–2) mean prakashit hua hai.
bhasha evan shaili
apastamb dharmasootr bhasha evan shaili ki drishti se sabhi dharmasootroan se vilakshan hai. bhasha ki drishti se byoohlar ne is sootr ki bhasha se sambandhit asangatiyoan ko char vargoan mean rakha hai.
- prachin vaidik shabdaroop jo any vaidik rachanaoan mean samupalabdh hai tatha jinaki vyutpatti sadrishy ke adhar par huee.
- prachin vyakaran roop jo panini ke vyakaran ki apeksha shuddh hai kintu anyatr upalabdh nahian hote.
- aise shabd roop jo panini aur vaidik vyakaran ke niyamoan ke viruddh haian.
- vaky–sanrachanagat asangatiyaan.
apastamb dharmasootr mean kuchh aprachalit shabd prapt hote haian jaise kiah–
- ananiyogavyupatid,
- vyupajav,
- brahmahansastut,
- paryant,
- prashast,
- anatyut,
- brahmojjham,
- shvavid,
- shthevan,
- acharyadare.
in aprachalit aur apaniniy prayogoan ke karan is sootr ke vishay mean do dharanayean vidvanoan ke madhy mean drishtigochar hoti haian–
- apastamb panini se aparichit the, unake samakalin the athava unake poorvavarti the.
- apastamb dharmasootr ke maulik path mean aur asangatiyaan rahi hoangi. mahamahopadhyay kane ne bhi isase sahamati vyakt ki hai.[6]
shaili ki drishti se yahi kaha ja sakata hai ki is sootr mean adhikaansh sootr gady mean haian kintu isamean prayah padyoan ka prayog bhi samupalabdh hai. isamean prapy sootr shithil tatha aspasht haian tatha inaki shaili brahmanoan ki shaili ke samipatar pratit hoti hai.
samay
apastamb dharmasootr ke samay vishay mean byoohlar ka kathan hai ki isaka samay eesa se 150–200 varsh ya isase bhi poorv manana uchit hai, kintu mahamahopadhyay kane ne 700–300 ee. poo. ke bich ka samay mana hai.[7]
vishayavastu
apastamb dharmasootr ke varny vishayoan ka sankshepatah varnan is prakar hai–
prashn–1
dharm ke stotr, chaturvany, upanayan ka varnanusar samay–vivechan, upayukt samay par upanayan vrat n karane par prayashchitt, brahmachari ke sanskar, 48, 36, 25 tatha 12 varshoan ka brahmachary, dand, ajin aur mekhala adi tatha bhiksha ke niyam, samidhanayan, brahmachari ke vrat, snatak ke dharm, anadhyay, svadhyay ki vidhi, panchamahayajn, varnanusar kushalakshem poochhane ke niyam, yajnopavit–dharan ke avasar, achaman ka kal tatha vidhi, bhakshyabhakshy–vichar, apatkal ke atirikt kal mean brahman ke lie vanik–vyapar ka nishedh, patanakarak tatha ashuchikar karm, brahmavishayak adhyatm–charcha, param pad ki prapti mean sahayak saty, sham, dam adi ka varnan; kshatriy, vaishy, shoodr aur stri ki hatya ka nirakaran, brahman, atreyi, brahman stri, guru tatha kshatriy ki hatya se sambandhit prayashchitt krity, gurutalpagaman, surapan tatha svarnastey ke lie prayashchitt krity, pashu–pakshiyoan ki hatya tatha abhartsaniy ki bhartsana, shoodra gaman, abhakshy–bhakshan ke prayashchitt, dvadasharatri paryant sampann kie jane vale krichchhr ke niyam, pati, guru tatha mata ke prati vyavahar, parastri–gaman ke lie prayashchitt, atmaraksharth brahman ke lie shastragrahan varjana, abhishast ka prayashchitt, vividh snatakoan ke vrat.
prashn–2
panigrahan ke sath grihasth dharm ka prarambh, grihasth ke lie bhojan aur upavas, stri gaman adi ke niyam, vibhinn varnoan se sambandhit karttavy–akarttavy, siddh ann ki bali, atithi satkar, brahman guru ke abhav mean brahman ka kshatriy ya vaishy guru se shiksha–grahan, madhupark ke niyam, vaishvadev bali, bhrityoan ke prati udar vyavahar, brahman adi ke vishisht karm, yuddh ke niyam, rajapurohit ke gun, aparadh ke anuroop dand vidhan, brahman ki hatya evan dasatv ka nishedh, marg mean chalane ke niyam, dharm aur adharm ke parinam svaroop utthan aur patan. dharmik krityoan mean suksham tatha santanavati pratham patni ke rahate dvitiy vivah ka nishedh, shadvidh vivah, savarn patni ke putroan ka paitrik sampatti mean adhikar, pita ka nirnay, santan ke vyapar ka nishedh, pita ke jivit rahate paitrik sampatti ka sam-vibhajan, pagaloan-napuansakoan tatha papiyoan ko sampatti ke adhikar ka nishedh, putrabhav mean sampatti ka adhikari, jyeshth putr ko adhik sampatti pradan karane ki avaidikata. pati–patni ke bich sampatti–vibhajan ka nishedh. sambandhiyoan tatha sagotriyoan ki mrityu par ashauch–vichar. shraddh mean bhakshyabhakshy ka vichar. shraddhabhoji brahmanoan ke lakshan ashram–vyavastha, sannyasi aur vanaprasth ke niyam, nrip ke karttavy. rajadhani, rajaprasad tatha sabha ki sthiti, choroan ka pravasan, brahman ko dravin tatha bhoodan; shrotriy striyoan, sannyasiyoan tatha vidyarthiyoan ki kar–mukti. parastrigaman ke lie vihit prayashchitt krity, narahatya tatha abhikutsan ke lie dand ka vidhan, achar–niyamoan ka ullanghan karane par dand, vivadoan ka nirnay, sandigdh vivadoan mean anuman ya divy pariksha ka praman. mithya sakshy ka dand, striyoan tatha shoodroan ke grahan karane yogy dharm. apastamb dharmasootr mean ek aisa sootr hai jo mimaansa ke vibhinn siddhantoan tatha paribhashik shabdoan se otaprot hai– 'yatha–shrutirhi baliyasyanumanikadacharath[8] virodhe tvanapekshyan syadasati hyanumanamh.'[9] anganaan tu pradhanairavyapadesh iti nyayavitsamayah.[10] athapi nityanuvadamavidhimahurnyayavidah,[11] arthavado va vidhisheshatvath tasmannityanuvadah.[12] isase yah spasht hi hai ki apastamb ke samay mean mimaansa shastr poorn vikasit tha.
samajik avastha
apastamb dharmasootr ki samajik avastha atyant saral tatha pashchath kalin klishtataoan se rahit thi.[13] apastamb dharmasootr mean sood lene par prayashchitt krity ka vidhan kiya gaya hai.[14] kusidak ke yahaan bhojan karane ka pratishedh kiya gaya hai.[15] is sootr mean paishach evan prajapaty vivahoan ko uchit nahian mana gaya hai.[16] jhoothi saugandh khane vale ke nimitt kathor dand ka vidhan kiya gaya hai.[17] isamean aparadhoan ke lie arthadand ki charcha nahian ki gee hai, apitu narak tatha narakiy prata danaoan par adhik bal diya gaya hai.
varn avastha
apastamb dharmasootr mean dharm ki vyakhya ke antargat pratham vivechy vishay varn hi hai. tuchchh se tuchchh krityoan mean varn ke adhar par bhinnata sarvatr spasht roop se drishtigochar hoti hai. yajnopavit ka samay, avastha, mekhala, vastr, dand tatha bhikshacharan ki vidhi sabhi ke nimitt varn ka vichar anivary hai. upanayan ka vidhan keval tin uchch varnoan ke lie kiya gaya hai. shoodr tatha dushtakarm mean nihit vyakti ke lie upanayan (vedadhyayan) ka koee vidhan nahian hai.[18] shoodr ke lie keval sevakarm hi vihit hai. uchch varn ki seva karake hi vah punyaphal ka bhagidar hota hai.
ashram avastha
jis prakar achchhi prakar jote hue khet mean paudhoan aur vanaspatiyoan ke bij anek prakar ke phal utpann karate haian, usi prakar garbhadan adi sanskaroan se yukt vyakti bhi uttam phal ka bhagidar hota hai.
brahmachary
apastamb dharmasootr ke anusar brahmachari ke mukhyatah tin prakar ke krity haian – guru ko prasann karane vale krity, kalyanakari krity tatha ved ka svadhyay.[19] samidadhan tatha bhikshacharan bhi brahchari ke lie atyavashyak haian.
grihasthashram
apastamb dharmasootr ke anusar grihasth ke lie atithi satkar nity kiya jane vala ek prajapaty yajn hai.[20] balikarm ke pashchath grihasth ko sarvapratham atithiyoan ko, usake pashchath balakoan, vriddhoan, rogiyoan, sambandhiyoan tatha garbhavati striyoan ko bhojan karana chahie. isake atirikt vaishvadev–karm, pitrikarm tatha shraddhakarm bhi grihasth ke lie anivary hai.
vivah
apastamb dharmasootr mean vivah ke shadbhedoan (brahm, arsh, daiv, gandharv, asur aur rakshas) mean se brahm, arsh tatha daiv vivah ko shreshth mana gaya hai tatha rakshas, asur tatha gandharv vivah ko nindit kaha gaya hai. isake atirikt gotr ke vishay mean ullikhit hai ki apane hi gotr ke purush ke sath putri ka vivah nahian karana chahie.[21] is sootr mean ekapatnitv ko pradhanata di gee hai.[22]
sannyas
apastamb dharmasootr mean is sootr ke anusar sannyasi ko agni, grih tatha sabhi prakar ke sukhoan ka parityag karake alpabhashan karana chahie. isake atirikt use utana hi bhikshacharan karana chahie jisase usaka jivan nirvah sambhav ho. sannyasi ko doosaroan ke dvara parityakt vastroan ka hi prayog karana chahie.
vanaprasth
apastamb dharmasootr mean sannyasi ke lie vihit niyamoan ka hi vanaprasth mean pravesh karane vale vyakti ko nirvah karana chahie. sannyasi bhikshacharan ke dvara jivan nirvah karata hai lekin vanaprasth ko svayan gire hue phal–pattoan ka bhakshan karate hue jivan nirvah karana chahie.
dand vidhan
apastamb dharmasootr mean vyabhichari purush ki prajananendriy ko katava dene ka vidhan kiya gaya hai.[23] narahatya karane vale vyakti ko andha kar dena chahie.[24] svarn chori karane vale vyakti ko svayan apana aparadh svikar kar raja se mrityudand ki prarthana karani chahie.
uttaradhikar
apastamb dharmasootr mean is sootr ke anusar pita ko jivit rahate hi apane putroan mean apani sampatti ka vibhajan kar dena chahie. napuansak, pagal aur pataki putroan ko kisi bhi prakar ka aansh nahian dena chahie. putr n hone par day ka bhag sapind ko diya jana chahie. putrahin vyakti ki stri sampatti ki adhikarani nahian hoti hai.
naitik drishtikon
guru ki hatya, gurupatni–gaman, suvarn ki chori aur surapan adi ke lie is sootr mean atyant bhayavah prayashchitt krityoan ka vidhan kiya gaya hai. prachalit akar ki apeksha shruti ko hi isamean pramanik mana gaya hai.[25] apastamb dharmasootr gat pratham prashn ke athavean patal ko 'adhyatm patal' ke nam se abhihit kiya gaya hai. isamean abhivyakt vichar upanishadoan se prabhavit haian. isake antargat yog par vishesh bal diya gaya hai. shankar ne apastamb dharmasootr ke adhyatm–vishayak do pataloan par bhashy likha hai.[26]
tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ es. bi. ee. bhag 2, bhoomika pri. 13 15
- ↑ es. bi. ee. bhag 30, bhoomika pri. 32
- ↑ 'narmada dakshine bhage apastambyashvalayani. ranayani pippala ch yajnakanyavibhaginah.. madhyandini shankhayani kauthumi shaunaki tatha.' charanavyooh–maharnav
- ↑ es. bi. ee. bhag 2, bhoomika
- ↑ histri aauph dharmashastr, prishth 43 par
- ↑ histri aauph dharmashastr, prishth 37
- ↑ histri aauph dharmashastr, bhag 1. prishth 45
- ↑ apastamb dharmasootr 1–1–4–8
- ↑ poorvamimaansa 1–3–3
- ↑ apastamb dharmasootr 2–4 8–13 tatha poo. mi. 1–3–11, 14.
- ↑ apastamb dharmasootr 2–6–14–23
- ↑ poo. mi. 6–7–3
- ↑ apastamb dharmasootr 1–17–30
- ↑ apastamb dharmasootr 1–9–27–10
- ↑ 1–6–18–22
- ↑ apastamb dharmasootr 2–5–11–17, 20, 2–5–12–1, 2
- ↑ apastamb dharmasootr 2–29
- ↑ apastamb dharmasootr 1–1–6
- ↑ apastamb dharmasootr 1–5–9
- ↑ apastamb dharmasootr 2–7–1
- ↑ apastamb dharmasootr – sagotray duhitaran n prayachchheth 2–11–15.
- ↑ apastamb dharmasootr – dharm prajasampanne dare naanyaan kurvit 2–11–12.
- ↑ apastamb dharmasootr 2–16–19
- ↑ apastamb dharmasootr 2–27–17
- ↑ shrutirhi baliyasyanumanikadacharath – apastamb dharmasootr 1–4–8.
- ↑ hintri aauph dharmashastr – kanekrit prishth 43