आपातकाल
apatakal arthath akasmik sankat ka vah samay, jisake lie tatkal karravaee ki avashyakata ho. desh mean aantarik ashaanti ko khatara hone, bahari akraman hone athava vittiy sankat ki halat mean apatakal ki ghoshana ki jati hai. bharat mean 1962 mean chin ke sath evan 1971 mean pakistan ke sath yuddh ke dauran apatakal ka daur dekha tha, par yah 'bahari akraman' ke karan lagaya gaya tha. 25 joon, 1975 ki madhyaratri se 21 march, 1977 ke bich jo apatakal ka daur desh ne dekha, vah 'aantarik ashaanti' ke karan sanvidhan ke anuchchhed 352 ke aantargat lagaya gaya tha.
apatakalin pravadhan (bhag – 18 anuchchhed 352 se 360)
- prastavana-
yah anuchchhed sansad/sarakar ko asamany paristhitiyoan ka samana karane ke liye saksham banati hai. is pravadhan ko prabhavi banane ka udeshy desh ki ekata, akhandata, sanprabhuta, lokatantr, rajanaitik vyavastha aur sanvidhan ki suraksha karana hai. is sthiti me kendr sarakar shaktishali ho jati hai aur sanvidhan mean sanshodhan kiye bina hi sanghatmak dhaancha ekatmak mean badal jata hai.[1]
apatakal ke prakar
bharatiy sanvidhan mean apatakalin sthiti ke liye 3 prakar haian-
- (1.) rashtriy apat
- anuchchhed 352, yuddh/bahari akraman, sashastr vidroh ke karan apatakal ko 'rashtriy apat' nam diya jata hai, lekin sanvidhan mean ise "apatakal ki ghoshana" nam diya gaya hai.
- (2.) rajy apatakal ya sanvaidhanik apatakal
- anuchchhed 356, rajyoan mean sanvaidhanik tantr ki viphalata ke karan apatakal ko rashtrapati shasan ke nam se jana jata hai. ise 'rajy apatakal' ya 'sanvaidhanik apatakal' nam se jana jata hai. lekin sanvidhan mean is pravadhan ke liye 'apatakal' shabd ka prayog nahian hai.
- (3.) vitiy apatakal
- anuchchhed 360, jab desh ki vitiy sthiti big d jaye to aisi sthiti mean 'vitiy apat' ka pravadhan hai. ise 'vitiy apatakal' kaha jata hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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