आम

am vishay soochi

vriksh    svaroop    itihas    prajatiyaan    bharat mean am    akar aur lakshan    ayurved aur am    am ke fayade    nuqasan

am
am|200px|center
jagat	padap (Plantae)
gan	saipindels (Sapindales)
kul	enakardiyesi (Anacardiaceae)
jati	maiangifera (Mangifera)
prajati	iandika (indica)
dvipad nam	maiangifera iandika (Mangifera indica)
any janakari	am bharat ka rashtriy phal hai. am ek goode dar phal hai, jise pakakar khaya jata hai ya kachh‍cha hone par ise achar adi mean ish‍temal kiya jata hai.

am (aangrezi: Mango) phaloan ka raja kahalata hai. am maiangifera iandika bharat ka rashtriy phal hai. kajoo parivar (enakardiesi) ka sadasy, vishv ke ushnakatibandhiy kshetr ka ek mahattvapoorn phal hai. ooshnakatibandhiy deshoan mean am b de paimane par paida hote haian. am ko poorvi eshiya, myaanmar aur bharat ke asam rajy ka sthaniy phal mana jata hai. am ek goode dar phal hai, jise pakakar khaya jata hai ya kachh‍cha hone par ise achar adi mean ish‍temal kiya jata hai. yah maiangifera iandika ka phal arthath am hai jo ushh‍n katibandhi hish‍se ka sabase adhik mahath‍vapoorn aur vh‍yapak roop se ugaya jane vala phal hai. phaloan ka raja am ke bare mean logoan ki alag- alag dharanaean haian. kuchh logoan ka manana hai ki is phal mean behad kailarij hoti haian, to vahian kuchh ise sehat ke lie kee tarah se fayademand batate haian. garmiyoan mean yahi ek aisa phal hai, jo rasila v mitha hai aur har umr ke logoan ko bhata hai. bharat mean any prakar ke am pae jate haian.

am ka vriksh

am atyant upayogi, dirghajivi, saghan tatha vishal vriksh hai, jo bharat mean dakshin mean kanyakumari se uttar mean himalay ki taraee tak (3000 phut ki ooanchaee tak) tatha pashchim mean panjab se poorv mean asam tak, adhikata se hota hai. anukool jalavayu milane par isaka vriksh 50 - 60 phut ki ooanchaee tak pahuanch jata hai. vanaspati vaijnanik vargikaran ke anusar am 'ainakardiyesi' kul ka vriksh hai. am ke kuchh vriksh bahut hi b de hote haian. thumb|250px|left|am d aauktar em.es.raandhava (1949) ke anusar 'bu danagaanv' (chandigadh) mean 'chhappar' namak am ke ek vriksh ke tane ka ghera 32 phut hai, anek shakhaean paanch se lekar 12 phut tak moti aur 70 se 80 phut tak lanbi haian. chhappar 2700 varg gaj sthan ghere hue hai aur usake phal ki ausat varshik upaj 450 man hai.

• am ka vriksh ek sadabahar vriksh hai.
• isaki lanbaee 15-18 mitar tak hoti hai aur isaki ayu kafi lanbi hoti hai.
• isake kuantakar patte 30 semi tak lanbe hote haian; phool chhote, gulabi aur khushaboodar hote haian. lanbi dandiyoan ke chhor par chhote guchchhoan mean hote haian.
• yah ubhayaliangi hote haian, arthath kuchh mean puankesar v strikesar, donoan hote haian aur kuchh mean sirf puankesar hote haian.

vriksh ka svaroop

am ka vriksh b da aur kh da athava phaila hua hota hai; ooanchaee 30 se 90 phut tak hoti hai. chhal khuradari tatha matamaili ya kali, lak di gathili aur thas hoti hai. isaki pattiyaan sadi, ekaantarit, lanbi, prasakar (bhale ki tarah) athava dirghavrittakar, nukili, 5 se 16 ianch tak lanbi, 1 se 3 ianch tak chau di, chikani aur gahare hare rang ki hoti hai; pattiyoan ke kinare kabhi kabhi laharadar hote haian. vriant (eanthal) 1 se 4 ianch tak lanbe, jo d ke pas phoole hue hote hai. pushpakram sanyut ekavardhyaksh (painikil), prashakhit aur lomash hota hai. phool chhote, halake basanti rang ke ya lalachhauanh, bhini gandhamay aur pray: eanthalarahit hote haian; nar aur ubhayaliangi donoan prakar ke phool ek hi bar (painikil) par hote haian. bahmadal (sepal) lanbe aande ke roop ke, avatal (k aaunakev); pankhudiyaan bahmadal ki apeksha duguni b di, aandakar, tin se paanch tak ubh di huee narangi rang ki dhariyoan sahit, bianb (disk) maansal, paanch bhagashil (lobd); ek paragayukt (fartail) puankesar, char chhote aur vividh lanbaiyoan ke bandhy puankesar (staimiannod); parag kosh kuchh kuchh baiangani aur aandashay chikana hota hai. phal saras, maansal, ashthil, tarah tarah ki banavat evan akaravala, 4 se 25 seantimitar tak lanba tatha 1 se 10 seantimitar tak gherevala hota hai. pakane par isaka rang hara, pila, jogiya, sianduriya athava lal hota hai. phal goodedar, phal ka gooda pila aur narangi rang ka tatha svad mean atyant ruchikar hota hai. isake phal ka chhilaka mota ya kagazi tatha isaki guthali ekal, kathali evan pray: reshedar tatha ekabijak hoti hai. bij b da, dirghavath, aandakar hota hai. thumb|200px|am ka joos

am ka itihas

• purtagali vyapari bharat mean am lekar ae the. isake bijoan ko ek jagah se doosari jagah le jane mean kathinaee ke karan sanbhavatah 1700 ee. mean brazil mean ise lagae jane se pahale pashchimi golarddh isase lagabhag aparichit hi tha, 1740 mean yah vest iandiz pahuancha. kee navaboan aur rajaoan ke namoan par bhi isaka namakaran hua.
• am ka itihas atyant prachin hai. di kaidal (sanh‌ 1844) ke anusar 'amr' prajati (maianjifera jinas) sanbhavat: barma, syam tatha malaya mean utpann huee, parantu bharat ka am, maianjifera iandika, jo yahaan, barma aur pakistan mean jagah jagah svayan (jangali avastha mean) hota hai, barma-asam athava asam mean hi pahale pahal utpann hua hoga.
• bharat ke bahar logoan ka dhyan am ki or sarvapratham sanbhavat: buddhakalin prasiddh yatri, hven tsaang (632-45) ne akarshit kiya.

prajatiyaan

udyan mean lagae janevale am ki lagabhag 1400 jatiyoan se ham parichit haian. inake atirikt kitani hi jangali aur bijoo kismean bhi haian. gangoli adi (sanh‌ 1955) ne 210 badhiya kalami jatiyoan ka sachitr vivaran diya hai. vibhinn prakar ke amoan ke akar aur svad mean b da aantar hota hai. kuchh ber se bhi chhote tatha kuchh, jaise - saharanapur ka 'hathijhool', bhar mean do, dhaee ser tak hote haian. kuchh atyant khatte athava svadahin ya chep se bhare hote haian, parantu kuchh atyant svadisht aur madhur hote haian.

videshiyoan dvara prashansit

• 'phhऱayar' (sanh‌ 1673) ne am ko adoo aur khoobani se bhi ruchikar kaha hai.
• 'haimiltan' (sanh‌ 1727) ne gova ke amoan ko b de, svadisht tatha sansar ke phaloan mean sabase uttam aur upayogi bataya hai.

thumb|250px|left|am

am ke any nam

• is phal ka nam maiango, jisase yah aangrezi tatha spenishabhashi deshoan mean pahachana jata hai.
• tamil bhasha mean main-ke ya main-ge se utpann hua hai.
• purtagaliyoan ne pashchim bharat mean basane par maianga ke roop mean apanaya tha.
• am ko alag-alag nam die ge jaise lang da, dashahari, alaph aauanso aur chauansa.

bharat mean am

bharat mean, paha di kshetroan ko chho d kar am lagabhag sabhi sthanoan par paida hota hai. hamare yahaan am ki saiank doan kismean hai. yah akar aur rangoan mean alag-alag hote haian. bharat mean am ki fasal ati prachinakal se ugaee jati rahi hai. am ko anant samay se bharat mean ugaya jata raha hai. vishv ke anek deshoan mean am ki alag-alag jati hoti hai. phir bhi hiandustan ka prasiddh phal am hi hai. aank doan ke mutabiq is samay bharat mean prativarsh ek karo d tan am paida hota hai jo duniya ke kul utpadan ka 52 fisadi hai. svad, svasthy evan bal sanvardhan ki drishti se am sabhi phaloan mean age hai. am bhinn-bhinn jati ke hote haian. kintu sabhi amoan ke gun prayah ek se hi hote haian. thumb|250px|am vikreta am bharat ke lokagitoan aur dharmik anushthanoan se anivary roop se ju da hai. kavi kalidas ne isaki prashansa mean git likhe haian. alekzॅndar ne isaka sh‍vad chakha hai aur sath hi chini dharm yatri huen-saang ne bhi. mugal badashah akabar ne bihar ke darabhanga mean 1,00,000 se adhik am ke paudhe rope the, jise ab 'lakhi bag' ke nam se jana jata hai. svayan buddh ko ek amrakuanj bheant kiya gaya tha, taki vah usaki chhaanv mean vishram kar sakean.

bharat ke nivasiyoan mean ati prachin kal se am ke upavan lagane ka prem hai. yahaan ki udyani krishi mean kam anevali bhoomi ka 70 pratishat bhag am ke upavan lagane ke kam ata hai. spasht hai ki bharatavasiyoan ke jivan aur arthavyavastha ka am se ghanishth sanbandh hai. isake anek nam jaise 'saurabh', 'rasal', 'chuvat', 'tapaka', 'sahakar', 'am', 'pikavallabh' adi bhi isaki lokapriyata ke praman haian. ise 'kalpavriksh' arthath manovachhiant phal denevala bhi kahate haian.

shatapath brahman mean am ki charcha isaki vaidik kalin tatha 'amarakosh' mean isaki prashansa isaki buddhakalin mahatta ke praman haian. bharatavarsh mean am se sanbandhit anek lokagit, akhyayikaean adi prachalit haian aur hamari riti, vyavahar, havan, yajn, pooja, katha, tyohar tatha sabhi mangalakayaan mean am ki lak di, patti, phool athava ek n ek bhag pray: kam ata hai. am ke 'baur' ki upama 'vasantadoot' se tatha 'manjari' ki 'manmathatir' se kaviyoan ne di hai. upayogita ki drishti se am bharat ka hi nahian varanh samast ushn katibandh ke phaloan ka raja hai aur bahut tarah se upayog hota hai. kachche phal se chatani, khataee, achar, murabba adi banate haian. pake phal atyant svadisht hote haian aur inhean log b de chav se khate haian. ye pachak, rechak aur balaprad hote haian.

am ki fasal

am ke lie kisi vishesh mitti ki avashyakata nahian hoti, lekin achchhi qismean sirf unhian jagahoan par achchhi fasal deti hai, jahaan phaloan ki paidavar badhane layaq badhiya shushk mausam rahata ho. adhik varsha vale kshetroan mean phaphooand ke karan hone vala rog eanthrakanoz phooloan aur kachche phaloan ko nasht kar deta hai tatha is par niyantran bhi mushkil hota hai. graftiang ya badiang ke zariye isaka sanjanan kiya jata hai. do vrikshoan ko bina kate qalam lagane ki prakriya eshiya ke kee ilaqoan mean kafi lokapriy hai, lekin yah bahut mehanat vali aur kharchili prakriya hai. florida mean zyada saksham tariqoan, patali parat ke aropan aur katakar aankur lagane, ka vikas kiya gaya hai aur inaka vanijyik upayog bhi kiya ja raha hai. thumb|250px|left|am

akar aur lakshan

• isake phal akar aur lakshanoan mean bhinnata lie hote hai; sabase chhote phal aloobukhara jitana b da hota hai. jabaki b de phal 1.8 se 2.3 kigra tak hote haian.
• isaka akar aandakar, gol, hridayakar, gurde ke akar ka ya lanba aur patala hota hai.
• isaki kuchh qismean chatakili lal aur pili rangat vali hoti haian, jabaki any phike hare rang ki hoti haian.
• phal mean paya jane vala ekamatr b da bij chapata hota hai aur isake charoan or maujood gooda pile se narangi rang ka rasadar hota hai aur isaka svad vishesh mithi gandh ke sath mazedar hota hai.

svasthy aur am

am lakshmipatiyoan ke bhojan ki shobha tatha gariboan ki udarapoorti ka ati uttam sadhan hai. pake phal ko tarah tarah se surakshit karake bhi rakhate haian. ras ka thali, chakale, kap de ityadi par pasar, dhoop mean sukha 'amavat' banakar rakh lete haian. yah b di svadisht hoti hai aur ise log b de prem se khate haian. kahian kahian phal ke ras ko aande ki saphedi ke sath milakar atisar aur aanve ke rog mean dete haian. pet ke kuchh rogoan mean chhilaka tatha bij hitakar hota hai. kachche phal ko bhoonakar pana bana, namak, zira, hiang, podina ityadi milakar pite haian, jisase taravat ati hai aur loo lagane ka bhay kam rahata hai. am ke bij mean 'mailik aml' adhik hota hai aur yah khooni bavasir aur pradar mean upayogi hai.

ayurved aur am

thumb|250px|am aryuvedik matanusar am ke panchaang (paanch aang) kam ate haian. is vriksh ki aantarchhal ka kvath pradar, khooni bavasir tatha pheph doan ya aant se raktasrav hone par diya jata hai. chhal, j d tatha patte kasaile, malarodhak, vat, pitt tatha kaph ka nash karane vale hote haian. patte bichchhoo ke katane mean tatha inaka dhuaan gale ki kuchh vyadhiyoan tatha hichaki mean labhadayak hai. phooloan ka choorn ya kvath atisar tatha sangrahani mean upayogi kaha gaya hai.

am ka baur shital, vatakarak, malarodhak, agnidipak, ruchivardhak tatha kaph, pitt, prameh, pradar aur atisar ko nasht karane vala hai.

kachcha phal kasaila, khatta, vat pitt ko utpann karane vala, aantoan ko siko dane vala, gale ki vyadhiyoan ko door karane vala tatha atisar, mootravyadhi aur yonirog mean labhadayak bataya gaya hai.

paka phal madhur, snigdh, viryavardhak, vatanashak, shital, pramehanashak tatha vran shleshm aur rudhir ke rogoan ko door karane vala hota hai. yah shvas, amlapitt, yakritavriddhi tatha kshay mean bhi labhadayak hai.

adhunik anusandhanoan ke anusar am ke phal mean vitamin e aur si pae jate haian. anek vaidyoan ne keval am ke ras aur doodh par rogi ko rakhakar kshay, sangrahani, shvas, raktavikar, durbalata ityadi rogoan mean saphalata prapt ki hai. phal ka chhilaka garbhashay ke raktasrav, raktamay kale dastoan mean tatha muanh se balagam ke sath rakt jane mean upayogi hai. guthali ki gari ka choorn (matra 2 mash) shvas, atisar tatha pradar mean labhadayak hone ke sivay kriminashak bhi hai.

grihanirman mean prayog v nee prajati

am ki lak di grihanirman tatha ghareloo samagri banane ke kam ati hai. yah eedhan ke roop mean bhi adhik barati jati hai. am ki upaj ke lie kuchh kuchh baloovali bhoomi, jisamean avashyak khad ho aur pani ka nikas thik ho, uttam hoti hai. am ki uttam jatiyoan ke ne paudhe pray: bheantakalam dvara taiyar kie jate haian. kalamoan aur mukulan (bardig) dvara bhi aisi kismean taiyar ki jati haian. bijoo amoan ki bhi anek badhiya jatiyaan haian, paratu inamean vishesh asuvidha yah hai ki is prakar utpann amoan mean vaanchhit paitrik gun kabhi ate haian, kabhi nahian, isalie ichchhanusar uttam jatiyaan is riti se nahian mil sakatian. am ki vishesh uttam jatiyoan mean varanasi ka lang da, banbee ka alaphaanjo tatha malihabad aur lakhanoo ke dashahari tatha sapheda ullekhaniy haian.

am ke vibhinn prayog

• yah apane sabhi roopoan mean akarshan ka keandr hai.
• am ko choosakar, katakar joos nikalakar, kek, pestri mean dal kar ya phir chatani aur achar mean dalakar khaya ja sakata hai.

thumb|250px|left|am

• baur, kairi yani kachchi aanbiya aur poora paka am ko bhi khaya jata hai.
• am ka istemal pana banane, achar, murabbe aur jaim banane mean kiya jata hai.
• am se amachoor yani am ki khataee bhi banati hai.

am ke fayade

• am mean sabhi phaloan se adhik vitamin e hota hai. isake atirikt vitamin ‘bi’ bhi adhik hote haian. isamean 'ayaran' bhi behad tadad mean paya jata hai,
• isamean vitamin 'si' aur 'ee' bharapoor tadad mean paya jata hai. jo aankhoan ke lie behad fayademand hote haian.
• am aur jamun ka ras saman bhag mean milakar kuchh dinoan tak pine se madhumeh rog thik ho jata hai.
• am khane se gurde ki durbalata door hoti hai.
• am un logoan ke lie bhi poshan yukt hai, jo kamazor, kam oorja aur kam oorjasvita ki dikkat se guzar rahe hai. yah phal sharir ko turant oorja deta hai. yahaan tak ki hara am aur kairi vitamin 'si' ka achchha srot haian aur isamean chini ki matra bhi n ke barabar hoti hai.
• am eanti aauksideant ka achchha srot hai. yah eanti aauksideant n keval umr badhane ki pragati ko kam kar dete haian, balki tvacha se ju di kee bimariyoan masalan, saravaikal aur kolan kaiansar se bhi bachata hai.
• am sharir se hanikarak visheli padarth aur phri redikals ko bahar karane mean bhi sahayak hai.
• vahian doosari aur am resho se bharapoor hota hai aur kabj hone se rokata hai. yah pitt ko kam karata hai aur pachan tantr ko thik banae rakhata hai.
• agar chehare ka sauandary badhana ho, to am ke ras mean shahad milakar chehare par lagaean.
• agar bal jh date hoan, to am ke komal patte tatha danthal ko pani mean ubal kar sir dhoean.
• kan sunn hone ki samasya par am ka patta pisakar bina pani ke halka garam kar kan mean do char booand dalean. aankhoan ke charoan or kale ghere ya jhaee hoan, to am ke ras ko ruee se chehare par lagaean.

am khane se hone vale nuqasan

thumb|250px|am

• am mean chini ki matra bahut zyada hoti hai, isalie ise kam matra mean lean.
• jo log mote haian, ve ise kam khaya karean. nahian to, yah sharir mean haramonal badalav ki vajah ban sakata hai.
• am ko ek sath bahut matra mean khana nuqasanadeh hota hai.
• am khane ke bad muanhase ho jate haian. isalie ise dahi ya sookhe phaloan ke sath khaeange, to yah zyada fayademand rahega.
• am ke adhik matra mean khane se madhumeh v motapa badhane ki dikkat se guzarana p d sakata hai.

am ke shatru

am ke anek shatru haian. inamean 'ainthrau kanos', jo kavakajanit rog hai aur ardrata pradhan pradeshoan mean adhik hota hai, 'paudari mildiu', jo ek any kavak se utpann hone vala rog hai tatha 'blaik tip', jo bahudha eet choone ke bhatthoan ke dhuean ke sansarg se hota hai, pradhan haian. anek ki de mako de bhi isake shatru haian. inamean 'maiangoh aaupar', 'maiango borar', 'phroot flaee' aur 'dimak' mukhy haian. jal - choona - gandhak mishran, surti ka pani tatha sankhiya ka pani in rogoan mean labhakari hota hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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vithika

• chitr:Mangoes.jpg

  am

• chitr:Mango-6.jpg

  vibhinn prakar ke am

tika tippani

• di.kauandol krit 'e orijin aauph kaltiveted plaantas' (kegan p aaul treanch ऍd kan. landan, 1884)
• gaanguli, es.ar. krit 'd maiango' (iandiyan kaanusil aauph aigrikalcharal risarch, nee dilli, 1957)
• mukarji, es.ke. dvara 'd orijin aauph maiango' (iandiyan jaranal aauph jenetiks ऍd plaant bridiang, 1951)
• mukarji es.ke. dvara 'd maiango, its b aautani, kaltiveshan ऍd fyoochar ianproovameant speshali aiz aaubjarvd in iandiya' (ik aaunomik b aaut. 7 (2): 132-162, epril-joon)
• raandhava, em.es. krit 'e jaeant maiango tri; vaivil aauv'
• en.aee.: 'd arijin, vairieshan, immyuniti ऍd bridiang aauph kaltiveted plaantas' (krautika botainika, 13(1.6) 1949-50).
• hindi vishv kosh (bhag ek) prishth - 390 -391

bahari k diyaan

• apane desh ko jano
• am phaloan ka raja...
• phaloan aur sabjiyoan se chikitsa
• vishv ke das sarvashreshth am utpadak rashtr
• phaloan ka raja am
• phayade hi phayade am khane mean
• alf aauanzoan am ke dam asaman par
• am adami ki pahuch se door rahega am

sanbandhit lekh

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