आवर्त सारणी

thumb|avart sarani avart sarani (aangrezi:Periodic Table) rasayanik tatvoan ko unaki sangat visheshataoan ke sath ek sarani ke roop mean darshane ki ek vyavastha hai. avart sarani mean rasayanik tattv paramanu kramaank ke badhate kram mean sajaye gaye haian tatha avart, prathamik samooh, dvitiyak samooh mean vargikrit kiya gaya hai. vartaman avart sarani mean 118 jnat tatv sammilit haian. sabase pahale roosi rasayan-shastri meandaliph (sahi uchcharan- mendeleyev) ne san 1869 mean avart niyam prastut kiya aur tatvoan ko ek sarani ke roop mean prastut kiya. isake kuchh mahinoan bad jarman vaijnanik lothar meyar (1830-1895) ne bhi svatantr roop se avart sarani ka nirman kiya. mendeleyev ki sarani se alphred varnar (Alfred Werner) ne avart sarani ka vartaman svaroop nirmit kiya. san 1952 mean kosta rika ke vaijnanik gil chaveri (scientist Gil Chaverri ) ne avart sarani ka ek naya roop prastut kiya jo tatvoan ke ilektranik sanrachana par adharit tha. rasayan shastriyoan ke liye avart sarani atyant mahatvapoorn evan upayogi hai. mojale ne adhunik arvat sarani ko banaya jisake anusar-

• arvat sarani mean rakhe hue tatvoan ke rasayanik tatha bhautik gun unake paramanu kramaankoan ke avarti phalan hote haian.
• arvat sarani mean udagr kataroan ko samooh aur kshaitij kataroan ko avadhi kahate haian.
• in tatvoan ke ilektr aaunik vinyasoan ke adhar par inhean char unake bl aaukoan mean vibhajit kiya gaya hai.

1. S Block ke tatvoan ke sabase aantim ilektr aaun S upakosh mean hote haian.
2. P Block ke tatvoan ke sabase aantim ilektr aaun P upakosh mean hote haian.
3. isi prakar d aur f bl aauk ke tatvoan ke sabase aantim ilektr aaun d aur f upakoshoan mean hote haian. d aur f bl aauk ke tattv parivarti sanyojakata pradarshit karate haian.

is adhunik arvat sarani mean sat kshaitij panktiyaan hoti haian jinhean arvat kahate haian. arvat ki sankhya tattv ke sabase bahari kaksha ki sankhya ko pradarshit karatian haian. arvat sarani mean 9 urdhvadhar khane hote haian jinhean samooh kahate haian. punah 8 samoohoan ko do-do upasamooh mean vibhajit kiya gaya hai. inhean A aur B upasamooh kahate haian. upasamooh A mean sthit kisi tattv ka aantim ilektr aaun S ya P upakosh mean hota hai. d aur f bl aauk ke tattv upasamooh B ke aantargat ate haian. 8vean samooh ko 3 bhagoan mean vibhajit karake sabhi 9 tatvoan ko upayukt sthan diya gaya hai.

is prakar kul samoohoan ki sankhya 16 hoti hai jo is prakar haian- IA, IIA, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIIIB, IB, IIB, IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA, Zero.

avart sarani aisi sarani he jisamean tatvoan ka kramabaddh samoohoan mean vargikaran rahata hai tatha saman gunavale tatv kshaitij athava urdhvadhar anukram se sanbandhit sthanaean par pae jate haian. is sarani se jnat tatvoan ke ajnat gunoan ke atirikt ajnat tatvoan ke gun bhi, sarani mean unaki sthiti dekhakar batae ja sakate haian.

itihas-bharat, arab aur yunan ke saman purane deshoan mean char ya paanch tatv mane jate the--chhiti-jal-pavak-gagan-samira (tulasi), arthath‌ prithivi, jal, tej, vayu, aur akash. par b aauyal (1627-91) ne tattvoan ki ek nee paribhasha di, jisase rasayanajnoan ko rasayanik parivartanoan aur pratikriyaoan ke samajhane mean b di sahayata mili. sath hi sath b aauyal ne yah bhi bataya ki tatvoan ki sankhya simit nahian mani ja sakati. isaka phal yah hua ki shighr hi ne ne tatvoan ki khoj hone lagi aur 18vian sadi ke aant tak tatvoan ki sankhya 60 se adhik pahuanch gee. isamean se adhikaansh tatv thos the; bromin aur parad se saman kuchh tatv sadharan tap par drav bhi pae ge aur haidrojan, aksijan adi tatv gais avastha mean the. ye sabhi tatv dhatu aur adhatu do vargo mean bhi baante ja sakate the, par kuchh tatvoan, jaise bisamath aur aiantimani, ke lie yah kahana kathin tha ki ye dhatu haian ya adhatu.

tatvoan ki avart sarani yah juliyas tamasen dvara nirmit ki gee thi aur yahaan kuchh sanshodhit roop mean di gee hai. pratyek stanbh ek avart pradarshit karata hai. saman gunadharm ke tatvoan ko rekhaoan se sanbandhit kiya gaya hai.

rasayanajnoan ne in tatvoan ke sanbandh mean jyoan-jyoan adhik adhyayan kiya, unhean yah spasht hota gaya ki kuchh tatv gunadharmo mean ek doosare se bahut milate julate haian, aur in samanataoan ke adhar par unhoanne inaka vargikaran karane ka prayatn kiya. daltan ka paramanu vad pratipadit hone ke anantar hi in tatvoan ke paramanubhar bhi nikale ge the. sanh‌ 1820 mean doberainar ne yah dekha ki saman gunavale tatv tin tin ke samoohoan mean pae jate haian jinhean trik (trayad) kaha gaya. ye trik do prakar ke the-pahale prakar ke trikoan mean tinoan tatvoan ke paramanubhar lagabhag paraspar barabar the, jaise loh (55.84), kobalt (58.94) aur nikel (58.69) mean athava aausamiyam (190.2), iridiyam (193.1) aur plaitinam (195.25) mean. doosare prakar ka trikoan mean bichavale tatv ka paramanubhar pahale aur tisare tatvoan ke paramanubharoan ka madhyaman ya ausat tha, jaise klorin (35.5), bromin (80) aur ayodin (127) mean bromin tatv ka paramanu klorin aur ayodin ke paramanuoan ke jo d ke adhe ke lagabhag hai.

tatvoan ke vargikaran ka ek naya prayas nyoolaiands ne sanh‌ 1861 ke lagabhag kiya. usane tatvoan ko paramanubhar ke kramoan ke anusar vargikrit karana aranbh kiya. use yah dekhakar ashchary hua ki paramanubhar ke kram se rakhane par tatvoan ke gunoan mean kramash: kuchh vishamataean badhati jati haian, par sat tatvoan ke bad athavaan tatv aisa ata hai jisake gun pahale tatv se bahut kuchh milate julate haian. ise saptak ka siddhaant (l aau aauv aauktebz) kaha gaya, jaise mano haramoniyam ke s re g m p dh ni s' re' g' m' p' dh' ni' adi svar hoan, jisamean sat svaroan ke bad svar ki phir avritti hoti hai. nyoolaiands ke vargikaran ki tin panktiyaan ninnaankit prakar ki thian:

ha li banl bo ka na au 1 7 9 11 12 14 16 phlo so maigni ai si pha gan 19 23 24 27 28 31 32 klo po kai kro tai maian lo 35.5 39 40 52 48 55 56

jaise-jaise saptak niyam aur age chalaya gaya, isaki saphalata mean sandeh hone laga aur nyoolaiands ke vargikaran se rasayanajnoan ko santosh nahian hua. nyoolaiands ke samay mean hi sanh‌ 1862 ke lagabhag dichaikarto ne bhi paramanubhar ke kram se tatvoan ko sarpakuandali ki bhaanti sajane ka prayatn kiya tha. yah prayatn bhi yah vyakt karata tha ki paramanubhar ke kram aur tatvoan ke gunoan ke avartan ka sanbandh hai.

sanh‌ 1869 mean roosi rasayanajn meandaliph (dmitri ainovich meandeleef) ne pahali bar avart niyam spasht shabdoan mean ghoshit kiya. usane kaha ki tatvoan ke bhautik aur rasayanik gun unake paramanubharoan ke avartaphalan haian. avart athava avritti shabd ka arth lautana ya bar bar ana hai. aankaganit ki avart sankhyaoan se sabhi ko parichay he, jaise 1= .076923076923... athava .076923, arthath‌ dashamalav banane mean 076923 ye chhah aank bar bar atean haian. isi prakar ham yadi paramanubhar ke kram se tatvoan ko sajaean to bar bar ek se hi gunadharmavale tatv ek se hi sthanoan par pae jayange. isi ko ganit ki bhasha mean ham kahate haian ki tatvoan ke gun paramanubharoan ke avartaphalan haian.

jis samay roos mean meandaliph tatvoan ke is prakar ke vargikaran ka prayas kar raha tha, lotharamayar ne bhi (1870 mean) avart niyam ki doosari tarah se abhivyakti ki. usane vibhinn tatvoan ke paramanu ayatan nikale, arthath‌ tatvoan ke paramanuoan ko unake ghanatvoan se vibhajit karake jo sankhyaean prapt ki unhean usane tatvoan ka paramanu ayatan ke hisab se ek vakr khiancha. aisa karane par use ek avartavakr prapt hua aur usane dekha ki saman gunadharmavale tatv is vakr par ek si hi sthiti par haian.

meandaliph ke samay tak sab tatvoan ki khoj nahian ho paee thi, phir bhi apani avart sarani ko meandaliph ne itani savadhani se racha ki usake adhar par usane kee ajnat tatvoan ke gunadharmo ki bhavishyavani ki, jo ab skaiandiyam, gailiyam aur jarmeniyam kahalate haian. usane jis sanbhavit tatv ka nam eka-boran diya tha usaka pata sanh‌ 1879 mean chala aur use skaiandiyam kaha gaya. usane jise eka-ailyoominiyam kaha tha usaka nam 1876 mean gailiyam p da aur meandaliph ka eka-silikan 1876 mean avishkrit hone par jarmeniyam nam se vikhyat hua. meandaliph ne apane avart niyam ke adhar par bahut se tatvoan ke prachalit paramanubharoan ko bhi sanshodhit kiya aur bad ke prayogoan ne meandaliph ke sanshodhanoan ki pushti ki.

meandaliph ke samay ke bad se usaki avart sarani mean bahut se parivartan aur sudhar hue. sanh‌ 1913 mean mosale ne yah bataya ki pratyek tatv ki ek nishchit paramanusankhya hai. yah paramanusankhya paramanubhar se bhi adhik mahatv ki hai, kyoanki ek hi tatv kee alag alag paramanubharoan ka to ho sakata hai, par tatv ki paramanusankhya sthir hai badalati nahian. mosale ke samay se avart niyam paramanubhar ki apeksha se nahian, prastut paramanu sankhya ki apeksha se vyakt kiya jane laga. ab hai, n ki paramanu ke kram se. paramanubhar ke kram se sajjit karane mean kabhi kabhi vargikaran mean dosh a jate the aur meandaliph bhi in doshoan se avagat tha. usane apani sarani mean paramanubharoan ke kram ki kee sthaloan par upeksha ki hai, jaise telyooriyam ko ayodin ke pahale sthan diya hai, yadyapi telyooriyam ka paramanubhar ayodin se adhik hai. isi prakar paramanubhar ke kram ki avahelana karake nikel ko kobalt ke bad sthan diya hai. paramanu ka kram dene par ye dosh mit jate haian.

meandaliph ke samay mean vayumandal ki hiliyam, nian, argan, kriptanadi gaisean jnat n thian. jab raimaze ne inaka avishkar kiya aur rasayanajnoan ne dekha ki in tatvoan ke yaugik nahi banate aur is arth mean ye akriy haian, to inhean sarani mean ek alag samooh mean rakha gaya. isaka nam shoonyasamooh p da. vidyuddhanatmk aur vidyudrinatmak pravrittiyoan ke tatvoan ke samoohoan ko sanyukt karanevala shoony vidyutapravritti ka ek samooh hona hi chahie tha.

meandaliph ki avart sarani-meandaliph ki avart sarani mean nau samooh haian jinhean kramash:shoony, pratham, dvitiy...ashtam samooh kahate haian. ye samooh un tatvoan ki sanyojakataoan ke bhi dyotak haian. pratyek samooh mean do upasamooh haian-k aur kh. baeean or se daeean or ki janevali das panktiyaan haian, jinhean kal kahate haian. vastut: kal sat haian, par chauthe, paanchave aur chhathe kaloan mean se pratyek mean do do shreniyaan haian. is prakar kul panktiyaan das huee. lotharamayar ke vakr mean bhi ye satoan kal spasht haian.

jab tatvoan ke paramanuoan ke ilektran vinyas ka pata chala, tab avart niyam ka mahatv aur bhi adhik spasht ho gaya. tatvoan ki paramanusankhya yah bhi batati hai ki us tatv mean vibhinn paridhiyoan par chakkar laganevale kitane ilekatran haian (dr. 'paramanu'). tatvoan ke vinyas mean kee kakshaean ya paridhiyaan haian aur in kakshaoan ya paridhiyoan mean kitane ilektran a sakate haian, yah sankhya bhi nishchim hai. in kakshaoan athava paridhiyoan par adhik se adhik kramash: 2, 8, 18, 32, ... ilektran rah sakate haian. sath hi sath yah bhi niyam hai ki sabase bahari paridhi par ath se adhik nahian raheange aur usase pichhe vali par 18 ilektran se adhik nahian. is niyam ne yah spasht kar diya ki kuchh kaloan mean kyoan 18 aur kuchh kyoan 32 tatv hean. isane yah bhi vyakt kiy ki dushprapy parthiv tatv (laianthenam ke bad paramanusankhya 58 se 71 tak) kyoan 14 hi ho sakate haian.

jooliyas tamasen ne ilektran vinyas ke hisab se jo avart vargikaran diya, vah bhi mahatvapoorn hai. yah vargikaran batata hai ki avartan 2, 8, 18, 32,... paramanusankhyaoan par hota hai (dr.chitr).

yooreniyam ki paramanusankhya 92 hai. avart vargikaran mean sabase pahala tatv ab haidrojan nahian, balki nyootran mana jata hai, jisaki paramanu sankhya shoony (0) hai. haidrojan se lekar yooreniyam tak ke 92 tatv bhoostar par prakriti mean pae jate haian, shesh nahian; par ab to kritrim vidhi se yooreniyam ke bad ke bhi sat ath tatv banae ja sakate haian-nepchyooniyam (93), plootoniyam (94), amarikiyam (95), kyooriyam (96), barkeliyam (97), kailiphorniyam (98), aianstiyam (99), shatamh‌ (100) adi. inhean aiktinaid kaha jata hai. jaise laianthenam (57) ke bad 14 viral parthiv tatv haian, usi prakar aiktiniyam (89) ke bad 14 tatvoan ka hona, jinaka abhi pata nahian hai, asanbhav bat nahian hai. in ne tatvoan ka astitv avart niyam ke sarvatha anukool haian.

roosi rasayanajn maiandaliph ne apane samay (1869) tak jnat tatvoan ko, badhate hue paramanuoan ke kram mean ek sarani ke roop mean vyavasthit kiya. ise maiandaliph ki avart sarani kahate haian. adhunik avart sarani mean maiandaliph ke pashchath‌ maloom kie ge kee tatv sammilit haian aur is vargikaran mean tatvoan ka sthan unaki paramanu sankhya par adharit hai (dr. chitr).

adhunik avart sarani ko kabhi kabhi bor ki sarani bhi kahate haian. is sarani ki mukhy batean nimnalikhit haian:

(1) isamean 16 urdhvadhar khane haian jinhean upavarg kahate haian. vibhinn upavargo ko IA, IB, IIA, IIB...VIIA, VIIB, VIII tatha 0 sankhyaoan dvara soochit kiya jata hai.

(2) isake kshaitij khanoan ko avart kahate haian. avart sarani ki sahayata se rasayan ka adhyayan bahut saral ho jata hai. ab tak pramanik roop se jnat 114 tatvoan ka adhyayan keval nau vargasoomahoan ke adhyayan mean badal jata hai. chooanki ek vargasamooh ke sabhi tatvoan ke gunoan mean samanata hoti hai, atan: kisi ek tatv ke gun ka sadharan jnan prapt kar us vargasamooh ke any tatvoan ke gunoan ka bhi adhyayan ho jata hai. jais, Na ke gunoan ka adhyayan yadi kar lijie to upavarg I A ke any tatvoan ke gunoan ka adhyayan saman taur par ho jata hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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