आस्ट्रिया साहित्य

astriyan sahity jarman sahity se mool ka nata hote hue bhi astriyan sahity ki niji jatigat visheshataean haian; jinake niroopan mean astriya ki bhaugolik tatha aitihasik paristhitiyoan ke atirikt kauantar rifarmeshan (16vian shatabdi ke protesteant eesaiyoan ke sudharavadi aandolan ke viruddh yoorop mean eesaee dharm ke kaith aaulik sanpraday ke purarutthan ke lie hua aandolan) aur p dasi deshoan se ghanishth, kiantu vidveshapoorn sanbandhoan ka bhi hath raha. isake sath-sath astriya par italiy tatha speni sanskritiyoan ka bhi gahara prabhav p da. phalasvaroop yah desh ek ati alankrit sahity evan sanskriti ka keandr ban gaya.

kauantar rifarmeshan kal mean viniz janata ka rashtriy svabhav evan manovrittiyaan sajag hokar nikhar aee thian. is chetana ne astriyaee sahity ke jarman chole ko utar pheanka. bhavuk, hasyapriy evan sauandaryapremi voniz janata prakritis, sangit tatha sabhi prakar ki darshaniy bhavyata ki pujari hai. usaki kaladrishti bahut paini hai. jivan ki du:khadayi paristhitiyoan se vah door bhagati hai. usake akarshan aur tanmayata ke keandr haian jivan ke sukhad rag rang. atma paramatma, jivan maran, lok paralok ke ganbhir darshanik vivechan mean vah virakt hai. phir bhi vah atishayokti se door rahakar samanvay aur santulan mean astha rakhati hai. pratham mahayuddh ke poorv aur uparaant jivan ke prati yah ghor asakti astriya ke sahity mean pravahit thi, kiantu dvitiy mahayuddh ne use bahut kuchh chakit aur kuanthit kar diya hai. phir bhi astriyaee sahity aj tak bhi udaramana aur manavatavadi hai.

madhyayug mean astriya ke kairianthiya aur stayar pradeshoan mean bhajan aur virakavy sahity mean pramukh rahe. virakavy ko viena ke rajadarabar mean prashray mila. kiantu kavy darabari nahian hua. madhyakalin rashtriy mahakavyoan ke nirman mean astriya pramukh ke sath-sath stayar tatha tirol pradeshoan ne bhi vishesh yog diya. valteyar phhऱ aaun deyar fogalavid aur nithart is yug ke maharathi mahakavyakar hue. madhyayugin mahakavy ke kal ko samrath maksimiliyan pratham (mrityu sanh‌ 1519 ee.) ne anavashyak roop se vilambit kiya, yadyapi sahity mean manavatavad ki chetana jagane ka shrey bhi usi ko hai. madhyayug ka aant hote n hote astriyaee sahity par yatharthavad aur vyangy ka bhi rang chadhane laga tha.

nirantar dharmik sangharshoan, aantarik tatha videshi rajanitik kathinaiyoan ke karan astriyaee sahity mean nishkriyata ke ek dirghayug ka sootrapat hua. tatpashchath‌ alankrit shaili ke yug ne janm liya jo dakshin jarmani ki den thi aur jo sahity, sthapaty, moorti, chitr, sangit adi sabhi lalit kalaoan par chha gee. dharmik kshetr mean yah jesuits ki prabhuta ka yug tha aur rajanitik kshetr mean samratoan ke kattar svechchhachari shasan ka kal. yah sthiti spen ke prabhav ke parinamasvaroop huee. natak par italiy prabhav p da jo 19 vian shatabdi tak raha. isi prabhav ke karan astriyaee natak pratham bar apane sahityik roop mean ubharakar aya.

18vian shatabdi ke madhy mean afakleyaruang (jnanoday) aandolan astriya mean pravisht hua, jisane uttari aur dakshini jarmani ke kauantar rifarmeanshan se chale ae sahityik matabhedoan ko kam kiya. is samanvayavadi pravritti ka aitihasik pratinidhi zonanaphails (sanh‌ 1733-1817 ee.) hai, jisake sahity mean sthayi tatv ka abhav hote hue bhi usaki sadashayata mahatvapoorn hai. is aandolan ka ek any mahatvapoorn parinam sanh‌ 1776 ee. mean 'burg thiyetar' ki sthapana hai jisaka prasiddh natakakar k aaulin hua.

astriyaee sahity ka svarn yug 'faramyerz' (romani) aandolan se praranbh hua jisake pravartak shlegel bandhu haian. yah romani aandolan aangeji tatha anyany yooropiy sahityoan mean bad ko shuroo hua. banarnafeld, raimand, naistray, gruin, lenaf, stalzahamar adi is yug ke any many lekhak haian. stifalar (sanh‌ 1868 ee.) aur vishvavidyalay grilaparzar (sanh‌ 1872 ee.) romani yug tatha anevale svabhavik udaratavadi yug ko milanevali k di the. astriya mean pravasit jarman haibal, laube, bilabraand tatha astriyaee kvin vyargar, shidalar, hamaraliang, ebaneyar, aishinabakh, sar,rozegyer, azinagroobar adi svabhavik udaratavadi pravritti ke pramukh lekhak hue.

adhunik astriyaee sahity ka pradurbhav navaromani pravritti ko lekar sanh‌ 1880 ee. mean hua. is navin pravritti ka prabaly sanh‌ 1900 ee. tak hi raha, kiantu is yug ne sarvatomukhi pratibhasanpann mahanh‌ lekhak heyaraman bhar ko janm diya.

sanh‌ 1900 se 1919 ee. tak yatharthavad tatha romaansavad ke samanvay ka yug raha. sanh‌ 1919 ee. mean abhivyaktivad ka pradurbhav hua. poorvokt tinoan pravrittiyaan samakalin jarman sahity se prabhavit thian. kiantu astriyaee yatharthavad sahaj aur saumy tha, jarman yatharthavadi holz tatha shlaf ke sahity ki bhaanti ugr nahian hai.

astitrayaee gitikavy ke 'praudh adhunik' kaviyoan mean hyoogo hafamaansathal sarvashreshth gitikar hue. yah rainalaiandar stifan gyarg (sanh‌ 1809-1902 ee.) pranit ugr yatharthavad ke virodhi skool ke pramukh kavi the. aangl kavi svinabarn se inaki tulana ki ja sakati hai. din-prati-din ke jivan ke prati abhijatyasulabh udasinata, jatil asamany adhyatmik tatvajnan ki prapti ke lie vyakul adhirata aur sookshm sauandary ki khoj inake kavy ki visheshataean haian. yah bhavy kalpana evan sanpann bhasha ke dhani the. apani shaili ke yah raja the. samyakh‌ drishti se inaki tulana hiandi ke mahanh‌ kavi shri sumitranandan pant se ki ja sakati hai. inase prabhavit gitikaroan mean stifen jvig, bladimir, hartalib, haans phloolar, alphrade gudavald, otohaansar, feliks braun, paul vyartahaimar, marks mail aur bhavonmadi kavi aanton vildagaans suprasiddh haian.

abhivyaktivadi varg ke albart aihareanstin, phraanj vyarfal, gyorg, trakl karl shasalaitanar, phredrikh shvefogl adi kaviyoan ne jahaan chhandoan ke bandhanoan aur tark ki kara ko to da, vahaan samast vishv aur manavata ke prati apane kavy mean asim prem ko abhivyakt kiya, valt hvitamain tatha phraansisi sarvasvikritivadiyoan ki bhaanti prabal vyangyakar kavi karl kraus,, chitrakar kavi yooril birnabaum, shramik kavi alafonz paitshild aur pitar altenabyarg (jisake laghu 'gitagady' anirvachaniy sauandary tatha balasulabh buddhimatta se otaprot haian aur jo apane jivan aur kala mean atyant maulik bhi haian-'yugavani' ke gitagadyakar pant ji ke saman hi) ke kavy vastuchiantan mean poorvokt kavisamooh se bahut samanata milati hai.

poorvokt vadoan se svatantr astitv rakhanevale, kiantu purane romaansavadiyoan ke anuyayi kaviyoan mean richard kralik, karl fan gianzake, richard shakal, dharmik kavayitri ainarika, haandil mazeti, shrimati airika span rainish aur tiroliz kavi arthar valapakh, karl dolago tatha hainarish shoolarn mahatvapoorn haian.

svabhavikatavadi upanyasakaroan mean arthar shnitzalar (sanh‌ 1862-1931 ee.) tatha jaikab vasanaman (sanh‌ 1873-1934 ee.) advitiy aur amar haian. mahanagaroan ka adhunik jivan hi unaki kathavastu hai. kiantu jahaan shnitzalar matr vyaktigat samasyaoan ka kalakar tha, vahaan vasanaman samajik prashnoan ka bhi chitera hai.

astriyaee upanyas ka doosara sanh‌ 1908 ee. shnitzalar ke virodh mean 'kelayard' aandolan ke roop mean utha. is varg ke upanyasakaroan ne nagaroan se apani drishti hatakar kasboan aur gramoan mean rahanevale janasadharan par keandrit ki. stayar praant ka nivasi rodalf haans barth‌sh is navin dal ka mahanh‌ upanyasakar hua. kavishreshth hafamaansathal ke saman hi barth‌sh bhi prachur kalpana aur bhavy shaili ka svami tha, prakritik drishyoan ke shabdachitraankan mean to yah upanyasakar astriyaee sahity mean anupam hai.

ghor svabhavikatavadiyoan ke karan astriya mean aitihasik upanyas anath raha. parantu pratham mahayuddh se kianchith‌ pahale darshanik lekhakadvay, eevin kolabanaheyar tatha aimil looka ne is vishay par apani lekhani uthaee. vicharoan ki gaharaee, jagamagati, chitratmak shaili aur kathavastu ki kushal sanyojana ne inake aitihasik upanyasoan ko mahanh‌ sahity ki koti mean la rakha hai. jarman 'gaeest' (rashtriy atma) ke aitihasik vikas par ek saphal upanyasamala halabaum ne likhi.

pratham mahayuddh tatha paravarti upanyasakar jivan ke prati klaant udasinata, uttejak nakaratmakata athava pranashakti ki prabal svikarokti adi vividh paraspar virodhi pravrittiyoan ke poshak haian. dharmik, adhyatmik tatha rahasyavadi vishay pun: upanyas ki kathavastu ban ge. atank tatha velsavad (prasiddh aangl upanyasakar ech.ji. vels ki samast du:khadoshoan se mukt ati adarsh manav samaj ki parikalpana) se poorn upanyas bhi rache jane lage. otto soyaka, phhऱaj, spuanda, paul sooson adi upanyasakar isi varg ke haian. kiantu yug mean roodolph kreutz bhi hua jisane yuddh ke nitaant vinash tatha shaanti ka pratipadan kiya. is drishti se ham kreutz ko liyo talstay ki paranpara ka ati adhunik upanyasakar kah sakate haian.

astriyaee natak sahity mean do dal spasht rahe. pratham to svabhavikatavadi shnitzalar ka tha, jisake pradhan upakaran navaromaansavad athava h aaufamaansathal ki navalankrit shaili the aur jo uchch tatha uchch madhyamavargiy samaj ki shrriangarik samasyaoan par sukhad manoranjak natak rachate the. bhar, saltin, malar, vartahaimar, saigaphraid, trebitsh aur kurt phraibyargar isi dal ke pratishthit natakakar hue. doosara dal adim shaktimatta mean astha rakhata tha aur ati yatharthavadi natakoan ki rachana karata tha. isake neta karl shoonaheyar hue. hafamasathal ke natak 'pratyek vyakti' (sanh‌ 1912 ee.) prabhavit hokar natakakar myal aur gyorg ne madhyayugin 'naitikatavadi' natak ko punarjivit karane ka prayatn kiya.

kroor svabhavakitavad ke virodhi vaildagaans ke natak anandit abhivyaktivad ke janak the aur yadyapi yuddhapoorvakal mean praranbh hue the, tathapi astriyan samrajyavadi vyavastha ka hhras hone ke bad bhi yuddhottarakal mean lokapriy rahe. rachanakar ke ahan ko uchchasin karake vaildagaans ne astriyaee natak ko roop-vastu-vishayak roodhiyoan ki shrriankhala se mukt kar diya. jis 'bin burgathiyetar' ne jarman natakasahity tatha manch kala ka netritv kiya, usaka prabal pratidvandvi 'deyar josafastad' sthit maks rainahard ka thiyetar siddh hua. rainahard ke hi prayatnoan ke phalasvaroop aj salzaburg mean varshik natakotsav hota hai jo astriyaee sahity tatha sanskrit ka gaurav hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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