इंदिरा गाँधी और आपातकाल
thumb|250px|iandira gaandhi
Indira Gandhi
iandira gaandhi bharat ki pratham mahila pradhanamantri ke roop mean apani pratibha aur rajanitik dridhata ke lie 'vishvarajaniti' ke itihas mean jani jati haian. 15 joon, 1975 ko je.pi. aur samarthik vipaksh ne aandolan ko ugr roop de diya. sath hi yah tay kiya gaya ki poore desh mean savinay avajna andolan chalaya jae aur pradhanamantri avas ko bhi gher liya jae. avas mean maujood logoan ko nazaraband karake kisi ko bhi aandar pravisht n hone diya jae.
inhian paristhitiyoan ke karan pradhanamantri iandira gaandhi ne 25 joon, 1975 ko tatkalin rashtrapati fakharuddin ali ahamad se apatakal lagoo karane ki hastaksharit svikriti prapt kar li. is prakar 26 joon, 1975 ki pratah desh mean apatakal ki ghoshana kar di gee. apatakal lagoo hone ke bad jayaprakash narayan, moraraji desaee aur any saik doan chhote-b de netaoan ko giraftar karake jel mean dal diya gaya. aisa mana jata hai ki apatakal ke dauran ek lakh vyaktiyoan ko desh ki vibhinn jeloan mean band kiya gaya tha. inamean matr rajanitik vyakti hi nahian, aparadhik pravritti ke log bhi the jo aise aandolanoan ke samay lootapat karate haian. sath hi bhrasht kalabazariyoan aur histrishitar aparadhiyoan ko band kar diya gaya.
iandira gaandhi ka uddeshy
iandira gaandhi ka yah uddeshy tha ki apatakal se apani kursi bachane ke sath-sath dhulamul prashasan ko chak-chauband kiya jae. aise mean kee sarakari karmachariyoan ko nilanbit bhi kiya gaya. imarjeansi ke dauran sarakari mashinari mean sudhar hua. karmachari samay par ane-jane lage aur rishvatakhori ki ghatanaean kafi kam ho geean, trenean bhi samay se chalane lagi thian, lekin desh mean apatakal ka atank vyapt tha. apatakal mean iandira gaandhi ke chhote putr sanjay gaandhi ka vyavahar bhi kafi amaryadit raha. rashtrahit ke lie desh ki abadi niyantrit karane hetu nasabandi kie jane ki bhi yojana thi lekin usaka kafi durupayog kiya gaya. jin yuvakoan ki shadi bhi nahian huee thi, unaki bhi nasabandi kar di gee. isi prakar rajy star par rajanitijnoan ne apatakal ke nam par vyaktigat shatruta nikalate hue virodhiyoan ko siankhachoan ke pichhe dal diya. b de adhikariyoan dvara janata ko najayaz roop se pareshan bhi kiya gaya.
apatakal mean sabase zyada akharane vali bat thi- lokatantr ke chauthe stanbh ko seansaraship lagakar kamazor kar dena. akhabar, rediyo aur ti.vi. par seansar laga diya gaya. sarakar ke viruddh kuchh bhi prakashit nahian kiya ja sakata tha. maulik adhikar lagabhag samapt ho ge the. abhivyakti ki azadi par rok lagana ek b di galati thi. kyoanki yadi pratibandh nahian hota to janata ke samane yah saty prakat hota ki apatakal lagae jane ke pichhe karan kya the. janata ki pratikriya bhi iandira gaandhi tak nahian pahuanch rahi thi. is kal ke dauran aisi ghatanaean bhi ghatian jo bahut sharmanak thian. iandira gaandhi tak jo khabarean a rahi thian, unase unhean yah laga ki janata apatakal ki upalabdhiyoan se khush hai. chatukaroan ne unhean soochit kiya ki vah janata mean lokapriy haian aur yadi chunav karae jaean to unhean vijayashri avashy prapt hogi. tab iandira ji ne 18 janavari, 1977 mean lokasabha ke chunav karae jaeange. isake sath hi rajanitik qaidiyoan ki rihaee ho gee. midiya ki svatantrata bahal ho gee. rajanitik sabhaoan aur chunav prachar ki azadi de di gee.
lekin iandira gaandhi ne sthiti ka sahi moolyakann nahian kiya tha. jin netaoan ko apatakal ke dauran bandi banaya gaya tha, unhoanne riha hone ke bad jel mean bhugati jyadatiyoan aur atyacharoan ka vivaran janata ko diya. janata ne bhi apatakal ki pi da jheli thi. udhar vipaksh adhik sashakt hokar samane a gaya. janasangh, kaangres-o, samajavadi parti aur lokadal ne milakar ek nee parti ka gathan kiya jisaka nam 'janata parti' rakha gaya. is parti ko akali dal, di.em.ke. tatha samyavadi parti (em) ka bhi sahayog prapt ho gaya. iandira ji ke sahayogi jagajivan ram virodhiyoan se ja mile. inaka dalit aur harijan varg par kafi prabhav tha. darasal jagajivan ram ne us samay ati mahattvakaanksha dikhaee thi jab ilahabad uchch nyayalay ne iandira gaandhi ke viruddh phaisala diya tha. jagajivan ram ne jab svayan ko pradhanamantri pad ka davedar ghoshit kiya tha tab iandira gaandhi ne unhean nazaraband karava diya tha. is karan jagajivan ram bhi janate the ki kaangres mean ab unaka koee bhavishy nahian rah gaya hai. nandini satpathi aur hemavati nandan bahuguna bhi iandira gaandhi ka sath chho d ge. 16 march 1977 ko lokasabha ke chunav sanpann hue.
apatakal ke poorv ki sthitiyaan
iandira gaandhi kalyanakari nitiyoan ke karan nimn varg ko fayada ho raha tha lekin pooanjipatiyoan ko sarakari nitiyoan se ghor nirasha ho rahi thi. isi prakar jin raje-rajava doan ke viruddh karravaee ki gee thi, ve bhi varg sarakar ki nitiyoan ka samarthak nahian raha kyoanki kimatoan mean kafi vriddhi ho rahi thi aur log badhati mahangaee ke karan jivan star banae rakhane mean saphal nahian ho pa rahe the. desh ne yuddh ka arthik bojh bhi jhela tha. ek karo d baangladesh sharanarthiyoan ko sharan dene ke karan sankat tab badh gaya jab do varshoan se varsha nahian huee. aantarrashtriy bazar mean petroliyam ke mooly mean nirantar vriddhi hone se bhi bharat mean mahangaee badh rahi thi aur desh ka videshi mudra bhandar petroliyam ayat karane ke karan tezise ghatata ja raha tha. arthik mandi se udyog dhandhe bhi chaupat ho rahe the. aisi sthiti mean berozagari kafi badh chuki thi aur sarakari karmachari mahangaee se trast hone ke karan vetan mean vriddhi ki maang kar rahe the. sarakari karmiyoan ke roop mean sabase b di h datal rel karmachariyoan ki thi. inaka aandolan 22 dinoan tak chala. is karan jahaan yatriyoan ko bhari pareshani huee, vahian mal ka parivahan bhi badhit hua.
rel ka chakka rukane se desh ki pragati ka chakr bhi tham gaya tha. rel karmachariyoan ko chetavani di gee lekin h datal jari rahi. aise mean sarakar ne h datal ko gairaqanooni qarar dete hue kathor aur damanatmak karravaee ki. hazaroan karmachariyoan ke avas khali karavae ge aur unhean naukari se bhi barkhast kar diya gaya. isaka parinam yah hua ki karmachari evan shramik varg iandira gaandhi se naraz ho gaya. samastipur ki ek sabha mean bam visphot hua aur lalit narayan mishr ki bam dhamake mean mrityu ho gee. idhar sarakar ke viruddh bhrashtachar ke arop bhi lagane lage. sarakar ke khilaf desh bhar mean aandolan kie ja rahean the. udhar iandira gaandhi apane chhote putr sanjay gaandhi ko rajaniti mean le aee thian. yuva sanjay gaandhi ne asanvaidhanik dhang se sarakar chalane ka kary aranbh kar diya. sanjay gaandhi ke prati iandira gaandhi ki vaisi hi nishtha thi jaisi dhritarashtr ki duryodhan ke prati thi. putr moh ke karan iandira gaandhi ne sanjay ko 50,000 maruti kar nirman ka laiseans bhi pradan kar diya. aisi sthiti mean vipakshi daloan ko sunahara avasar mil gaya. unhoanne bhi aandolanakariyoan ki pith thapathapana aranbh kar diya.
gujarat aandolan
sarvapratham virodhi rajaniti aur asantosh se utpann hiansak aandolan ka sootrapat gujarat se hua jo behad shaantipriy rajy mana jata tha. yahaan chhatroan ne hiansak aandolan kie aur vipaksh ne bhi isamean mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhaee. 1974 mean arajakata ki sthiti utpann ho gee. agajani aur loot ki ghatanaoan ko saream aanjam diya ja raha tha. kabhi-kabhi pulis ko vivashata mean lathi charj bhi karana p d raha tha. aandolanakariyoan ne gujarat vidhanasabha ko zabaran tyagapatr dene ke lie vivash kar diya. gujarat ke halat bad se badatar ho rahe the. aisi sthiti mean moraraji desaee ne amaran anashat aranbh kar diya. iandira gaandhi ne rajy sarakar ko barkhast karake vahaan rashtrapati shasan laga diya. joon, 1976 mean chunav karavae jane ki ghoshana bhi kar di gee. is prakar aandolanoan ke karan gujarat mean nirvachit sarakar ko bhang karana p da. isase doosare rajyoan tak bhi galat sandesh gaya aur isaki pratikriya bihar mean huee.
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pratyek iansan apana ek svatantr vyaktitv lekar paida hota hai. lekin vah apane un karyoan se jana jata hai jinase usake gun-avagun pradarshit hote haian. yadi iandira gaandhi ke kartritv ki samiksha ki jae to yah kahana uchit hoga ki aisi shakhsiyatean shatabdiyoan mean hi paida hoti haian. jinhoanne iandira gaandhi ke pradhanamantritv kal ko dekha hai, ve log yah manate haian ki iandira gaandhi mean apar sahas, nirnay shakti aur dhairy tha. vah bhi apane pita pandit neharoo ki bhaanti svapnadrashta aur mahattvakaankshi thian.
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bihar aandolan
bihar mean bhi aandolan ka sootrapat chhatr aandolan ke roop mean hua. march, 1974 mean chhatroan ne bihar vidhanasabha ka gherav kiya. chhatr aandolan ko kuchalane ke lie pulis ne lathi tatha goli ka bhi bejhijhak prayog kiya. is aandolan mean vipakshi daloan ne chhatroan ka sath dena shuroo kar diya. aisi sthiti mean hiansak aandolan aranbh ho ge tatha ek saptah mean hi do darjan se adhik log apani ziandagi se hath dho baithe. jayaprakash narayan jo rajaniti se sannyas le chuke the, vah sakriy ho ge aur unhoanne aandolan ki kaman sanbhal li. jis prakar aangrezoan ke viruddh asahayog aandolan chalaya gaya tha, usi tarj par jayaprakash narayan ne logoan ko ukasaya ki rajy ki vyavastha chaupat kar di. lekin iandira ji ne gujarat vali galati ko bihar mean nahian doharaya.
janata parti ki satta
desh ki janata ne apatakal ki jyadatiyoan ke virodh mean iandira gaandhi ke khilaf matadan kiya. janata ko bhi yah ummid thi ki parivartan se sudhar avashy aega. unaki arthik sthiti sudharegi. lekin bharatiy janata ne us samay yah akalan nahian kiya tha ki janata parti mean jin daloan ke log haian, ve bhinn nitiyoan aur vicharoan se poshit rahe haian. is karan saiddhaantik roop se unamean matabhed haian.
- parti satta se bahar
chunav prachar ke dauran iandira gaandhi ne hava ka rukh pahachan liya tha. vah samajh gee thian ki is bar ke chunav mean unhean nishchit roop se har ka samana karana hoga. uttari bharat ka daure karate hue unhoanne dekh liya tha ki unaki sabhaoan mean bhi d kafi kam hai aur logoan mean koee utsah nahian hai. chunav parinam ae. in parinamoan ne sabhi logoan ko ashchary mean dal diya. unaki parti satta se bahar ho gee. janata parti aur usake sahayogi daloan ko 542 mean se 330 sitean prapt hueean. iandira gaandhi ki parti matr 154 sthanoan par hi vijay prapt kar saki.
- nirashajanak pradarshan
iandira gaandhi aisi pradhanamantri rahian jo apani sit tak nahian bacha paeean. inake putr sanjay gaandhi ko bhi har ka samana karana p da. uttari bharat mean iandira kaangres ka pradarshan behad nirashajanak tha. sat rajyoan ki 234 sitoan mean se iandira kaangres ko matr 2 sitean hi prapt ho sakian. dakshin bharat ki sthiti iandira gaandhi ke anukool thi. yahaan apatakal mean jyadatiyaan bhi nahian huee thian. dakshin bharat ke rajyoan ko apatakal ke dauran lagoo hue bis sootriy karyakramoan se kafi labh bhi hua tha. 1971 ke chunav ki tulana mean is bar vahaan 22 sitean adhik milian aur aank da 70 se badhakar 92 ho gaya.
janata parti mean jashn ka mahaul tha aur is bat ko lekar chiantan ho raha tha ki agala pradhanamantri kaun hoga. us samay pradhanamantri pad ke tin prabal davedar samane ae the- chaudhari charan sianh, moraraji desaee aur jagajivan ram. pradhanamantri pad ko lekar tinoan dridh sankalp the. yahaan jayaprakash narayan ka ullekh karana prasangik hoga jo jivan ke shreshthatam kal se guzar rahe the. unaka abhamandal janata parti ke lie chamatkari tha. vah 'kiang mekar' ki sthiti prapt kar chuke the. yah sthiti kabhi mahatma gaandhi ko prapt huee thi. jayaprakash narayan ki sahamati se 23 march 1977 ko moraraji desaee pradhanamantri banae ge. is samay moraraji desaee ki umr 81 varsh ho chuki thi.
us samay iandira gaandhi satta se bahar ho chuki thian aur janata parti satta mean thi. chaudhari charan sianh tatha rajanarayan chahate the ki iandira gaandhi ko jel bhej diya jae lekin moraraji desaee purane kaangresi the aur ek zamane mean pandit neharoo ke sahayogi bhi the. moraraji desaee rajanitik dvesh ko vyaktigat dvesh mean parivartit nahian karana chahate the. aisi sthiti mean rajanarayan zaroorat se zyada tilamila rahe the. lekin moraraji desaee ki salah se age jakar kuchh bhi karana unhean asanbhav nazar a raha tha. kaangres ko ek any vibhajan ki trasadi bhi bhogani p di. brahmanand reddi aur vaee.vi. chauhan ne apane kheme ke sath iandira gaandhi se kinara kar liya. unhean laga ki iandira gaandhi ka karishma samapt ho chuka hai. kaangres parti mean unaka koee vishisht sthan nahian rah gaya hai. 1978 ke arambh mean shrimati gaandhi ke samarthak kaangres parti se alag ho ge aur kaangres-aee ya kaangres-ian (ian se iandira) parti ki sthapana ki.
left|30px|link=iandira gaandhi aur desh ka vikas|pichhe jaean | iandira gaandhi aur apatakal | right|30px|link=iandira gaandhi|age jaean |
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