इज़रायल का इतिहास

izarayal ka itihas sansar ke yahoodi dharmavalanbiyoan ke prachin rashtr ka naya roop. izarayal ka naya rashtr 14 mee, sanh‌ 1948 ko astitv mean aya. izarayal rashtr prachin filistin athava pailestain ka hi brihath‌ bhag hai.

yahoodiyoan ke dharmagranth 'purana ahadanama' anusar yahoodi jati ka nikas paiganbar hazarat abaraham (ibrahim) se shuroo hota hai. abaraham ka samay eesa se lagabhag do hajar varsh poorv hai abaraham ke ek bete ka nam isahak aur pote ka yakoob tha. yakoob ka hi doosara nam izarayal tha. yakoob ne yahoodiyoan ki 12 jatiyoan ko milakar ek kiya. in sab jatiyoan ka yah sammilit rashtr izarayal ke nam ke karan 'izarayal' kahalane laga. age chalakar ibarani bhasha mean izarayal ka arth ho gaya---'aisa rashtr jo eeshvar ka pyara ho'.

yakoob ke ek bete ka nam yahooda athava jooda tha. yahooda ke nam par hi usake vanshaj yahoodi (jooda-jyooz) kahalae aur unaka dharm yahoodi dharm (judaijm) kahalaya. praranbh ki shatabdiyoan mean yakoob ke doosare betoan ki aulad izarayal ya 'bani izarayal' ke nam se prasiddh rahi. filistin aur arab ke uttar mean yakoob ki in santatiyoan ki 'izarayal' aur 'jooda' nam ki ek doosari se mili huee kiantu alag-alag do chhoti-chhoti saltanatean thian. donoan mean shatabdiyoan tak gahari shatruta rahi. aant mean donoan milakar ek ho geean. is sammilan ke parinamasvaroop desh ka nam izarayal p da. aur jati ka yahoodi.

yahoodiyoan ke praranbhik itihas ka pata adhikatar unake dharmagranthean se milata hai jinamean mukhy baibil ka vah poorvardh hai jise 'purana ahadanama' (old testameant) kahate haian. purane ahadaname mean tin granth shamil haian. sabase praranbh mean 'tauret' (ibarani thora) hai. tauret ka shabdik arth vahi hai jo 'dharm' shabd ka hai, arthath‌ dharan karane ya baandhanevala. doosara granth 'yahoodi paiganbaroan ka jivanacharit' aur tisara 'pavitr lekh' hai. in tinoan granthoan ka sangrah 'purana ahadanama' hai. purane ahadanamean mean 39 khand ya pustakean haian. isaka rachanakal ee.poo. 444 se lekar ee.poo. 100 ke bich hai. purane ahadaname mean srishti ki rachana, manushy ka janm, yahoodi jati ka itihas, sadachar ke uchch niyam, dharmik karmakaand, pauranik kathaean aur yahve ke prati prarthanaean shamil haian.

yahoodi jati ke adi sansthapak abaraham ko apane svatantr vicharoan ke karan dar-dar ki khak chhanani p di. apane janmasthan oor (sumer ka prachin nagar) se saik doan mil door nirvasan mean hi unaki mrityu hurh. abaraham ke bad yahoodi itihas mean sabase b da nam moosa ka hai. moosa hi yahoodi jati ke mukhy vyavasthakar ya smritikar mane jate haian. moosa ke upadeshoan mean do batean mukhy haian : ek-any devi devataoan ki pooja ko chho dakar ek nirakar eeshvar ki upasana aur doosari---sadachar ke das niyamoan ka palan. moosa ne anekoan kasht sahakar eeshvar ke ajnanusar jagah-jagah banti huee atyacharapi dit yahoodi jati ko milakar ek kiya aur unhean filistin mean lakar basaya. yah samay eesa se pray: 1,500 varsh poorv ka tha. moosa ke samay se hi yahoodi jati ke vikhare hue samooh sthayi taur par filistin mean akar base aur use apana desh samajhane lage. bad mean apane is ne desh ka unhoanne 'izarayal' ki sanjna di.

abaraham ne yahoodiyoan ka uttari arab aur oor se filistin ki or sankraman karaya. yah unaka pahala sankraman tha. doosari bar jab unhean misr chho d filistin bhagana p da tab unake neta hazarat moosa the (pray: 16vian sadi ee.poo.). yah yahoodiyoan ka doosara sankraman tha jo 'mahanh‌ bahiragaman' (gret egzodas) ke nam se prasiddh hai.

abaraham aur moosa ke bad izarayal mean jo do nam sabase adhik adaraniy mane jate haian ve daood aur usake bete suleman ke haian. suleman ke samay doosare deshoan ke sath izarayal ke vyapar mean khoob unnati huee. suleman ne samudragami jahajoan ka ek bahut b da be da taiyar karaya aur door-door ke deshoan ke sath tijarat shuru ki. arab, eshiya kochak, aphrika, yoorop ke kuchh deshoan tatha bharat ke sath izarayal ki tijarat hoti thi. sona, chaandi, hathidaant aur mor bharat se hi izarayal ate the. suleman udar vicharoan ka tha. suleman ke hi samay ibarani yahoodiyoan ki rashtrabhasha bani. 37 varsh ke yogy shasan ke bad sanh‌ 937 ee.poo. mean suleman ki mrityu huee.

suleman ki mrityu se yahoodi ekata ko bahut b da dhakka laga. suleman ke marate hi izarayali aur jooda (yahooda) donoan phir alag-alag svadhin riyasatean ban geean. suleman ki mrityu ke bad 50 varsh tak izarayal aur jooda ke apasi jhag de chalate rahe. isake bad lagabhag 884 ee.poo. mean umari namak ek raja izarayal ki gaddi par baitha. usane phir donoan shakhoan mean premasanbandh sthapit kiya. kiantu umari ki mrityu ke bad yahoodiyoan ki ye donoan shakhean sarvanashi yuddh mean ulajh geean.

yahoodiyoan ki is sthiti ko dekhakar asuriya ke raja shulamanu asharid pancham ne sanh‌ 722 ee.poo. mean izarayal ki rajadhani samariya par chadhaee ki aur usapar apana adhikar kar liya. asharid ne 27,290 pramukh izarayali saradaroan ko kaid karake aur unhean gulam banakar asuriya bhej diya aur izarayal ka shasanaprabandh asoori aphasaroan ko sapurd kar diya. sanh‌ 610 ee.poo. mean asuriya par jab khaldiyoan ne adhipaty kar liya tab izarayal bhi khaldi satta ke adhin ho gaya.

sanh‌ 550 ee.poo. mean eeran suprasiddh hakhamani rajavansh ka samay aya. is kul ke samrath kuru ne jab babul ki khaldi satta par vijay prapt ki tab izarayal aur yahoodi rajy bhi eerani satta ke aantargat a ge. asapas ke deshoan mean us samay eerani sabase adhik prabuddh, vicharavanh‌ aur udar the. apane adhin deshoan ke sath eerani samratoan ka vyavahar nyay aur udarata ka hota tha. praja ke udyog dhandhoan ko ve sanraksha dete the. samriddhi unake pichhe-pichhe chalati thi. unake dharmik vichar udar the. eeraniyoan ka shasanakal yahoodi itihas ka kadachith‌ sabase adhik vikas aur utkarsh ka kal tha. jo hajaroan yahoodi babul mean nirvasit aur dasata mean p de the unhean eerani samrath kuru ne mukt kar apane desh laut jane ki anumati di. kuru ne jeroosalam ke mandir ke purane purohit ke ek pautr yoshuna aur yahoodi badashah daood ke ek nirvasit vanshaj jerubbabal ko jaroosalam ki vah sanpatti dekar, jo lootakar babul laee gee thi, vapas jeroosalam bheja aur apane kharch par jeroosalam ke mandir ka phir se nirman karane ki ajna di. izarayal aur yahooda ke hajaroan gharoan mean khushiyaan manaee geean. shatabdiyoan ke pashchath‌ izarayaliyoan ko saans lene ka avasar mila.

yahi vah samay tha jab yahoodiyoan ke dharm ne apana paripakv roop dharan kiya. isase poorv unake dharmashastr ek pidhi se doosari pidhi ko jabani prapt hote rahate the. ab kuchh smriti ke sahare, kuchh ullekhoan ke adhar par dharm granthoan ka sangrah praranbh hua. inamean se thora ya tauret ka sankalan 444 ee.poo. mean samapt hua.

donoan samay ka havan, jisamean lohaban jaisi sugandhit chijean, khady padarth, tel ityadi ke atirikt kisi memane, bakare, pakshi ya any pashu ki ahuti di jati thi, yahoodi eeshvaropasana ka avashyak aang tha. rrigved ke 'ahitagni' purohitoan ke saman yahoodi purohit is bat ka vishesh dhyan rakhate the ki vedi par ki ag chaubis ghante kisi tarah bujhane n pae.

izarayali dharmagranthoan mean shayad sabase suandar pustak 'daood ke bhajan' haian. purane ahadaname ki yah sabase adhik prabhavotpadak pustak samajhi jati hai. jis prakar daood ke bhajan bhaktibhavana ke suandar udaharan haian usi prakar suleman ki adhikaansh kahavatean har desh aur har kal ke lie kimati haian aur sachaee se bhari haian. ek tira yahoodi dharmagranth 'pracharak' (eklaziestes) in granthoan ke bad ka likha hua hai.

sanh‌ 330 ee.poo. mean sikandar ne eeran ko jitakar vahaan ke hakhamani samrajy ka aant kar diya. sanh‌ 320 ee.poo. mean sikandar ke senapati tolemi pratham ne izarayal aur yahooda par akraman kar usapar apana adhikar kar liya. bad mean sanh‌ 198 ee.poo. mean ek doosare yoonani parivar selyookas rajavansh ka aantiokas chaturth yahoodiyoan ke desh ka adhiraj bana. jeroosalam ke balave se rusht hokar aantiokas ne usake yahoodi mandir ko loot liya aur hajaroan yahoodiyoan ka vadh karava diya, shahar ki chaharadivari ko girakar jamin se mila diya aur shahar yoonani sena ke sapurd kar diya.

aantiokas ne yahoodi dharm ka palan karana izarayal aur yahooda donoan jagah kanooni aparadh ghoshit kar diya. yahoodi mandiroan mean yoonani moortiyaan sthapit kar di geean aur tauret ki jo bhi pratiyaan milian ag ke sapurd kar di geean.

yah sthiti sanh‌ 142 ee.poo. tak chalati rahi. sanh‌ 142 ee.poo. mean ek yahoodi senapati saiman ne yoonaniyoan ko harakar rajy se bahar nikal diya aur yahooda tatha izarayal ki rajanitik svadhinata ki ghoshan kar di. yahoodiyoan ki yah svadhinata 141 ee.poo. se 63 ee.poo. tak barabar bani rahi.

yah vah samay tha jab bharat mean bauddh bhikshu aur bharatiy mahatma apane dharm ka prachar karate hue pashchimi eshiya ke deshoan mean phail ge. in bharatiy pracharakoan ne yahoodi dharm ko bhi prabhavit kiya. isi prabhav ke parinamasvaroop yahoodiyoan ke aandar ek ne 'esseni' namak sanpraday ki sthapana huee. har esseni brahm muhoort mean uthata tha aur sooryoday se pahale prat: kriya, snan, dhyan, upasana adi se nivrit ho jata tha. subah ke snan ke atirikt donoan samay bhojan se pahale snan karana har esseni ke lie avashyak tha. unaka sabase mukhy siddhaant tha---ahiansa. har esseni har tarah ki pashubali, maansabhakshan ya madirapan ke viruddh the. har esseni ko diksha ke samay pratijna karani p dati thi :

maian yahve arthath‌ paramatma ka bhakt rahooanga. maian manushy matr ke sath sada nyay ka vyavahar karooanga. maian kabhi kisi ki hiansa n karooanga aur n kisi ko hani pahuanchaooanga. manushy matr ke sath maian apane vachanoan ka palan karooanga. maian sada saty se prem karooanga. adi.

usi samay ke nikat hiandoo darshan ke prabhav se izarayal mean ek aur vicharashaili ne janm liya jise 'qabbalah' kahate haian. qabbalah ke tho de se siddhaant ye haian-eeshvar anadi, anant, aparimit, achianty, avyakt aur anirvachaniy hai. vah astitv aur chetana se bhi pare hai. us avyakt se kisi prakar vyakt ki utpatti huee aur achianty se chianty ki. manushy parameshvar ke keval is doosare roop ka hi manan kar sakata hai. isi se srishti sanbhav huee.

qabbalah ki pustakoan mean yog ki vividh shreniyoan, sharir ke bhitar ke chakroan aur abhyas ke rahasyoan ka varnan hai.

yahoodiyoan ki rajanitik svadhinata ka aant us samay hua jab sanh‌ 66 ee.poo. mean romo janaral paanpe ne tin mahine ke ghere ke pashchath‌ jeroosalam ke sath-sath sare desh par adhikar kar liya. itihasalekhakoan ke anusar hajaroan yahoodi l daee mean mare ge aur 12,000 yahoodi katl kar die ge.

isake bad sanh‌ 135 ee. mean rom ke samrath hadriyan ne jeroosalam ke yahoodiyoan se rusht hokar ek-ek yahoodi nivasi ko katl karava diya. vahaan ki ek-ek eetan girava di aur shahar ki samast jamin par hal chalavakar use barabar karava diya. isake pashchath‌ apane nam eliyas hadriyanal par aianliya kavitolina namak naya romi nagar usi jagah nirman karaya aur ajna de di ki koee yahoodi is ne nagar mean kadam n rakhe. nagar ke mukhy dvar par rom ke pradhan chihn suar ki ek moorti kayam kar di gee. is ghatana ke lagabhag 200 varsh bad rom ke pahale eesaee samrath koanstaantin ne nagar ka jeroosalam nam phir se prachalit kiya.

chhathi ee. tak izarayal par rom aur usake pashchath‌ poorvi romi samrajy bizoantin ka prabhutv kayam raha. khalifa aboobakr aur khalifa umar ke samay arab aur romi senaoan mean takkar huee. sanh‌ 636 ee. mean khalifa umar ki senaoan ne rom ki senaoan ko poori tarah parajit karake filistin par, jisamean izarayal aur yahooda shamil the, apana qabza kar liya. khalifa umar jab yahoodi paiganbar daood ke prarthanasthal par bane yahoodiyoan ke prachin mandir mean ge tab us sthan ko unhoanne koo da karkat aur gandagi se bhara hua paya. umar aur unake sathiyoan ne svayan apane hathoan se us sthan ko saph kiya aur use yahoodiyoan ke sapurd kar diya.

izarayal aur usaki rajadhani jeroosalam par araboan ki satta sanh‌ 1099 ee. tak rahi. sanh‌ 1099 ee. mean jeroosalam par eesaee dharm ke jaannisaroan ne apana qabza kar liya aur bolon ke gadaphre ko jeroosalam ka raja bana diya. eesaiyoan ke is dharmayuddh mean 5,60,000 sainik kam ae, kiantu 88 varshoan ke shasan ke bad yah satta samapt ho gee.

isake pashchath‌ sanh‌ 1147 ee. se lekar sanh‌ 1204 tak eesaiyoan ne dharmayuddhoan (kroosedoan) dvara izarayal par qabza karana chaha kiantu unhean saphalata nian mili. sanh‌ 1212 ee. mean eesaee mahantoan ne 50 hajar kishoravayask balak aur balikaoan ki ek sena taiyar karake paanchavean dharmayuddh ki ghoshana ki. inamean se adhikaansh bachche bhoomadhyasagar mean doobakar samapt ho ge. isake bad is pavitr bhoomi par adhipaty karake lie eesaiyoan ne char asaphal dharmayuddh aur kie.

13vian aur 14vian shatabdi mean hulakoo aur usake bad taimoor lang ne jeroosalam par akraman karake use nestanabood kar diya. isake pashchath‌ 19vian shatabdi tak izarayal par kabhi misri adhipaty raha aur kabhi turk. sanh‌ 1914 mean jis samay pahala vishvayuddh hua, izarayal turki ke kabje mean tha.

sanh‌ 1917 mean british senaoan ne is par adhikar kar liya. 2 navanbar, sanh‌ 1917 ko british videsh mantri balafor ne yah ghoshana ki ki izarayal ko british sarakar yahoodiyoan ka dharmadesh banana chahati hai jisamean sare sansar ke yahoodi yahaan akar bas sakean. mitrarashtroan ne is ghoshan ki pushti ki. is ghoshana ke bad se izarayal mean yahoodiyoan ki janasankhya nirantar badhati gee. lagabhag 21 varsh (doosare vishvayuddh) ke pashchath‌ mitrarashtroan ne sanh‌ 1948 mean ek izarayal namak yahoodi rashtr ki vidhivath‌ sthapana ki.

5 julaee, san 1950 ko izarayal ki parlameant ne ek naya kanoon banaya jisake anusar sansar ke kisi kone se yahoodiyoan ko izarayal mean akar basane ki svatantrata mili. yah kanoon ban jane ke sat varshoan ke aandar izarayal mean sat lakh yahoodi bahar ke deshoan se akar base. izarayal mean janatantri shasan hai. vahaan ekasansadiy parlameant hai jise 'senet' kahate haian. isamean 120 sadasy sanupatik pratinidhan ki chunav pranali dvara prati char varshoan ke lie chune jate haian. izarayal ka naya janatantr ek or adhunik vaijnanik sadhanoan ke dvara desh ko unnat banane mean laga hua hai to doosari or purani paranparaoan ko bhi usane punarjivan diya hai, jinamean se ek hai shanivar ko sare kamakaj band kar dena. is prachin niyam ke anusar adhunik izarayal mean shanivar ke pavitr 'saibath' ke din relaga diyaan tak band rahati haian.

yahoodiyoan ne hi pashchimi dharmoan mean nabiyoan aur paiganbaroan tatha ilahami shasanoan ka aranbh aur prachar kiya. unake nabiyoan ne, visheshakar chhathi sadi ee.poo. ke nabiyoan ne jis sahas aur nirbhikata se shrimanoan aur asoori samratoan ko dhikkara hai aur jo baibil ki purani pothi mean aj bhi surakshit hai, usaka sansar ke itihas mean sani nahian. unhoanne hi nebukhadanejzar ki apani babuli kaid mean baibil ke purane paanch khand (peantutukh) prastut kie. isi se babul ke sanbadh se hi sanbhavat: baibil ka yah nam p da.

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