ईथर

eethar salaphyoorikas (jis nam se yah chikitsa ke kshetr mean vikhyat hai) ethil elkohal aur salaphyoorik aml ke yog se banaya jata hai. ethil aur eethar donoan hi shabd laitin eethar athava yoonani ethin shabdoan se nikale haian, jinaka arth jvalan ya jalana hai. yah kahana kathin hai ki sabase pahale eethar kisane taiyar kiya. 13 vian shati ka rasayanajn, remand lali, isake banane ki vidhi se parichit tha. bad ko besil vaileantain aur veleriyas k aaurdas ke lekhoan mean bhi eethar aur usake gunadharmo ka ullekh paya jata hai. par eethar nam is dravy ko bad mean hi mila. vastut: 1730 ee. mean jarmani ke phroben ne isako eethariyas spiritas nam diya.

rasayanashastr ki vartaman shabdavali mean us varg ke samast yaugikoan ko eethar kaha jata hai jo pani ke anu ke donoan haidrojanoan ko ailakil moolakoan dvara pratisthapit karake banate haian. pani ke anu ka yadi ek hi haidrojan ailakil moolak dvara pratisthapit ho to ailakohal varg ke yaugik banate haian

H-O-H R-O-H R-O-R

pani ailakohal eethar

yahaan (R) ka arth koee ailakil moolak, jaise (CH₃) (C₂H₅),(C₃H₇), ityadi. is rachana ke anusar ham eetharoan ko daiailakil aksaid bhi kah sakate haian. yadi kisi eethar ke anu mean donoan ailakil moolak ek hi hoan, arthat (R-R), to inhean saral eethar kaha jata hai, par yadi donoan moolak bhinn bhinn ho to inhean mishrit eethar kahate haian. kuchh saral eetharoan ke kvathanaank niche die jate haian-

eethar sootr kvathanaank

dvi-methil eethar CH₃-O-CH₃ -23.6°

dvi-ethil eethar C₂H₅-O-C₂H₅ +34.6°

dvi-propil eethar C₃H₇-O-C₃H₇ +90.7°

dvi-narmal-byootil eethar C₄H₉-O-C₄H₉ +141°

dvi-aiso-emil-eethar C₅H₁₁-O-C₅-H₁₁ 61+61°

(10 mi.mi.)

hamara sadharan prachalit eethar dviethil eethar hai aur yah ethil ailakohal aur salaphyoorik aml ke yog se taiyar kiya jata hai. prasiddh rasayanajn viliyamasan ne sarvapratham un sab abhikriyaoan ka vistrit adhyayan kiya jinake dvara ailakohal eethar mean parinat ho jata hai. pahale to ailakohal salphyoorik aml se sanyukt hokar ethil haidrojan salaphet banata hai-

C₂H₅OH+H.HSO₄-- C₂H₅.H.SO₄+H₂O

(ethil haidrojan salaphet)

yah ethil haidrojan salaphet ailakohal ke doosare anu se sanyukt hokar eethar deta hai aur salaphyoorik aml phir mukt ho jata hai-

C₂H₅.H.SO₄+C₂H₅OH--C₂H₅.O.C₂H₅+H₂SO₄

is prakar abhikriya do padoan mean samapt hoti hai. ailakohal mean jab saandr salaphyoorik aml milaya jata hai to ushma utpann hoti hai aur mishran garam ho uthata hai. bahar se garam karake tap aur ooancha kiya jata hai aur aisa karane par eethar ka asavan aranbh hota hai. sath hi sath bhabhake mean ailakohal ki dhar satat p dati jati hai. ushma is prakar niyamit rakhate haian ki tap 130° sean. ke nikat sthayi bana rahe. jab salaphyoorik aml ke ayatan ka paanch guna ailakohal kriya kar chukata hai, to tap rap 141° sean. tak badha dete haian. is prakar jo eethar milata hai usamean kuchh ailakohal, kuchh salaphyoorik aml aur kuchh pani bhi mila hota hai. kailasiyam kloraid milakar pani alag kar diya jata hai aur do tin bar pun: asavan karake shuddh eethar phht kar liya jata hai.

eethar (dvi-ethil eethar) nirang, paradarshak, vashpashil drav hai, isaka vartanaank bhi kaphi ooancha hai. isamean ek vishisht gandh hoti hai. isake vashpoan ko adhik der tak sooangha jae to nishchetana ya moorchha a jati hai. yadi sharir ke kisi aang par eethar dala jae to vah shighr u d jata hai aur thandak pratit hoti hai. isaka svad aranbh mean to jalata sa par bad mean thanda sa pratit hota hai. 15.5° sean. tap par isaka apekshik ghanatv 0.72 hai, arthath‌ yah pani se halaka hai. 34.6° par yah ubalata hai aur hava isaki bhap se dhaee guna bhari hoti hai. yadi drav ko-129° sean. tak thanda kiya jae to yah jamakar him ban jata hai. eethar pani ke sath aanshat: mishrh‌y hai aur isaka 12 pratishat ke lagabhag pani mean ghul jata hai. eethar mean bhi pani tho da viley hai. eethar bahut adhik jvalanashil hai. isaka vashp tatkal ag pak d leta hai, at: ise ag se door rakhana chahie. jab yah jalata hai to isaki jvala pit shvet rang ki hoti hai. bharatavarsh ki grishmrritu ke tap par yah u d jata hai, at: ise shit kamaroan mean rakhana avashyak hai.

vasa, majja aur teloan ke gholane ke lie eethar bahut hi achchha vilayak hai aur is gun ke karan eethar ka upayog rasayanashalaoan mean vilayak ke roop mean bahut kiya jata hai. telahanoan ki khali ko yadi eethar dvara kshubdh kiya jae, to khali ka samast tel eethar mean ghul jaega, aur asavan karake eethar aur tel alag kie ja sakeange. eethar mean ayodin, gandhak, phasapharas evan strikanin adi ailakalayad bhi viley haian.

eethar ka upayog himamishran taiyar karane mean bhi kiya jata hai. thos karban daiaksaid aur eethar ke mishran dvara ati nicha tap upalabdh ho sakata hai.

yadi manushy athava pashuoan ko eethar ka sevan karaya jae, to aranbh mean to madak uttejana pratit hoti hai par tho di der mean hi tandra ane lagati hai aur shanai:shanai: chetana supt hone lagati hai. is gun ke karan shalyachikitsa ke praranbhik yug mean eethar ka upayog sanvedanahari ya nishchetak ke roop mean kiya jane laga tha. bad mean yah pata chala ki is kary ke lie kloropharm adhik upayogi hai. sanh‌ 1795 mean daktar piyarasan ne eethar vashpoan ka prayog dama ke rogoan ke kashtanivaran mean kiya. eethar dvara nishchetana utpann ki ja sakati hai, is sanbandh mean aitihasik prayog g aaudavin (1822), michel (1832),jaiksan (1833) evan vud aur bech (1834) ke haian. daktar m aaurtan ne 1846mean pahali bar eethar ka prayog daant nikalane mean kiya. is prayog ki saphalata ka samachar landan mean 17 disanbar, 1846 ko pahuancha aur 22 disanbar ko d aau. r aaubinsan aur listan ne shalyakarm mean eethar ke prayog ko doharaya. ek varsh tak shalyakarm mean eethar ke upayog ki dhoom rahi. isake bad hi edinabara ke sar je.vai. sianpasan ne kloropharm mean eethar se bhi achchhe nishchetak gunoan ka anubhav kiya.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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