ईरान का इतिहास

eeran ka itihas eeran (faras athava parshiya) ki sabase pahali sabhyataoan ne jahaan janm liya us bhoobhag ko itihas 'elam' ke nam se pukarata hai. dakshin jagaroos se bahati huee karooan nadi tarah tarah ki upajaoo mitti lakar elam ko sarasabj banati huee eeran ki kha di mean girati hai. elam mean thik us samay anek shahar abad hue jis samay siandhu nadi ke kinare mohanajod doan ki sabhyata apane vikasapath par agrasar ho rahi thi. daulat aur tijarat, samajik sansthaean, raj aur shasanaprabandh, vidya aur kalakaushal donoan jagah ek sath phale phoole aur donoan jagah ki sabhyataean sath-sath unnati karane lagian. pashchim mean takhte jameshid (parsapolis), shoosh, kashan aur nihaband, uttar mean astrabad aur anab jaise bahut se prachin eerani shaharoan ki khudaee se taanba, pital, kaansa, sona, javaharat aur mitti ke aise bartan mile haian jinase us jamane ki eerani sanskriti aur usaki unnati ki manjiloan ka pata chalata hai. elam mean shoosh aur anajan ke rajakaji sanbandh aur vahaan ki rajakiy sansthaean h dappa aur mohanajod doan ke rajakaji sanbandhoan aur sansthaoan se behad milati julati haian.

elam ka rajyashasan purohitoan ke hathoan mean tha. elam mean sab devi devataoan ke oopar ek sabase b de devata ki satta mean log vishvas karate the. elam mean sooraj aur chaand ki, jal aur sthal ke devataoan ki, prem ki devi aur santonotpatti ki devi ki pooja hoti thi. matridevi bhi pooji jati thi. vahaan kuchh pashuoan aur vrikshoan ko bhi pavitr manakar pooja jata tha, jaise vrishabh, nag, sianh adi. har ghar aur har gaanv mean ek chhota sa mandir hota tha jahaan in devataoan ki mitti ya patthar ki chhoti-chhoti moortiyaan hoti thian. inake atirikt bahut b de-b de mandir hote the jo 'jagoorat' ya 'siggurat' kahalate the. ye bilkul kile ki tarah hote the aur inamean beshumar daulat aur lakhoan man galla jama rahata tha. siandhu sabhyata ki tarah elam ka samaj bhi purane riti rivajoan ke tang saanchoan mean jak da hua tha. kisi ko usase bahar nikalane ya nee bat karane ki anumati n thi.

us samay elam ki prachin eerani sabhyata par ek bhayanak aphat toot p di. uttar se ary akramanakariyoan ne, gho doan par savar lohe ke hathiyar lie, dhava bol diya. unhoanne elam ko rauandakar apane adhin kar liya. dhire-dhire purane eeraniyoan aur ne akramanakariyoan ki naslean ek doosare mean ghul milakar ek ho geean. ye ary hi adhunik eeraniyoan aur bharatavasiyoan, donoan ke poorvaj the. unaki nasl ek thi, boli ek thi, dharm ek tha aur sanskriti ek thi.

aryoan ke eeran mean bas jane ke bad unapar vahaan ki paristhitiyoan ka poora-poora prabhav p da. eeran mean tarah-tarah ke bhoobhag haian-kahian paha d aur kahian registan, kahian nadiyoan ki ghatiyaan aur bich ke maidan, jo manushyoan, pashuoan aur hariyali se bhare hue haian, aur kahian saik doan mil lanbe retile maidan, jinamean door-door tak n koee janadar dikhaee deta hai aur n koee ghas ka tinaka, jahaan sivay hava ki saany-saany ke koee avaj sunaee nahian deti. ujale aur aandhere, neki aur badi ki shaktiyaan vahaan saph alag-alag kam karati dikhaee deti haian.

eeran ke paiganbar zaratusht ke sudharoan se pahale eeraniyoan ka jo dharm tha vahi kuchh parivartanoan ke sath bad mean hakhamanishi aur sasani yugoan mean bhi prachalit raha. eeraniyoan ka yah dharm bharat mean aryoan ke vaidik dharm se vishesh milata-julata tha. isase bhi adhik dhyan dene ki bat yah hai ki zaratusht ne eerani dharm ko jo naya roop diya usake har pahaloo se yah spasht hai ki vah aur vaidik dharm donoan ek hi khanadan se haian. aryoan ka dharmagranth 'ved' aur zaratusht ki pustak 'avesta' donoan yahi ghoshana karati haian ki eeshvar ek hai.

aj se tin hazar varsh poorv eerani apane ko ary kahate the. avesta mean bhi unhean ary kahakar pukara gaya hai. prasiddh eerani samrath dara (521-485 ee.poo.) ne apani samadhi par jo shilalekh aankit karavaya hai usamean apane ko 'aryoan mean ary' likha hai. chhathi shatabdi ke eerani ke sasani samrat bhi apane ko ary kahate the. eerani apani boli ko 'arvan' ya 'arban' aur apane desh ko 'aryana' ya 'aeeyana' kahate the, jisaka arth hai 'aryoan ka nivasasthan'. prachalit eeran shabd isi aryana ka apabhransh hai.

avesta aur rrigved donoan mean varun ko devataoan ka adhiraj mana gaya hai. vedoan mean use 'asur vishvadevas' ya 'asur medha' kaha gaya hai. avesta mean use 'ahur majda' nam se pukara gaya hai. vaidik 'asur' (eeshvar) hi avesta ka 'ahur' hai aur eerani 'mazda' ka vahi arth hai jo sanskrit 'medha' ka. vaidik 'mitr' devata hi avesta ka 'mthrai' hai. avesta mean thik unhian shabdoan mean mthrai ki stuti ki gee hai jin shabdoan mean rrigved mean mitr ki. sanskrit mean mthrai ka arth soory bhi hai. eerani bhi soory ke roop mean mthrai ki pooja karate the. iandr ka nam jyoan ka tyoan avesta mean maujood hai.

eerani dharmagranthoan mean praranbh ke jis samaj ki kalpana hai vah bharatiy satayug ki kalpana se milati hai. eerani pauranik kathaoan ke anusar 'yim' (vedak=yam) manav jati ka pahala samrath tha. yim aryoan ki prachin puny bhoomi 'aryanam vaijo' par shasan karata tha. aryoan ki us puny bhoomi mean-'n kasht tha n kshobh, n moorkhata thi n hiansa, n garibi thi n chhalakapat. log n be daul the, n kuroop. buraee unhean chhoo n sakati thi. charoan or sugandhit vrikshoan ke udyan the aur gharoan mean svarnastanbh the. logoan ke pas aganit suandar aur achchhe pashu the.'

eerani yim ko hi manav jati ka srijanakarta manate haian. bad mean vah mrityu ka devata mana jane laga. yim manushy ke karmoan ki sakhti se jaanch karata hai aur papatmaoan ko dand deta hai. ek doosari pauranik katha ke anusar ahur mazda ki prerana se sabase pahale mashy aur mashyo namak sansar ke pahale stri purush paida hue. inake bete gay maretan ne ahur mazda ki shikshaoan par dhyan diya. gay maretan ka putr havashyangh pahala adami tha jisane manushy jati ke oopar shasan kiya. havashyangh ka ek nam pishadadi bhi hai. pishadadi ne loha eejad kiya aur sianchaee ke liye naharean banavaeean. usake poorv yim ke samay mean sona, chaandi, jahaj, ganna aur chini banane ka jnan logoan ko ho chuka tha.

pishadadi ka putr takhm unyi bhi b da kirtivanh‌ raja hua. usane eeran ke aryapoorv nivasiyoan se 30 aksharoanvali lipi sikhakar sare desh mean usaka prachar kiya. usane samaj ko char vargoan mean baanta : (1) purohit, (2) yoddha, (3) kisan aur (4) karigar. eeraniyoan ka pavitr sadara aur janeoo (junnar) yim ke samay se hi prachalit hua.

eeran ke aryoan ne prachin magiyoan se prabhavit hokar agnipooja ko dharm ka sabase mahatvapoorn aang bana diya. unaki vedi par ab agni sada prajvalit rahane lagi. agni pavitr thi, isalie phooankakar jalana use apavitr karana aur pap tha. agni ke bad pani ka mahatv tha. nadi mean koee gandi vastu saph karana bhi aparadh samajha jane laga. pani ke bad dharati pavitr samajhi jati thi. murda sabase adhik apavitr vastu mana jata tha. isalie murdoan ko n to pavitr agni mean jalaya jata tha, n pavitr nadi mean bahaya jata tha aur n pavitr dharati mean ga da jata tha. murdoan ko giddh aur kuttoan ke lie chho d diya jata tha. saraansh yah hai ki eesa se ek hajar varsh pahalo ki mili juli eerani jati mean tarah-tarah ke saik doan devi devata pooje jate the, roodhiyaan aur karmakaand badh ge the aur tarah-tarah ke beja aur bure rivaj phailate ja rahe the.

eerani jati ke us sankat kal mean ek hajar varsh poorv spitam kul mean mahatma zaratusht ka janm hua. zaratusht ke pita ka nam paurushashv aur maan ka dugdhova tha. zaratusht ne gharabar chho dakar tis varsh tak ushidarany parvat par tapasya ki tab saty ka prakash unake aantar mean uday hua. bahut se devi devataoan ki jagah zaratusht ne ek paramatma ki pooja ka upadesh diya. sare manav samaj ko usi ek paramatma ki santan aur apas mean bhaee bataya. prithvi par sachche dharm ki sthapana ke lie zaratusht ne apane ko ahuramazd ka sandeshavahak bataya. zaratusht ne sabase adhik bal sachchaee aur pavitr jivan bitane par diya. zaratusht ke upadeshoan ne raja vistasp ko kaphi prabhavit kiya aur vah zaratusht ka anuyayi ban gaya. shahanama ke anusar balakh ki l daee mean tooraniyoan ne 77 varsh ki umr mean ahuramazd ki prarthana mean lin zaratusht ki hatya kar dali.

aryoan ke dharmagranth ved aur zaratusht ki pustak avesta mean se kisi mean mandiroan ya moortiyoan ke lie koee jagah nahian hai. har grihasth ka, chahe vah raja ho ya sadharan vyakti, yah kartavy hai ki vah har samay apane ghar mean agni prajvalit rakhe aur usamean yajn karata rahe. vedoan mean jise yajn kaha gaya hai usi ko avesta mean 'yasn' kaha gaya hai. vedoan aur avesta ke dharm aise logoan ke dharm haian jo jivan ko khushi aur umang ke sath dekhate the. donoan uchch jivan aur neki ke siddhaantoan ke sachche khoji the. donoan yah manate the ki eeshvariy prakash sabako anant sukh ke lakshy tak pahuancha deta hai.

rajanitik drishti se yah vah samay tha jab eeran asuriya ke samrajy ke adhin tha. pahali bar sanh‌ 664 ee.poo. mean ek eerani saradar yuvakshatr ne asuriya par akraman kiya. yuvakshatr hara. usane eeran lautakar apani har ke karanoan par vichar kiya. har eerani saradar ya kulapati apane sath apani alag-alag phauj le jate the. yuddh ke sanchalan mean isase b di kathinaee p dati thi. yuvakshatr ne kuloan aur riyasatoan ki jagah ab samast desh ki ek susangathit sena taiyar ki. kee varsh ki taiyari ke bad yuvakshatr ne babul ke raja ke sahayog se asuriya ki rajadhani nineve par akraman kiya. do varsh ke lagatar yuddh ke bad yuvakshatr ne asuriya par vijay prapt ki. is vijay ke parinamasvaroop arminiya, suriya, kappadoshiya, falastin, asuriya, parthiya, balhik, sogdiyana, urarttu, adi asuriya samrajy ke deshoan par eeraniyoan ka adhipaty sthapit ho gaya. 40 varsh raj karane ke bad sanh‌ 593 ee.poo. mean yuvakshatr ki mrityu huee.

yuvakshatr ki mrityu ke bad eeran ke adhipaty ke lie yuvakshatr ke bete ishtavegu aur dakshin eeran ke praant parsu ke hakhamanishi vansh ke raja kuru mean bhayankar yuddh hua jisamean vijay kuru ke hathoan rahian. parsu ke rahanevale parasi kahalate the. isi se bad mean faras, paras aur parshiya shabd bane. parsu ke rahanevale bhi zaratushti dharm ke mananevale the aur apane ko shesh eeraniyoan ki tarah ary kahate the.

kuru ke samrath banate hi hakhamanishi vansh ka gaurav kirti ke shikhar par ja pahuancha. kuru vir, nek, dayavan, udar, buddhiman aur praja ka sachcha hitachiantak tha. 14 varsh tak kuru apane vijayayuddhoan mean vyast raha. usane tatariyoan se eeran ko poori tarah svatantr kiya, lidiya aur babul par adhipaty kiya aur bhoomadhy sagar tak apani vijayapataka phaharaee. parajitoan ke sath usaka vyavahar b di udarata ka hota tha. babul mean hajaroan yahoodi parivar nirvasit avastha mean p de hue the. kuru ne unhean vapas falastin bheja. juroosalam ke toote hue yahoodi mandir ka kuru ne phir se nirman karaya. apane samay ki vyakul duniya ke ek b de bhag par kuru ne shaanti ki sthapana ki. usaki sari praja sukhi aur samriddh thi. us desh mean jahaan ek-ek purush ki kee-kee patniyoan ki pratha thi, kuru ne keval ek hi vivah kiya. kasandini usaki ekamatr pyari patni thi jisase use do bete aur tin betiyaan hueean.

mrityu se poorv kuru ne poorvi praantoan ka shasan apane chhote bete baradiy ko sauanp diya. usaka b da beta kanbujiy apane pita ki mrityu ke bad usaka uttaradhikari bana. kanbujiy apane pita ki tarah vir aur parishrami to tha kiantu vah abhimani, shakki aur dusht svabhav ka tha. usane gupt roop se apane bhaee ki hatya karava di aur is bhed ko chhipae rakha. usake bad 525 ee.poo. mean usane misr par chadhaee karake use vijay kar liya. aant mean bhaee ki hatya ne use atmaglani se bhar diya. sanh‌ 522 ee.poo. mean usane sat b de-b de eerani saradaroan ko bulakar unase bhaee ki hatya ka pap svikar karake atmahatya kar li.

eerani saradaroan ne milakar hakhamanishi kul ke ek yogy saradar dara ko kanbujiy ka uttaradhikari chuna. dara kuru se bhi adhik buddhiman aur yogy shasak siddh hua. shaanti sthapana ke bad dara ne sat varsh eerani samrajy ka sangathan aur usaka shasanaprabandh thik karane mean lagae. usane sare samrajy ko bis praantoan mean vibhajit kiya. har praant par ek-ek gavarnar niyukt kiya gaya jise 'kshatrap' kahate the. har praant ki malagujari nishchit kar di gee. uchit sthanoan par phauji chhavaniyaan dali geean. samrajy bhar mean pakki s dakoan ka jal poor diya gaya taki senaoan aur dak ke ane jane mean sugamata ho. har praant mean kshatrap ke sath ek-ek senapati aur ek-ek mantri niyukt kiya gaya. kshatrap aur senapati donoan ek doosare se svatantr the aur sidhe samrath se ajna lete the. mantri unake kamoan ki riport samrath ko deta tha. apane nam se dara ne sone chaandi ke sikke dhalavae jisase vyapar mean suvidha ho. janata ko adhik se adhik samriddh banane ka dara ne poora-poora prayatn kiya. 36varsh tak rajy karane ke bad 63 varsh ki avastha mean 486ee.poo. mean dara ki mrityu huee. dara ki ganana sansar ke b de se b de udar, daksh aur dayavan samratoan mean ki jati hai.

dara ke bad usaka beta kshayarsha gaddi par baitha. misr ke vidroh ko dabane ke lie kshayarsha ne misr par hamala kiya. usake bad kshayarsha ki yoonaniyoan ke sath kee l daiyaan hueean jinamean dharmapili ki l daee itihas mean prasiddh hai. 20 varsh tak rajy karane ke bad kshayarsha ka dhokhe se badh kar dala gaya.

kshayarsha ki mrityu ke pashchath‌ ek ke bad ek sat samrath gaddi par baithe. kabhi-kabhi eeraniyoan aur yoonaniyoan mean l daiyaan hueean lekin yoonan ke ek b de bhag par aur bhoomadhy sagar ke eshiyaee kinare ke sab ilakoan par eeraniyoan ka adhikar raha. yah sthiti us samay tak kayam rahi jab 331 ee.poo. mean arabela ke maidan mean sikandar mahanh‌ ne dara tritiy ko harakar kuru ka rajamukut apane sar par rakha. yoonani itihasalekhak svikar karate haian ki virata aur sahas mean eerani yoonaniyoan se ek ianch pichhe nahian the. kiantu yoonaniyoan ke ne sainik sangathan, achchhe hathiyaroan aur sikandar ke asadharan vyaktitv ke age eeraniyoan ko sar jhukana p da. yoonani senaoan ne sarakari koshagaroan aur mahaloan ki loot ke bad eerani kala ke bahumooly namoone bhi nasht kar die. akele shoosh nagar ki loot mean sikandar ko 7,390 man sona aur 32,845 man chaandi mili thi.

eeran vijay ke nau varsh ke bhitar hi sikandar ki babul mean mrityu ho gee. sikandar ke eshiyaee kshetroan par usake senapati selyookas ka adhikar ho gaya1 selyookas ke uttaradhikari eeran par lagabhag 140 varshoan tak shasan karate rahe. aant mean 174 ee.poo. mean eeran ke ek praant parthiya ke raja mitradatt pratham ne yoonaniyoan ko sare eeran se bahar nikal diya. parthi samratoan ne char sau varshoan se oopar arthath‌ 236ee. tak eeran par raj kiya. bharat ke sath unaka ghanishth sanbandh tha. ve apane ko ahuramazd ke sevak ya pratinidhi bhi kahate the.

rajanitik nirbalata ke sath-sath eeran phir se sankuchit drishtivale purohitoan ke jal mean phans gaya tha. dharm keval oopari riti rivaj ki chij rah gaya tha. sachchaee ki jagah aandhavishvasoan ne le li thi. nee-nee rachana karane aur unnati karane ki shakti bhula janata keval karmakaand mean phansakar rah gee thi. us gandale pani ko saph karake dharm ki praranbhik pavitrata ko phir se vapas lane ke lie eeran mean mahatma zaratusht ke bad koee naya mahapurush paida nahian hua. sikandar ne hakhamanishi samrajy ko mitakar samrath ashok ke bauddh pracharakoan ke lie rasta khol diya. sehoon (sir) aur jehoon (amoo) nadiyoan ke kinare se lekar hiramand tak poorvi eeran bauddh pracharakoan aur bauddh bhikshuoan se bhar gaya. sugda se lekar sistan tak bauddh mandir aur bauddh math kh de ho ge. eeran mean jo garama-garami aur josh bauddh dharm ke prachar se paida hua usase ek ajib tarah ka naya sangam bana jisamean zaratushti, eesaee aur bauddh tinoan dharm akar mil ge. eeran ke is ne majahab ka nam 'mani majahab' tha.

manushy jivan ke sanbandh mean mahatma mani ke vichar buniyadi taur par bauddh vichar the. unaka kahana tha ki duniya du:kh ki ghati hai. manushy ka jivan svabhavat: dard aur ranj ka jivan hai. isase mukti ya nijat ka ek hi upay hai vah hai tyag aur iandriyoan ko vash mean karana. usi ka aantim parinam hai fana yani apane alag astitv ko mita dalana.

mahatma mani sanh‌ 216ee. mean paida hue. sanh‌ 243 ee. mean ve eeran ke samrath shapoor se mile the aur unhean karib-karib apane dharm ka samarthak bana liya. kiantu aant mean magi purohitoan ke shadyantr ke karan unhean sanh‌ 277 ee. mean sooli par chadha diya gaya.

tisari shatabdi ke praranbh mean eeran mean parthi satta samapt hoti hai aur usaki jagah sasani rajakul ki satta aranbh hoti hai. sasani kul ka sansthapak sasan parsupoli mean ek mandir ka pujari tha. sasan ki patni ram bahisht bajarangi ke raja ki beti thi. unaka beta babek ek sadharan hakim tha. babek ka beta artakshatr (ardeshir) sanh‌ 236ee. mean sare eeran ka adhiraj ban gaya. sasani rajakul ne ek bar hakhamanishi kul ki tarah eeran ke yash aur kirti ko door-door tak phailaya. artakshatr ke bad usak beta shapoor pratham gaddi par baitha. yah vah samay tha jab eeran aur rom mean barabar yuddh jari the. shapoor ne rom ke samrath beleriyan ko kaid kar liya.

sasani rajakul samrath anushiravaan athava nausheravaan adil ke samay apane charam utkarsh ko pahuancha. anushiravaan ne sanh‌ 531 ee. se sanh‌ 579 ee. tak eeran par shasan kiya. anushiravaan ek vir sipahi aur chatur senapati tha. rom ke samratoan se vah lagatar yuddh karata raha aur sirph ek bar chho dakar vah rom se sadaiv jita. usane ithiyopiya, turki aur ek darjan any ne pradeshoan par vijay prapt ki. apani 80 varsh ki avastha mean usane svayan ranasthal mean utar kar romi sena ko titar-bitar kiya. usaka samrajy siandhu nadi se lekar bhoomadhy sagar tak, lal sagar se lekar kaispiyan samudr tak aur amu nadi se di sir dariya tak phaila hua tha.

anushiravaan vir, parishrami, sanyami aur udar tha. giban likhata hai, anushiravaan ka shasan-nishpaksh, dridh aur jivanaprad tha. isalam ke paiganbar muhammad sahab abhiman ke sath kaha karate the-'maian nyayapriy anushiravaan ki shahanshahiyat ke jamane mean paida hua hooan.' praja ki bhalaee ka use sadaiv dhyan rahata tha. sahity ki or use vishesh ruchi thi. nyay ka vah anany premi tha. usane vijnan aur darshan ki unnati ke lie bahut kuchh kiya. manav jati ke b de se b de upakari nareshoan mean anushiravaan ki ginati ki jati hai.

sasani kul ke 28 samratoan ne sanh‌ 226ee. se lekar 651 ee. tak-425 varsh-eeran ke oopar raj kiya. anushiravaan ke pashchath‌ nirbal aur nikamme samrath gaddi par baithe. sanh‌ 628 ee. mean samrath paravez ko katl karake usaka beta kabad chaturth gaddi par baitha. kabad aur yazdagird tisare ke bich, keval paanch varsh ki avadhi mean, ek ke bad ek 11 vyakti ek doosare ki hatya kar eeran ke takht par baithe. charoan taraph ashaanti chhaee huee thi. samrajy tuk de-tuk de hokar bikhar raha tha1 jise dekhoan vahi samrath banane ka ichchhuk tha. 16joon, sanh‌ 632 ee. ko yazdagird tisara gaddi par baitha. yah vah samay tha jab arab isalam ke jhande ke niche a kh da hua tha. muhammad sahab ki mrityu ke bad araboan aur eeraniyoan mean takkarean hueean. kee yuddhoan ke bad sanh‌ 642 ee. mean mehaband ki l daee mean eerani samrajy ki kismat ka phaisala ho gaya. samrath yazdagird jan bachakar bhaga. aant mean sanh‌ 651 ee. mean apane hi ek deshavasi ke hathoan yazdagird ki mrityu huee. samast eeran par araboan ka qabza ho gaya. klimeant huart ke shabdoan mean-samast eeran ne isalam dharm svikar kar liya, kiantu eeran ka hriday nahian badala. usaki veshabhoosha nahian badali, usake achar vichar, rahan-sahan, sanskriti aur bhasha mean koee parivartan nahian hua. tho de hi arase mean parajit eeran ne vijeta araboan ko apani sanskriti ka prashansak aur anuyayi bana liya.'

san. 650 tak araboan ne eerani samrajy ke balakh aur aksas pradeshoan par qabza kar liya. keval uttari midiya (tabaristan) ka ilaka agami sau varshoan tak samant ilaka bana raha. araboan ne rajakiy star par zaratushti dharm ke prati sahishnuta banae rakhi kiantu dhire-dhire zaratushti dharm ka eeran se lop ho gaya. hajaroan ki sankhya mean zaratushti dharmavalanbiyoan ne bharat ke pashchimi kinare par akar sharan li. eeran mean unaki bastiyaan ab bhi yazd ke nakhalistan mean paee jati haian. eeran ki adhikaansh janata ne isalam ke aantargat shiya mat ko svikar kar liya.

isake pashchath‌ rajanitik drishti se eeran ka itihas shatabdiyoan tak koee mahatv nahian rakhata. umaiya aur unake bad abbasi khaliphaoan ki hukoomat eeran par kayam rahi. bad ke abbasi khaliphaoan ki nirbalata ke jamane mean, 900 se 1229 ee. tak, eeran ke ek b de bhag par samani kul ka adhipaty kayam raha. samaniyoan ke shasan mean eerani sahity aur kala ki ashatit unnati ke lakshan dikhaee dete haian. 10vian shatabdi ke praranbh mean buvaihidoan ki hukoomat bhi eeran ke ek chhote se bhag par kayam huee kiantu gajanaviyoan ke age unhean sar jhukana p da. mahamood gajanavi ne eeran ke ek b de bhag par adhikar kar liya. mahamood ke hi shasanakal mean mahakavi phiradausi ne 'shahanama' namak apana amar mahakavy likha jisamean prachin eerani nareshoan ki kirti aur yash ka bakhan kiya gaya hai.

samaniyoan ke patan aur mangoloan ke eeran par adhipaty ke bich ke kal mean paanch ya chhah b de rajakul aur lagabhag 40 chhote-chhote rajakul eeran ke rajanitik rangamanch par avatarit hue aur tho di der chamak kar lupt ho ge. abbasi khalipha eeran ke namamatr ke adhiraj bane rahe. 13vian sadi ke uttarardh mean eeran par mangol saradar changez khaan ka shasan kayam hua. changez ki mrityu ke bad usaka mangol samrajy usake saradaroan mean bant gaya. usake ek saradar toole ya tulee ke hisse mean eeran ka rajy aya. tulee ke bad usaka beta hulakoo eeran ka vastavik samrath bana. hulakoo sanh‌ 1256ee. mean eeran ke takht par baitha. lagabhag 600 varsh ke bad eeran ka khandit rajy ek rashtriy ikaee bana. sanh‌ 1258 ee. mean hulakoo ne bagdaad par akraman karake abbasi khaliphaoan ki saltanat ka sada ke lie aant kar diya. hulakoo ke samay eeran ka samrajy phir ek bar unnati ki choti par pahuanch gaya. hulakoo ne jnan vijnan, kala kaushal, ganit aur jyotish ko kaphi protsahan diya. eeran mean mangol satta taimoor ki mrityu (1405 ee.) ke sath bikharane lagi. taimoor ke chauthe putr shaharukh ne, jo khurasan ka gavarnar tha, sanh‌ 1447 ee. tak eeran par apana adhipaty kayam rakha.

sanh‌ 1499 se 1736ee. tak safavi rajakul ki satta eeran par kayam rahi. is sare samay mean eeran ki turki ke sath kee l daiyaan huee. safavi nareshoan mean shah ismaeel aur usaka beta tatha uttaradhikari shah tahamasp kaphi yogy shasak sabit hue.

safavi khanadan ki samapti par eeran ke takht par sanh‌ 1736ee. mean nadir shah ka avataran hua. nadir shah ne sabase pahale turki par akraman kiya. pahale yuddh mean to vah parajit hua kiantu bad ke do yuddhoan mean usane turki ko poori tarah parajit kiya aur eeran ka vah sab bhag vapas le liya jisapar turki ne qabza kar liya tha. sanh‌ 1738 mean usane dilli par akraman ki taiyari ki. raste mean pahale usane kandhar par aur phir kabul par qabza kiya aur aant mean dilli par akraman kiya. dilli se lautakar nadir shah ne bukhara aur khib par adhipaty kiya. sanh‌ 1747 mean apani hatya se pahale nadir shah ne eeran ke rutabe ko phir ek bar ooancha kar diya.

nadir shah ki mrityu ke bad eeran grihayuddhoan aur ianglistan aur phraans ki sajishoan ka keandr ban gaya. sanh‌ 1909 mean eeran mean shah ke aantargat vaidhanik sarakar ki sthapana huee. 13 disanbar, sanh‌ 1925 ko eeran ki parlameanti majalis ne apane pradhan mantri razashah pahalavi ko eeran ka badashah ghoshit kiya. eeran ke registani ilake mean tel ka aantahin jakhira hai. usi tel ke lobh mean yoorop ki samrajyavadi shaktiyoan ne eeran ko apane prabhav mean jak d rakha hai. eerani deshabhakt is jak d se chhootane ke prayatnoan mean lage hue haian.

araboan ki eeran vijay se lekar ab tak eeran ki saanskritik atma bar-bar apani mahanata ka parichay deti rahi hai. poorvi eeran, visheshakar khurasan bauddh dharm ka shatabdiyoan tak keandr raha hai. tasavvuf athava isalami vedaant ke phool sabase pahale isi ilake mean khile. praranbh ke prasiddh soophi ibrahim azam, ahamad khajaviya, abooali shakik, hatam asam, yahiya bin maz, bayazid vistami aur aboobakr shibali sab khurasan ke hi rahanevale the. pharabi, ibn sina, aboo rehan, alaberooni jaise prasiddh vicharak aur darshanik sab usi ilake ke the. isi ilake mean toos ke rahanevale al gzaaili ne, jo islam ka sabase b da vidvanh‌ mana jata hai, tasavvuf ke oopar aganit vidvatapoorn pustakean likhian. isi pradesh mean abdul rahaman nooruddin jami, phariduddin attar aur abdul mazd sanaee hue jinaki adhyatmikata ki chhap sare eshiya par lagi. yahian santoan ke sarataj maulana jalaluddin roomi hue jinaki prasiddh pustak 'masanavi' sansar ke adhyatmik sahity mean apana vishesh sthan rakhati hai.

yah svabhavik tha ki eeran ka vahi hissa jo bharat ke dharmik vicharoan se otaprot tha isalam ke agaman ke bad eerani sanskriti ki bedari aur isalami tasavvuf ka sabase b da keandr sabit hua. balakh ka hi rahanevala khalid, jo balakh ke bauddh purohitoan ke khanadan ka tha, abbasi khaliphaoan ka 'baramiki vajir' bana. usane bahut si sanskrit pustakoan ka arabi mean anuvad karavaya. is tarah ham dekhate haian ki rajy parivartan aur dharmaparivartan ke bavajood eeran ne apani saanskritik ooanchaee ko kayam rakha.

eeran ke vartaman (1973) naresh muhammad raza pahalavi ne apane pita razashah pahalavi dvara sianhasan chho dane ke pashchath‌ 18 sitanbar, 1941 ee. ko rashtradhyaksh ke roop mean shapath grahan ki. kiantu rajatilak samaroh 26aktoobar, 1967 ee. ko sanpann hua. eeran naresh ne 21 disanbar, 1959 ee. ko ek varishth sainik adhikari ki putri pharah diba se vivah kiya. inase 31 aktoobar, 1960 ee. ko utpann pratham putr rajakumar raza pahalavi eeran ke vartaman yuvaraj haian.

eeran ke pradhan mantri d aau. massadaq ne 1951 ee. mean desh ke tel udyog ka rashtriyakaran kiya. sanh‌ 1954 mean eerani sarakar ki naishanal eeraniyan kanpani aur 17 aantarrashtriy tel kanpaniyoan ke sangh ke bich ek samajhauta hua jisake aantargat ukt kanpaniyoan ko tel ki kharid par vishesh chhoot dene ka pravadhan tha. eeran mean arthik yojanaean sanh‌ 1949 se praranbh ki geean aur in yojanaoan ke nirbadh kriyanvayan ke lie eeran naresh ne ek brihath‌ yojana ke aantargat sanh‌ 1963 ee. ke aranbh mean b di-b di jagiroan tatha bhoosanpattiyoan ka vitaran chhote kisanoan mean karana shuroo kar diya. isi varsh eeran mean striyoan ko matadan ka adhikar diya gaya, halaanki paranparavadiyoan ne prashasan ke is kadam ka k da virodh kiya aur isi se utpann kshobh ke karan janavari, 1965 ee. mean eeran ke tatkalin pradhan mantri shri mansoor ki hatya kar di gee. sanh‌ 1966ee. mean eeran kolanboan yojana ka sadasy ban gaya. shatt al arab sanbandhi adhikaroan aur tanb dvipasamooh par eerani kabje ko lekar irak se eeran ka manamutav yahaan tak badha ki irak ne 1971 ee. mean n keval eeran se rajanayik sanbandh vichchhed kar liya balki apane desh se 60,000 eeraniyoan ko bhi nishkashit kar diya. aktoobar, 1971 mean eeran ne dhoomadham se apani rajyasthapana ki 2,500vian jayanti manaee aur is avasar par parasipolis mean ayojit bhavy samarohoan mean 40 se adhik rashtradhyakshoan ne bhag liya.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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