उच्चारण

uchcharan kisi bhasha ke bolane ke dhang ko sadharanataya uchcharan kahate haian. bhashavijnan mean uchcharan ke shastriy adhyayan ko dhvanivijnan sanjna di jati hai. bhasha ke uchcharan ki or tabhi dhyan jata hai jab usamean koee asadharanata hoti hai, jaise (k) bachchoan ka hakalakar ya ashuddh bolana, (kh) videshi bhasha ko thik n bol sakana, (g) apani matribhasha ke prabhav ke karan sahityik bhasha ke bolane ki shaili ka prabhavit hona, adi.

uchcharan ke aantargat pradhanataya tin batean ati haian : (1) dhvaniyoan, visheshataya svaroan mean hhrasv dirgh ka bhed, (2) balatmak svaraghat, (3) gitatmak svaraghat. inhian ke aantar se kisi vyakti ya varg ke uchcharan mean aantar a jata hai. kabhi-kabhi dhvaniyoan ke uchcharanasthan mean bhi kuchh bhed pae jate haian.

uchcharan ke adhyayan ka vyavaharik upayog sadharanataya tin kshetroan mean kiya jata hai : (1) matribhasha athava videshi bhasha ke adhyayan adhyapan ke lie, (2) lipihin bhashaoan ko likhane ke nimitt varnamala nishchit karane ke lie, (3) bhinn-bhinn bhashaoan ke uchcharan ki visheshataoan ko samajhane tatha unaka tulanatmak adhyayan karane ke lie.

yadyapi sansar ki bhinn-bhinn bhashaoan ke uchcharan mean samanata ka aansh adhik paya jata hai, tathapi sath hi pratyek bhasha ke uchcharan mean kuchh visheshataean bhi milati haian, jaise bharatiy bhashaoan ki moordhany dhvaniyaan th thh‌ dh adi, pharasi arabi ki anek sangharshi dhvaniyaan jese kh gha z adi, hiandi ki boliyoan mean theth brajabhasha ke uchcharan mean ardhavivrit svar aian oan, bhojapuri mean shabdoan ke uchcharan mean aanty svaraghat.

bhashaoan ke bole janevale roop arthath‌ uchcharan ko lipichihnoan ke dvara likhit roop diya jata hai, tathapi is roop mean uchcharan ki samast visheshataoan ka samavesh nahian ho pata hai. varnamalaoan ka avishkar prachinakal mean kisi ek bhasha ko lipibaddh karane ke lie hua tha, kiantu aj pratyek varnamala anek sanbaddh athava asanbaddh bhashaoan ko likhane mean prayukt hone lagi hai jinamean anek prachin dhvaniyaan lupt aur navin dhvaniyaan vikasit ho gee haian. phir, pray: varnamalaoan mean hhrasv, dirgh, balatmak svaraghat, gitatmak svaraghat adi ko chihnit nahian kiya jata. is prakar bhashaoan ke likhit roop se unaki uchcharan sanbandhi samast visheshataoan par prakash nahian p data.

prachalit varnamalaoan ke uparyukt dosh ke parihar ke lie bhashavijnan ke granthoan mean roman lipi ke adhar par bani huee aantararashtriy dhvanyatmak lipi (iantaranaishanal fonetik skript) ka pray: prayog kiya jane laga hai. kiantu is lipi mean bhi uchcharan ki samast visheshataoan ka samavesh nahian ho saka hai. inaka adhyayan to bhasha ke 'tep rikard' ya 'liangvaphon' ki sahayata se hi sanbhav hota hai.

bhasha ke likhit roop ka prabhav kabhi-kabhi bhasha ke uchcharan par bhi p data hai, visheshataya aise varg ke uchcharan par jo bhasha ko likhit roop ke madhyam se sikhata hai; jaise hiandibhashi 'vah' ko pray: 'vo' bolate haian, yadyapi likhate 'vah' haian. likhit roop ke prabhav ke karan ahiandibhashi sada 'vah' bolate haian.

pratyek bhasha ke sanbandh mean adarsh uchcharan ki bhavana sada vartaman rahi hai. sadharanataya pratyek bhashapradesh ke pradhan rajanitik athava sahityik keandr ke shisht nagarik varg ka uchcharan adarsh mana jata hai. kiantu yah avashyak nahian hai ki isaka saphal anukaran nirantar ho sake. yahi karan hai ki pratyek bhasha ke uchcharan mean kam ya adhik matra mean anekaroopata rahati hi hai.

kisi bhasha ke uchcharan ka vaijnanik adhyayan karane ya karane ke lie dhvanivijnan ki janakari avashyak hai. prayogatmak dhvanivijnan ki sahayata se uchcharan ki visheshataoan ka atyant sookshm vishleshan sanbhav ho gaya hai. kiantu uchcharan ke is vaijnanik vishleshan ke kuchh hi aanshoan ka vyavaharik upayog sanbhav ho pata hai.

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