उत्तराखण्ड

40px
uttarakhand
200px|center
rajadhani	deharadoon
rajabhasha(ean)	hindi bhasha, kumaanooni bhasha, gadhavali bhasha, aangrezi bhasha
sthapana	9 navanbar, 2000
janasankhya	8,489,349
· ghanatv	158 /varg kimi
kshetraphal	53,484
bhaugolik nirdeshaank	30°20′N 78°04′E
zile	13
sabase b da nagar	deharadoon
mukhy aitihasik sthal	haridvar, nainital, gangotri, yamunotri, badrinath, kedaranath, rrishikesh
mukhy paryatan sthal	nainital, almo da, haridvar, masoori, rrishikesh
saksharata	72%
rajyapal	guramit sianh
mukhyamantri	pushkar sianh dhami
vidhanasabha sadasy	71
lokasabha kshetr	5
rajyasabha sadasy	3
bahari k diyaan	adhikarik vebasait
adyatan‎	15:33, 11 joon 2022 (IST)
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uttarakhand ya uttarakhand bharat ke uttar mean sthit ek rajy hai. 2000 aur 2006 ke bich yah uttaraanchal ke nam se jana jata tha, 9 navanbar 2000 ko uttarakhand bharat ganarajy ke 27 vean rajy ke roop mean astitv mean aya. rajy ka nirman kee varsh ke andolan ke pashchath hua. uttar pashchimi uttarapradesh ka parvatiy pradesh jisamean badarinath aur kedaranath ka kshetr sammilit hai. mukhy roop se gadhaval ka uttari bhag is pradesh ke aantargat hai. is prant mean vaidik sanskriti ke kuchh sabase mahattvapoorn tirthasthan haian. is rajy ki rajadhani deharadoon hai. uttarakhand apani bhaugolik sthita, jalavayu, naisargik, prakritik drishyoan evan sansadhanoan ki prachurata ke karan desh mean pramukh sthan rakhata hai. uttarakhand rajy tirth yatra aur paryatan ki drishti se vishesh mahattv rakhata hai. yahaan charoan dham badrinath, kedaranath, yamunotri aur gangotri haian. is char dham yatra marg par kee darshaniy sthal haian. panchaprayag ke nam se prasiddh paanch atyant pavitr sangam sthal yahian sthit hai. ye haian- vishnuprayag, nandaprayag, karnaprayag, rudraprayag v devaprayag. isake alava sikkhoan ke tirthasthal ke roop mean hemakund sahib bhi vishesh roop se mahattvapoorn hai. yahaan ki adhikaansh jhilean kumaooan kshetr mean haian jo ki pramukhatah bhoogarbhiy shaktiyoan ke dvara bhoomi ke dharatal mean parivartan ho jane ke parinamasvaroop nirmit huee haian.

itihas

pauranik itihas

prachin dharmagranthoan mean uttarakhand ka ullekh kedarakhand, manasakhand aur himavant ke roop mean milata hai. lokakatha ke anusar paandav yahaan par ae the aur vishv ke sabase b de mahakavyoan mahabharat v ramayan ki rachana yahian par huee thi. is kshetr vishesh ke bare mean bahut kuchh kaha jata hai, lekin prachin kal mean yahaan manav nivas ke praman milane ke bavajood is ilaqe ke itihas ke bare mean bahut kam janakari milati hai. [[chitr:A-Veiw-Of-Almora.jpg|thumb|250px|left|almo da ka ek drishy]] bharat ke itihas mean is kshetr ke bare mean sarasari taur par kuchh janakari milati hai. udaharan ke lie hindoo dharm ke punaruddharak adi shankarachary ke dvara himalay mean badrinath mandir ki sthapana ka ullekh ata hai. shankarachary dvara sthapit is mandir ko hindoo chautha aur akhiri math manate haian.

devabhoomi

yahaan par kushanoan, kuniandoan, kanishk, samudragupt, pauravoan, katyooriyoan, paloan, chandroan, panvaroan aur british shasakoan ne shasan kiya hai. isake pavitr tirthasthaloan ke karan ise devataoan ki dharati ‘devabhoomi’ kaha jata hai. uttarakhand ke parvatiy kshetr paryatakoan aur tirthayatriyoan ko nirmal prakritik drishy pradan karate haian. vartaman uttarakhand rajy 'agara aur avadh sanyukt praant' ka hissa tha. yah praant 1902 mean banaya gaya. sanh 1935 mean ise 'sanyukt praant' kaha jata tha. janavari 1950 mean 'sanyukt praant' ka nam 'uttar pradesh' ho gaya. 9 nanvabar, 2000 tak bharat ka 27vaan rajy banane se pahale tak uttarakhand uttar pradesh ka hi hissa bana raha.

svatantryottar itihas

svatantryottar bharat mean 1949 mean isaka ek bar phir ullekh milata hai, jab tihari gadhaval aur ramapur ke do svayatt rajyoan ko sanyukt prant mean milaya gaya. 1950 mean naya sanvidhan aangikar kiye jane ke sath hi sanyukt prant ka nam uttar pradesh rakha gaya aur yah ne bharatiy sangh ka sanvidhan-sammat rajy ban gaya. uttar pradesh ke gathan ke fauran bad hi is kshetr mean g dab di shuroo ho gee. yah mahasoos kiya gaya ki rajy ki bahut vishal janasankhya aur bhaugolik ayamoan ke karan lakhanoo mean baithi sarakar ke lie uttarakhand ke logoan ke hitoan ka dhyan rakhana asambhav hai. berozagari, garibi, peyajal aur upayukt adharabhoot dhaanche jaisi buniyadi suvidhaoan ke abhav aur kshetr ka vikas n hone ke karan uttarakhand ki janata ko andolan karana p da. shuruat mean andolan kuchh kamazor raha, lekin 1990 ke dashak mean yah zor pak d gaya aur 1994 ke muzaffaranagar mean isaki parinati charam par pahuanchi. uttarakhand ki sima se 20 kimi door uttar pradesh rajy ke muzaffanagar zile mean ramapur tirahe par sthit shahid smarak us andolan ka mook gavah hai, jahaan 2 aktoobar, 1994 ko lagabhag 40 andolanakari pulis ki goliyoan ke shikar hue the.

lagabhag ek dashak ke dirghakalik sangharsh ki parakashtha ke roop mean paha di kshetr ke samajik-saanskritik moolyoan ki pahachan aur behatar prashasan ke lie rajanitik svayattata hetu uttaraanchal rajy ka janm hua.

bhoogol

uttarakhand rajy ka kshetraphal 53,484 varg kimi aur janasankhya 8,479,562 (2001 ki janaganana ke anusar) hai. uttarakhand bharat ke uttar - madhy bhag mean sthit hai. yah poorvottar mean tibbat, pashchimottar mean himachal pradesh, dakshin - pashchim mean uttar pradesh aur dakshin - poorv mean nepal se ghira hai. uttarakhand ka kul bhaugolik kshetraphal 28° 43’ u. se 31°27’ u. aur rekhaansh 77°34’ poo. se 81°02’ poo ke bich mean 53,483 varg kimi hai, jisamean se 43,035 kimi parvatiy hai aur 7,448 kimi maidani hai, tatha 34,651 kimi bhoobhag vanachchhadit hai. rajy ka adhikaansh uttari bhag vrihadtar himalay shrriankhala ka bhag hai, jo ooanchi himalayi chotiyoan aur himanadiyoan se dhaka hua hai, jabaki nimn talahatiyaan saghan vanoan se dhaki huee haian jinaka pahale aangrez lak di vyapariyoan aur svatantrata ke bad van anubandhakoan dvara dohan kiya gaya. hal hi ke vanikaran ke prayasoan ke karan sthiti pratyavartan karane mean saphalata mili hai. himalay ke vishishth paristhitik tantr b di sankhya mean pashuoan - jaise bh dal, him teandua, teandua, aur bagh, pauandho, aur durlabh j di-bootiyoan ka ghar hai.

bhoomi

dekhean:bharat ek jhalak

telangana aandhr pradesh arunachal pradesh asam bihar chhattisagadh rashtriy rajadhani kshetr dilli gova gujarat hariyana himachal pradesh jammoo aur kashmir jharakhand karnatak keral madhy pradesh maharashtr manipur meghalay mizoram nagalaiand u disa panjab rajasthan sikkim tamilanadu tripura uttarakhand uttar pradesh pashchim bangal aandaman evan nikobar dvipasamooh chanh‍digadh dadara tatha nagar haveli daman aur div lakshadvip puducheri

yadyapi uttarakhand mean dhool bhare maidan jagah-jagah chhae hue haian, phir bhi yah kshetr khasa vanachchhadit aur atyadhik paha di hai. barf se dhaki chotiyaan, gahari khaiyaan, garajati jal dharaoan aur sundar jhiloan se yukt is kshetr ki bhoo-akriti atyant vividhatapoorn hai. ooanche paha doan ke himanad ganga aur yamuna nadi ke srot haian. sabase ooanche parvat shikharoan mean se kuchh uttaraanchal mean sthit haian, jaise -

• nanda devi 7,817 mitar
• badrinath 7,138 mitar
• satopanth 7,075 mitar
• trishool 7,120 mitar
• kedaranath 6,940 mitar
• kamet 7,756 mitar
• nilakanth 6,596 mitar

adhikaansh shikharoan ko hindoo matavalambi pavitr upasana sthaloan ke roop mean poojate haian. saanskritik aur rajanitik taur par uttarakhand gadhaval aur kumaooan ke roop mean do pramukh bhagoan mean banta hua hai, jisamean se pratyek ko tin bhoo-akritiyoan mean baanta ja sakata hai, jo pashchimottar se dakshin-pashchim ki or ek-doosare ke samanantar chalati haian.

1. uttari khand himadri ke nam se prasiddh hai aur yahaan zaskar parvatamala v 3,000 se 7,000 ki ooanchaee vala mukhy himalay hai. zyadatar uparokt chotiyaan isi bhookhand mean sthit haian.
2. himalay ke bad dakshin mean 2,000 se 3,000 mitar ki ooanchaee par himalay nam se prasiddh nimn himalay sthit hai. yahaan par ek rekha mean do parvat shrriankhalaean masoori aur nag tibba v paha di paryatan sthal masoori, nainital, naukuchiya tal, ranikhet aur bahut-si sundar jhilean, jaise nainital, bhimatal v satatal haian.
3. dakshinatam khand mean shivalik paha diyaan haian, jo 300 se 3,000 mitar ki ooanchaee vale taraee kshetr mean milati haian. shivalik ka dakshini sira sanrachanatmak avasadoan se bana hai, jise sthaniy taur par doon, deharadoon kahate haian.

apavah

uttarakhand rajy ganga jal pranali ki anek nadiyoan ke dvara sianchit hai. yadyapi ganga pranali uttarakhand mean kam hi prachalit hai. sudoor pashchimi nadi pranali tons aur yamuna se milakar banati hai. isake poorv mean ganga ki pramukh sahayak nadiyaan bhagirathi, mandakini, alakananda aur piandar haian. poorv mean aur age ramaganga v kosi nadiyaan bahati haian. dakshin - poorv mean bahane vali nadiyaan saraju, gauriganga aur dhauliganga haian. ghatiyaan barahamasi nadiyoan dvara nirmit gahare darroan se bani haian. in nadiyoan ko mukhy himalay aur zaskar shrriankhala se satat bahakar ane vali barf se pani milata hai. ye nadiyaan jalavidyut utpadan ka ek mahattvapoorn srot haian.

mrida

uttarakhand mean mitti ki vibhinn qismean paee jati haian aur sabhi mrida aparadan ke prati sanvedanashil haian. uttar mean kankarili (himanadoan ke sath bahakar aya kachara) se lekar 'kathor mitti' tak paee jati hai. age dakshin mean vanoan ki 'bhoori mitti' milati hai, jo pray: uthali, kankarili aur prachur jaivik avayavoan se yukt hoti hai. nimn himalay ki taraee aur shivalik paha diyoan par 'bhabar mitti' milati hai, jo adhikatar khuradari, 'baluee' se kankarili, atyadhik randhril aur mukhyat: banjar hai. sudoor dakshin-poorv mean milane vali taraee ki mitti ki sanrachana 'chikani', 'domat' aur 'mahin baloo' v khad ki kuchh matra se yukt hoti hai. yah mitti chaval aur ganne ki kheti ke lie upayukt hai.

nadiyaan

bharat ki do sabase mahattvapoorn nadiyaan ganga aur yamuna isi rajy mean janm letian haian, aur maidani kshetroan tak pahuanchate pahuanchate marg mean bahut se talaboan, jhiloan, himanadiyoan ki pighali barf se jal grahan karati haian. [[chitr:Haridwar.jpg|thumb|250px|left|ganga nadi, haridvar]]

van

uttarakhand, himalay shrriankhala ki dakshini dhalan par sthit hai, aur yahaan mausam aur vanaspati mean ooanchaee ke sath bahut parivartan hota hai, jahaan sabase ooanchaee par himanad se lekar nichale sthanoan par uposhnakatibandhiy van haian. sabase ooanche uthe sthal him aur pattharoan se dhake hue haian. unase niche, 5000 se 3000 mitar tak ghas bhoomi aur jha di bhoomi hai. samashitoshn shankudhari van, pashchim himalayi upalpain shankudhar van, vriksharekha se kuchh niche ugate haian. 3000 se 2600 mitar ki ooanchaee par samashitoshn pashchim himalayi chau di pattiyoan vale van haian jo 2600 se 1500 mitar ki uanchaee par haian. 1500 mitar se niche himalayi uposhnakatibandhiy pain van haian. uanche ganga ke maidanoan mean nam patajh di van haian aur sukhane vale taraee-duar savana aur ghasabhoomi uttar pradesh se lagati huee nichali bhoomi ko dhake hue hai. ise sthaniy kshetroan mean 'bhabhar' ke nam se jana jata hai. nichali bhoomi ke adhikaansh bhag ko kheti ke lie saf kar diya gaya hai.

rashtriy udyan

bharat ke nimnalikhit rashtriy udyan is rajy mean haian, jaise - jim korbet rashtriy park (bharat ka sabase purana rashtriy udyan) ramanagar, nainital zile mean, phooloan ki ghati rashtriy udyan aur nanda devi rashtriy udyan, chamoli zile mean haian aur dono milakar yoonesko vishv dharohar sthal haian, rajaji rashtriy udyan haridvar zile mean, aur goviand pashu vihar aur gangotri rashtriy udyan uttarakashi zile mean hai.

jalavayu

thumb|250px|auli, uttarakhand ushnakatibandhiy m aaunasooni visheshataoan vale uttarakhand ki jalavayu shitoshn hai. isaki visheshata mausam ke anusar tapaman parivartan hai. janavari sabase thanda mahina hota hai, jab tapaman uttar mean shoony se niche ki or dakshin-poorv mean lagabhag 5° se. ho jata hai. mee sabase garm mahina hota hai; phir bhi bharatiy upamahadvip ke paryatakoan ko akarshit karane ke lihaz se kam hi garm sabit hota hai. julaee dakshini-pashchimi m aaunasoon ka mahina hai. uttarakhand mean hone vali kul varsha ka do-tihaee bhag dakshin-pashchimi m aaunasoon se ata hai. halaanki any mahinoan mean bhi kuchh varsha ho jati hai. yah tho di bahut pashchimi vikshobh, sanvahaniy varsha ya parvatiy anukoolan, jo paha di kshetroan ki visheshata hai, ke dvara hoti hai. kisi bhi mausam ki varsha ki sthaniy pravritti ko thik-thik nahian samajha ja saka hai. phir bhi paha di dhalanoan ke sandarbh mean aisa havaoan ke karan varsha ki disha badalane se hota hai. poorv aur dakshin-pashchim ki tulana mean uttari kshetr ke madhy bhag mean zyada varsha hoti hai. joon se sitambar mah mean adhikaansh varsha hoti hai, jisake karan ghati ki talahati mean ane vali badh aur bar-bar hone vale bhooskhalan yahaan ki am samasyaean haian. rajy ke uttari bhag mean amooman disambar aur march mah mean himapat hota hai aur isaka varshik ausat 3 se 5 mitar rahata hai.

arthavyavastha

uttarakhand ki arthavyavastha mukhyatah krishi adharit hai aur rajy ki 10 pratishat janasankhya krishi karyoan mean lagi huee hai. uttarakhand khanijoan jaise choonapatthar, r aauk ph aausphet, dolomait, maignesait, k aaupar grephait, sop ston, jipsam ityadi ke mamale mean ek dhani rajy hai. 2003 ki audyogik niti ke karan yahaan nivesh karane vale niveshakoan ko kar rahat di gee hai. yahaan pooanji nivesh mean ullekhaniy vriddhi huee hai. [[chitr:Nani-Lake-Nanital-2.jpg|thumb|250px|left|naini jhil, nainital]]

sansadhan

uttarakhand arthik roop se desh ke sabase pichh de hue rajyoan mean se ek hai. mukhy roop se yah krishi par nirbhar rajy hai aur kamakaji janasankhya ka 4/5 se bhi adhik krishi kary mean sanlagn hai. rajy mean audyogikikaran ke lie mahattvapoorn khanij aur oorja sansadhanoan ki kami hai. khanij ke nam par keval silika aur choona patthar hi ullekhaniy matra mean milate haian. yahaan jipsam, maignesait, f aausforait aur b aauksait ke chhote bhandar haian. is paha di rajy ki barahamasi nadiyaan jalavidyut ka mahattvapoorn srot haian. lekin is oorja srot ki apar sambhavanaoan ko abhi bahut kam aanka gaya hai. jharanoan ka upayog karane vale chhote vidyut kendroan ke alava tihari baandh (bhagirathi nadi par nirmanadhin) jal shakti ko kam mean lane vali sabase b di pariyojanaoan mean se ek hai. vanoan ko bhi arthik sansadhan mana jata hai. jal shakti aur van sansadhanoan ke dohan ke prayas ko paryavaranavidoan ke virodh ka samana karana p da hai.

krishi

uttarakhand ki lagabhag 90 pratishat janasankhya krishi par hi nirbhar hai. rajy mean kul kheti yogy kshetr 7,84,117 hekteyar haian. rajy ke kul kshetraphal ke 12 pratishat bhag mean hi kheti hoti hai. gahari dhalanoan par sidhidar khet banane p date haian aur is kheti ki kuchh simaean haian. sianchaee ki vyavastha karana ek kathin kary hai. kisan is bat ki savadhani rakhate haian ki nichale star ki sianchaee ke lie sianchaee ka pani oopar satah par rahe. parinamasvaroop, krishi yogy bhoomi ka lagabhag 87 pratishat ek bar se adhik sianch liya jata hai. khadyann, anaj, dalahan (phaliyaan), tilahan aur sabziyaan am fasalean haian. anaj mean chaval sabase priy fasal hai, jisake bad gehooan ka sthan ata hai. vibhinn qism ka mota anaj shushk anuvati dhalanoan par ugaya jata hai. rajy ke dakshini bhag mean sthit taraee ke ilaqe mean, jahaan ki halki dhalanoan par traiktar ka upayog kiya ja sakata hai, ganna bahutayat mean ugaya jata hai. thumb|pushpavati nadi uttarakhand ki lagabhag 90 pratishat janasankhya krishi par hi nirbhar hai. rajy mean kul kheti yogy kshetr 7,84,117 hekteyar haian. rajy ki kul abadi ka 75 pratishat hissa gramin hai, jo apani ajivika ke liye paramparagat roop se krishi par nirbhar hai. azadi ke bad jab uttar pradesh jamiandari vinash evan bhoomi sudhar qanoon mean gram panchayatoan ko unaki sima ki banjar, parati, charagah, nadi, pokhar, talab adi shreni ki zaminoan ke prabandh v vitaran ka adhikar diya gaya to paha d ki gram panchayatoan ko is adhikar se vanchit karane ke liye sanh 1960 mean ‘kumaooan uttarakhand jamiandari vinash evan bhoomi sudhar qanoon ’ (kooja ekt) le aya gaya. yahi karan hai ki jahaan poore bharat mean gram panchayatoan ke andar bhoomi prabandh kameti ka pravadhan hai, paha d ki gram panchayatoan ko isase vanchit rakha gaya hai. isake bad sanh 1976 mean laye gaye vriksh sanrakshan qanoon ne paha d ke kisanoan ko apane khet mean ugaye gaye vriksh ke dohan se rok diya, jabaki paha d ka kisan vrikshoan ka vyavasayik upayog kar apani ajivika chala sakata tha.

phasal

uttarakhand ke 55.66 lakh hektear kshetraphal mean 34.66 hektear van kshetr hai. banjar bhoomi parvatiy kshetr mean 4.63 lakh hektear hai aur 35,338 hektear maidani kshetr mean hai. yahaan kharif ki phasal mean 7,22,755 hektear mean buaee ho rahi hai aur rabi ki phasal mean 4,61,820 hektear mean ho rahi hai. spasht hai ki rabi ki phasal mean 2,60,935 hektear bhoomi parati chho di gayi. parvatiy aur maidani donoan kshetroan mean sianchit bhoomi mean donoan phasalean ugaee jati haian, lekin parvatiy aanchaloan mean asianchit kshetr mean ek bar parati chho di jati hai. isako samajhane ke liye ‘sar’ shabd paribhashit karate haian. gaanv ke kshetr mean jo ek phasal bo di jati hai vo ‘sar’ kahi jati hai. jaise ‘manduve ki sar’ athava ‘dhan ki sar’. inako ageti aur pachheti sar ke roop mean jana jata hai. parvatiy aanchal mean do varshiy phasal chakr is prakar prabhavi hai ki ek sar ka dvivarshik phasal chakr diya ja raha hai. yah phasal chakr vartaman vaijnanik phasal chakr ke sabhi siddhantoan ki apoorti karata hai. [[chitr:Kempty-Falls-Mussoorie.jpg|thumb|left|kempati f aaul, masoori]]

dvivarshiy phasal chakr

kharif pratham rabi pratham dhan, madira mirch, gehooan, jau kauni, aloo (agetisar) masoor, til khariph dvitiy rabi dvitiy madua, bhatt,gahat, parati u dad, chaulaee (pachheti sar) yahi phasal chakr doosari sar mean dvitiy khariph se arambh kiya jata hai. jab is prakar ki paramparagat kheti arambh huee, tab ki paristhitiyaan isake anukool rahian. bhoomi paryapt thi aur janasankhya kam thi. is prachalan se kary vibhajan bhi hota hai. bhoomi urvara shakti bhi bani rahati hai. paha di kshetr mean barasat mean khet ki divarean tootati haian aur parati bhoomi mean ja doan mean in khetoan ki marammat ki jati hai. parati bhoomi mean loch paida hoti hai, bhoomi ki urvara shakti badhati hai. isake sath hi ja doan ki varsha se khet mean nami rahati hai aur phalgun ke mahine mean khetoan ki jutaee ki jati hai. khet mean nami bani rahati hai. chait ke mahine mean in khetoan mean dhan, kau di, bhangira, mirch, til adi bo diye jate haian aur garmi mean in khetoan mean krishi kary gu daee, danela adi kiye jate haian.

doosari sar

doosari sar mean gehooan adi ki phasal katane ke bad jutaee karane ke bad maduve ka bij bikher diya jata hai, jo vaishakh - jeth ke aandh d (mausam poorv) varsha se jam jata hai. isaki gu daee-niraee ke sath dalean bo di jati haian. is parati bhoomi mean ja doan bhar gaanv ke pashuoan ko khuli chhoot hoti hai, jisase udyanikaran, vanikaran, aushadhiy paudh utpadan mean badha utpann ho rahi hai, kyoanki pratyek varsh mean ek bar parati chho di jati hai. bhaugolik sthiti, jalavayu, buvaee adi ke anusar saroan ka namakaran kiya jata hai- agetisar, pachheti sar, taili sar, syedi sar, malli sar, talli sar, uparaooan sar, tala sar adi.

band sar

[[chitr:Badrinath-Temple.jpg|thumb|250px|badrinath mandir]] jab ek sar ki phasal katati hai to usamean pashuoan ko chho d diya jata hai, jise mukhasyar (mukt sar) ghoshit kiya jata hai. yah pratha sianchit, asianchit, talaooan, uparaooan, ageti, pachheti sabhi saroan mean lagoo hai, jisase pragatishil kisanoan ko is samasya se joojhana p data hai aur ve hatotsahit hokar rah jate haian. parati sar ke aanshik prayog mean bhi yahi badha hai. is samasya ka ekamatr hal vartaman mean yahi sujhaya ja sakata hai ki ‘band sar’ ka ek naya prayog kiya jaye, jisamean gaanv vale tay karean ki gaanv ki bhoomi ka ek hissa pashuoan ki khuli chhoot se pratibandhit kiya jay. isase kshetr mean udyanikaran, vanikaran, chara paudharopan, sabji utpadan, aushadhi ropan, krishi utpadan ke naye prayog kiye ja sakeange. kuchh pradhanoan ne aise udaharan prastut bhi kiye hai.

janmajat krishi

parvatiy aanchal ki krishi abhi tak vaijnanik kheti se kosoan door hai. jaivik kheti to yahaan ki janmajat krishi hai. ise bhi samajhane ki avashyakata hai. jis asianchit kheti ka ullekh kiya gaya hai, usake liye unnat bij, vaijnanik vidhi, unnat yantr, kit niyantran adi par krishi vaijnanik hath par hath dhare baithe haian. samachar sunakar tajjub hota hai ki parati bhoomi ka bhoomi parikshan kiya jayega, usake anusar karravaee hogi. asianchit kshetr ki sari bhoomi do sal mean ek bar parati rahati hai. bhoomi ka abantan saman roop se nahian hai. isaliye yah abhi sanbhav nahian hai. jangali janavar suar (barah), saul (syahi) ke dar se khariph ki phasal bhi parati ka roop lene lagi hai. krishak yah sochane ko majaboor hai ki phasal ugane se ghas ugana adhik labhakari hai. nee pidhi isase trast hai.

niyojan

uttarakhand ke parvatiy bhoobhag ke sabhi khetoan ke liye ek hi prakar ka niyojan sambhav nahian hai. pratyek ghati, parvatiy dhal ki bhoomi ki urvara shakti mean bhinnata hai. yahaan tak ki ek hi gaanv ke khetoan mean tak samanata nahian hai. chara paudharopan, phalotpadan, vanikaran, aushadhiy paudharopan, sabji utpadan, phooloan ki kheti, khadyann utpadan mean kaun sa kary kis kshetr ke liye adhik upayogi ho sakata hai. gaanv ke achchhe khet anaj utpadan ke liye niyat the. gaanv ke oopari hisse ke bhoomi bhavan goshala nirman ke liye niyat the.

bazarikaran

bazarikaran ki bhavana zor pak dane lagi hai aur achchhi talaooan bhoomi mean simeant aur kankrit ke bhavan kh de hone lage haian. s dak chaubat mean nivas banane lage haian. ann utpadan kshetr ka hras hone laga hai. uttarakhand ki krishi aj bhi pashu adharit hai, parantu pashupalan mean ruchi ghatane lagi hai. yah pravritti uttarakhand ke arthik patan ka karan banane ja raha hai. isake liye van vibhag bhi uttaradayi hai, kyoanki usane pashu chara paudhoan ke ropan ke prati tatasthata ka bhav paida kar diya hai. chau di patti ke vanoan ki kami ne jaivik khad (paramparagat khad) utpadan mean kathinaee paida kar di hai. chara baiank banane se samasya ka hal nahian hoga. chara paudharopan se chare ki kami door hogi. bhimal vriksharopan mean chara baiank ki sambhavana hai. bhimal ki pattiyoan ke vyaparikaran mean sarthakata hai. [[chitr:Sahastradhar-Dehradun.jpg|thumb|250px|left|sahastradhara, deharadoon]]

upay

asianchit kshetr mean utpadit ann, daloan, tilahanoan davaoan ki upalabdhata ke sath bemausami sabji utpadan, kitanashak vanikaran, phooloan ke utpadan se bhoomi ka sadupayog sambhav hai. sath hi durgam sthan ke utpad ki vipanan vyavastha sulabh hone se krishakoan mean utsah paida hoga aur svamev bhoomi ka sampoorn upayog hone lag jayega.

utpadan

madua, gahat, paha di aloo, bhatt, paha di gay ka doodh, ghi aur gaumootr adi paha di utpadoan ne bazar mean apana prabhutv jamana arambh kar diya hai. ab chunauti hai ki inake utpadan ko kis prakar age badhaya jaye.

pashupalan

pashupalan vyapak taur par prachalit hai. deyari udyog mean sahayak sarvadhik pashu dakshin ki taraee ke ilaqe mean milate haian. yadyapi maveshi har gaanv mean milate haian, phir bhi paha doan mean bakari aur bhe dapalan hi sarvadhik hota hai. mausam ke anusar phalane-phoolane vale ghas ke maidanoan ki talash rritu-pravas ka karan banati hai. yahaan gadhaval ke gaddiyoan jaise kuchh vishisht samuday haian, jo rritu-pravas ke liye jane jate haian. pashupalan se inake malikoan ko atirikt ay prapt hoti hai aur karigaroan ko atirikt kam milata hai. rajy bhar mean ooni vastroan aur savadhani se banaee gee cham de ki vastuoan ka utpadan hota hai.

vaniki

uttarakhand ke vanoan se nirman v eedhan ki lak di aur plaivud, kagaz v machis jaise anek audyogik utpadoan ke lie kachcha mal milata hai. prakritik roop se akar paee lak diyoan se bani hastashilp kritiyaan rajy mean vyapak taur par upalabdh haian. rajy sarakar ke dvara chalaye ja rahe pun: van lagane ke karyakramoan ko badhava mila hai. [[chitr:Kagyu-Institute-Dehradun.jpg|thumb|250px|kegyu sansthan, deharadoon]]

sianchaee aur bijali

rajy ki lagabhag kul 5,91,418 hekteyar krishi bhoomi mean sianchaee ki ja rahi haian. rajy mean panabijali utpadan ki bharapoor kshamata hai. yamuna, bhagirathi, bhilaangana, alakananda, mandakini, sarayoo, gauri, kosi aur kali nadiyoan par anek panabijali sanyantr lage hue haian, jinase bijali ka utpadan ho raha hai. rajy ke 15,667 gaanvoan mean se 14,447 gaanvoan mean bijali hai.

udyog aur khanij

uttarakhand mean choona patthar, rak phasphet, dolomait, maignesait, taanba, grephait, jipsam adi ke bhandar haian. rajy mean 25294 laghu audyogik ikaiyaan sthapit haian, jinamean lagabhag 63,599 logoan ko rozagar prapt hai. isake atirikt 20,000 karo d rupaye ke nivesh vale 1802 udyogoan mean 5 lakh logoan ko kary mila hua hai. is rajy ke adhikaansh udyog van sanpada par adharit haian. rajy mean kul 54,047 hastashilp udyog kriyashil haian.

audyogik vikas

uttarakhand ka audyogik vikas namamatr ko hi hua hai. kuchh audyogik ikaiyaan deharadoon ke pas sthit haian. choona patthar ki khadanoan ke vivekahin khanan se pradooshan ke star mean badhotari ke parinamasvaroop is ilaqe ki kee khadane band hone ke kagar par haian. rrishikesh mean davaiyoan ki ek b di faiktri hai. dakshini ziloan mean chini ki kee milean haian. uttarakhand mean bijali aur koyale ke utpadan ka koee mazaboot adhar nahian hai. neshanal pavar grid isaki maang poori karata hai. tihari vidyut pariyojana poori ho jane par uttarakhand ki vidyut utpadan ki sthiti mean vyapak sudhar hoga.

parivahan

sadakean

• uttarakhand mean pakki sadakoan ki kul lanbaee 21,490 kilomitar hai.
• lok nirman vibhag dvara nirmit s dakoan ki lanbaee 17,772 kimi, sthaniy nikayoan dvara banaee gee s dakoan ki lanbaee 3,925 ki.mi. haian.
• uttarakhand rajy ki vibhinn prakar ki s dakean lagabhag sabhi nagaroan ko jo dati haian.
• uttarakhand rajy se hokar koee rashtriy rajamarg nahian guzarata. uttar ke simant ilaqe s dakoan se ju de nahian haian.
• paha doan ke kachche raste hi mukhyat: gaanvoan ko nagaroan se jo date haian.
• zyadatar rajakiy rajamarg bharat ke any bhagoan se paryatakoan ko lane-le jane aur vibhinn vastuoan ki apoorti ke lie prayukt hote haian.

relave

[[chitr:Ram-Jhula-Bridge.jpg|thumb|ram jhoola, rrishikesh]] rel path uttar pradesh ke maidanoan ke vistar ke roop mean ghatiyoan ke oopar tak pae jate haian. inamean se koee bhi vistar rajy se aantarsabandhit nahian hai. uttarakhand ke pramukh relave steshan haian-

1. deharadoon
2. haridvar
3. roo daki
4. kotadvar
5. kashipur
6. haldvani
7. udhamasianh nagar
8. ramanagar
9. kathagodam
10. tanakapur

uddayan

deharadoon mean ek havaee adda hai. jauli graant (deharadoon) aur pantanagar (oodhamasianh nagar) mean havaee pattiyaan haian. naini-saini (pithauragadh), gauchar (chamoli) aur chinayalisaur (uttarakashi) mean havaee pattiyoan ko banane ka kary nirmanadhin hai. 'pavanahans li.' ne 'rudr prayag' se 'kedaranath' tak tirth yatriyoan ke lie helik aauptar ki seva shuroo ki hai.

shiksha

[[chitr:Forest-Research-Institute-Dehradun.jpg|thumb|250px|vany anusandhan sansthan, deharadoon]] uttarakhand rajy mean char vishvavidyalay aur anek sanbaddh mahavidyalay haian. masoori mean bharatiy prashasanik seva ka prashikshan keandr hai. 1950 ke dashak se skooloan ki sankhya mean apratyashit vriddhi huee aur vidyarthiyoan ne har star par dakhila liya, jisase 1991 ke 57.27 pratishat ki tulana mean 2001 ki janaganana ke anusar shiksha ka aank da badhakar 72.28 pratishat ho gaya. mahilaoan (60.26 pratishat) ki tulana mean purush (84.01 pratishat) adhik sakshar haian. prathamik vidyalay ke star par shiksha ka madhyam hindi hai. yahaan kee gair sarakari avasiy vidyalay haian. jahaan shiksha ka madhyam aangrezi hai. madhyamik shiksha ke vidyarthiyoan ke lie hindi aur aangrezi ki padhaee avashyak hai v vishvavidyalay shiksha ka madhyam amataur par aangrezi rahata hai. deharadoon mean sthit vishesh pathyakram vale sansthanoan mean f aaurest risarch ianstityoot, sarve aauf iandiya, iandiyan ianstityoot aauf rimot seansiang, vaild laif ianstityoot aauf iandiya, iandira gaandhi neshanal f aaurest ekedemi aur vadiya ianstityoot aauf himalayan jiy aaul aauji shamil haian. seantral bildiang ianstityoot roo daki mean sthit hai.

etihasik roop se yah mana jata hai ki uttarakhand vah bhoomi hai jahaan par shastroan aur vedoan ki rachana ki gee thi aur mahakavy, mahabharat likha gaya tha. rrishikesh ko vyapak roop se vishv ki yog rajadhani mana jata hai. uttarakhand mean bahut se shaikshanik sansthan haian. jaise-

• ru daki ka bharatiy praudyogiki sansthan (pahale ru daki vishvavidyalay)
• pantanagar ka govind ballabh pant krishi evan praudyogiki vishvavidyalay
• vany anusandhan sansthan, deharadoon
• deharadoon sthit bharatiy sainy akadami
• ikfaee vishvavidyalay
• bharatiy vaniki sansthan
• pau di sthit govind ballabh pant abhiyaantriki mahavidyalay
• dvarahat sthit kumaooan abhiyaantriki mahavidyalay.

sanskriti

uttarakhand rajy ke adhikaansh tyohar aur avakash hindoo panchaang par adharit haian. uttarakhand ke kuchh mahattvapoorn hindoo tyoharoan aur avakashoan mean buraee ke pratik ravan par ram ki vijay ke upalakshy mean manaya jane vala dashahara; dhan ki devi lakshmi ko samarpit dipavali; bhagavan shiv ki aradhana ka din shivaratri; rangoan ka tyohar holi aur bhagavan krishna ke janm ke upalakshy mean manaee jane vali janmashtami shamil haian. [[chitr:Aarti-Kumbh-Mela-Haridwar.jpg|thumb|250px|left|arati kuanbh mela, haridvar]] al-husain bin ali ka shahidi divas muharram; upavas (roze) rakhane ka mahina ramazan; aur dharm vaidhanik tyohar eed rajy mean manae jane vale musalamanoan ke kuchh pramukh tyoharoan mean se haian. buddh poornima, mahavir jayanti, guru nanak jayanti aur krisamas bauddhoan, jainoan, sikkhoan aur eesaeeyoan ke mahattvapoorn tyohar haian, lekin har jati-dharm ke logoan dvara manae jate haian. inake alava gaanv-vishesh mean manae jane vale chhote-chhote tyohar bhi haian. rajy mean har sal saik doan mele bhi lagate haian.

tyohar

• vishv prasiddh kuanbh mela/arddh kuanbh mela haridvar mean prati barahavean/chhathe varsh ke aantaral mean manaya jata hai.
• any pramukh mele/tyohar haian-

[[chitr:Lord-Shiva-Statue-Rishikesh.jpg|thumb|250px|shiv ki moorti, rrishikesh jo dinaank 17 joon 2013 ko uttarakhand mean aye bhari jalaplavan mean ganga mean sama gayi.]]

1. devidhura mela (champavat )
2. poornagiri mela (champavat)
3. nanda devi mela (almo da)
4. gauchar mela (chamoli)
5. vaishakhi (uttarakashi)
6. magh mela (uttarakashi)
7. uttarayani mela (bageshvar)
8. vishu mela (jaunasar bavar)
9. piran kaliyar (roo daki)
10. nanda devi raj jat yatra har barahavean varsh hoti hai.

paryatan sthal

• uttarakhand ke pramukh sthal haian-

[[chitr:Mindroling-Stupa.jpg|thumb|left|mindroliang stoop, deharadoon]]

• kedaranath mandir
• nainital
• gangotri
• yamunotri
• badrinath
• haridvar
• rrishikesh
• hemakund sahib
• nanakamatta
• kailash manasarovar ki yatra kumaooan kshetr se hokar hai.
• vishv prasiddh phooloan ki ghati, piandari glesiyar, roopakuand, dayara, bugyal, auli tatha masoori, deharadoon, chakarata, nainital, ranikhet, bageshvar, bhimatal, kausani aur laiansadaun jaise parvatiy sthal akarshan ke kendr haian.

tirthasthal

[[chitr:Kedarnath-Temple.jpg|thumb|250px|kedaranath mandir]] uttarakhand mean char pramukh tirthasthal haian-

1. yamunotri
2. gangotri
3. kedaranath
4. badrinath.

yamunotri mandir

yamunotri mandir gadhaval himalay ke pashchimi kshetr mean 3,235 mitar ki ooanchaee par sthit hai. yahaan ki isht devi yamuna ko hindoo granthoan mean vishesh mahatv diya gaya hai. inaki moorti kale sagamaramar se bani hai. yamuna nadi samip ke yamunotri himanad se nikalati hai. mandir mean gandhak ke sote ka talab bhi hai.

gangotri mandir

gangotri mandir 3,050 mitar ki ooanchaee par sundar devadar aur chi d ke pe doan se ghira hai. yahaan nadi mean adha dooba hua prakritik pashan shivaliang hai. purakathaoan ke anusar shiv ne yahian par baithakar devi ganga ko apani jataoan mean dharan kiya tha. bhagavan shiv ko samarpit kedaranath mandir 3,580 mitar ki ooanchaee par sthit hai. patthar ki sleti pattikaoan se bana yah mandir 1000 sal se bhi adhik purana mana jata hai. mandir mean mandap aur garbhagrih haian. garbhagrih mean shankvakar pashan akriti sthit hai. mandir ke dvar ke bahar nandi bail ki moorti sthapit hai.

badrinath

bhagavan vishnu ka ghar badrinath alakananda nadi ke kinare 3,130 mitar ki ooanchaee par sthit hai. jangali sarasaphal (badari) ke nam par is jagah ka nam badri p da. aisa kaha jata hai ki kale grenait se bani vishnu ki pratima ko adi shankarachary ne yahaan sthapit kiya tha. mandir ke samip hi gandhak ke garm pani ka sota hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

vithika

• chitr:View-of-Uttarkashi-2.jpg

  uttarakashi ka ek drishy

• chitr:Sunset-Ganga-Rishikesh.jpg

  ganga ka drishy, rrishikesh

• chitr:Devprayag-Bhagirathi-River.jpg

  alakananda aur bhagirathi ka sangam

• chitr:Mussoori.jpg

  masoori ka ek drishy

• chitr:Gangotri.jpg

  gangotri

• chitr:Swans-On-Bhimtal-Lake.jpg

  bhimatal jhil mean hans

• chitr:Bhagirathi-River-Gamukh.jpg

  bhagirathi nadi ke pas gomukh

• chitr:Devprayag-Ganga-Formation.jpg

  devaprayag mean ganga nadi

• chitr:Laxman-Jhula-Rishikesh-1.jpg

  lakshman jhoola, rrishikesh

• chitr:Nandaprayag.jpg

  nandaprayag

sanbandhit lekh

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