उभयचर

ubhayachar (aianfibiya) yah prishthavanshiy praniyoan ka ek bahut mahatvapoorn varg hai jo vargikaran ke anusar matsy aur sarisrip vargoan ke bich ki shreni mean ata hai. is varg ke kuchh jantu sada jal par tatha kuchh jal aur thal donoan par rahate haian. yah prishthavanshiyoan ka pratham varg hai, jisane jal ke bahar rahane ka prayas kiya tha. phalasvaroop nee paristhitiyoan ke anukool inaki rachana mean pradhanataya tin prakar ke aantar hue-(1) inaka sharirik dhaancha jal mean tairane ke atirikt thal par bhi rahane ke yogy hua. (2) klom dararoan ke sthan par pheph doan ka utpadan hua tatha raktaparivahan mean bhi sanbandhit parivartan hue. (3) jnaneandriyoan mean yathayogy parivartan hue, jisase ye prani jal tatha thal donoan paristhitiyoan ka jnan kar sakean. ubhayakar ke kuchh vishesh lakshan nimnalikhit haian : inaki tvacha par kisi prakar ka bahh‌y kankal, jaise shalk, bal ityadi nahian hote aur tvacha ardr hoti hai. minapakshoan ke sthan par do jo di pad hote haian. inamean do nasadvar hote hai, jo mukhaguha dvara pheph doan se sanbaddh rahate haian. hriday mean tin veshm hote haian. ye asamatapi jiv hote haian. inamean ek vishesh prakar ka madhyakarn paya jata hai jisase inhean vayudhvaniyoan ka jnan hota hai.

ubhayachar varg mean lagabhag 2,500 prakar ke vibhinn prani sammilit haian, jinako char gunoan mean vibhajit kiya jata hai : sapuchchha (k aaudeta); vipuchchha (seliyanshiya); apada (aipoda) aur avritashirsh (stigosipheliya).

saprichchha - isake aantargat nyoot tatha sailamaiandar ate haian. inaka sharir lanba aur sir tatha dh d ke atirikt pooanchh bhi hoti hai. bahudha agr tatha pashchapad lagabhag barabar hote haian. adhikatar jalaklom tatha klom dararean ajivan rahati haian, parantu kuchh mean ye vayask avastha mean lupt ho jati haian aur shvasan keval pheph doan dvara hi hota hai. ye prachin kal mean khati yug (kriteshas) tak pae ge haian. yadyapi inaka sadharan akar inake poorvajoan se milata julata hai, phir bhi inaki utpatti par adhik prakash abhi tak sanbhav nahian ho saka hai.

nekatyooras - yah ek prakar ka sapuchchha hai jisako pani ka kutta bhi kahate haian. yah lagabhag 12 ianch tak lanba hota hai aur amarika ki nadiyoan mean paya jata hai. isamean pheph de tatha tin chau di jalashvasanikaean paee jati haian tatha donoan hi sthayi roop se ajivan rahati haian. chhoti chhoti machhaliyaan, shankh tatha pani ke any ki de-mako de isaka mukhy ahar haian. isaki ek visheshata yah bhi hai ki mada pattharoan ke niche aande deti hai aur unaki dekhabhal svayan karati hai. protiyas bhi nekatayooras se milata-julata jiv hai jo yoorop mean pani ki gahari khaiyoan ityadi mean rahata hai. isi karan isaki tvacha mean rangoan ka abhav rahata hai. isaki aankhean tvacha se dhaki rahati haian.

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plav puchchh (nekatyooras)

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guhasarpika (protiyas)

sailamaiandaraean mean aianfiyooma ko chho dakar krishtobraiankas, eanbistoma, traitan aur plithodon ityadi mean praudh avastha mean kisi mean jalashvasanikaean nahian hoti haian. krishtobraikas lagabhag 2 phut lanba saande ke akar ka uttari amarika ki nadiyoan mean paya janevala jiv hai. any sailamaiandari ki apeksha isake sharir ki tvacha mean anek jhuriyaan-si hoti haian. poorvi chin tatha japan mean paee janevali isaki jati, megalobaitekas 4¾ phut se bhi lanbi hoti hai. eanbistoma uttari amarika ka ek sailamaiandar hai jo praudh avastha mean thal par hi rahata hai. isamean yah visheshata hai ki isake dianbh, jinako aiksl aauts kahate haian aur jinamean bahm jal shvasanikaean rahati haian, vayask avastha ke pahuanchane ke pahale hi laiangik roop se poornataya paripakv ho jate haian. praniyoan ke is prakar vayask avastha mean laiangik roop se paripakv hone ki kriya ko niyotani kahate haian. traitayooras, jisako sadharanataya nyoot bhi kahate haian, uttari amarika, yoorop aur poorvi eshiya mean milata hai. yah adhikatar sthal par hi rahata hai aur thaliy jivan ka itana adi ho jata hai ki kisi samay bhi jal mean nahian jata. isi karan isamean jalashvasanikaean tatha klom dararean nahian hotian aur isaka shvasan keval pheph doan dvara hi hota hai. kuchh mada nyoots ka rang jananakal mean bahut chatakila ho jata hai aur pith par ek lanbi shikhararoopi tvacha ki patti badh jati hai. aianfiyooma kaango ke daladaloan tatha dhan ke khetoan mean paya jata hai. yah lagabhag 3 phut tak lanba, eel machhali se milata julata pratit hota hai. isi karan vahaan ke nivasi isako kaango ki eel bhi kahate haian. parantu inamean galaph doan ke atirikt pheph de, jalashvasanika tatha pad vartaman rahate haian. keval plithodon, jo akar mean chhipakali ke saman 6 ianch lanba hota hai, sthaliy hone par bhi pheph da rahit hota hai. plithodon mean bahudha mada apane aandoan ki raksha karati hai. sapuchchha samooh ke kuchh jiv patale, lanbe tatha pashchapad athava palakarahit hote haian. inaki sairane kahate haian. ye madhy amarika ke gande talaboan tatha gaddhoan mean pae jate haian aur tin jo di jalashvasanikaoan dvara saans lete haian.

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ubhayat:shvasi (aianfiyama)

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nar saratika (traitayooras)

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mritsarpika (sairin)

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paipa medhak ki mada

vipuchchha puchchharahit ubhayachar haian. inake aantargat medhakoan tatha bhekoan (b de medhakoan) ki 1,700 se bhi adhik jatiyaan sammilit haian. inamean griva nahian hoti. agrapad chhote tatha pashchapad lanbe hote haian, jo inake tairane tatha chhalaang marane mean sahayak hote haian. is samooh ke kuchh prani keval jal ya thal aur kuchh donoan mean rahate haian; kuchh, jaise haila, pe doan par bhi pae jate haian. ve jo sada thal par rahate haian; aan de dene ke samay pani mean avashy chale jate hai. dianbh avastha mean pooanchh hoti hai jo vayask hone par lupt ho jati hai. puchchh-kasherukoan ke ju dane se ek puchchhadand banata hai, jo dh d ke pichhe ke bhag mean sthapit rahata hai. vipuchchhoan mean sansechan kriya keval nyoozilaiand ke saan d bhek (bul-phr aaug) ko chho dakar sharir ke bahar hi hoti hai aur inake bhroonavikas mean ek mahatvapoorn roopaantar hota hai.

puchchharahit ubhayachar duniya ke lagabhag pratyek bhag mean pae jate haian, parantu vah bahut garmi tatha sardi hone par mitti ke bhitar ghus jate haian aur tab inake sharir ki sari kriyaean shithil ho jati haian. jivan ke is vibhedan ko grishm ya shitanishkriyata kahate haian. ye jiv bahudha 2 se lekar 5 ianch tak lanbe hote haian, parantu pashchimi aphrika ka rana goliath namak bhek lagabhag 12 ianch tatha dakshini amarika ka saan d bhek 8ianch lanba hota hai. isake viparit kyooba desh ka pe d par rahanevala bhek (failobetis) keval 3/8ianch ka hi hota hai. kuchh vipuchchhoan ke aandoan ki raksha karane ke anek sadhan pae jate haian. yoorop ka nar ailitiz meandhake adoan ko apane pashchapad mean chipakakar idhar-udhar lie phirata hai tatha aphrika ke paipa ki mada aan doan ko apani pith ki tvacha par chhote-chhote gaddhoan mean rakhakar unaki raksha karati hai.

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ikathiyopis

apada - inako sisiliaans athava jimanophaiona bhi kahate haian. ye adhikatar ushn katibandh mean pae jate haian. ye padarahit, lagabhag ek phut lanbe, krimi roopi ubhayachar haian, jo bhoomi ke aandar biloan mean rahate haian. kadachith‌ in paristhitiyoan ke karan inamean padoan ke sath padamekhala ka bhi lop ho jata hai aur netr atyant chhote tatha karyahin ho jate haian. any ubhayacharoan se ye is bat mean bhinn hote haian ki inamean tvacha ke niche chhote-chhote shalk hote haian. pooanchh bahut chhoti tatha shvasan keval pheph doan dvara aur sansechan aantarik hota hai. ikathiyofis bharatavarsh mean tatha saifon aaups amarika mean pae jate haian aur aande dene ke upanrat unake charoan or lipatakar unaki raksha karate haian.

stigosifeliya - ubhayacharoan ki kuchh jatiyaan, jo aj se lakhoan varsh poorv paee jati thian parantu ab nahian milatian, is samuday mean sammilit haian. inaki visheshata yah hai ki inake kapal aur hanu bhi asthiyoan se dhake rahate the. kuchh prani, jaise dipalok aaulas, chhote sailamaiandaroan ke saman tatha iograinas 15 phut tak lanbe hote the. ye sada jal mean hi raha karate the. stigosifeliya ke adhyayan se pratit hota hai ki ubhayachar varg ki utpatti sanbhavat: kisi prachin matsyaroopi prani se huee hogi, jo pahale jal mean rahate rahe hoange. parantu khati yug mean jal ke jagah-jagah par sookh jane ke karan in praniyoan ko thal par chalane tatha vayu mean shvas lene ka prayas karana p da. phalasvaroop inamean anekanek sharirik parivartan hue aur ek ne varg ka aranbh hua.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

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sanbandhit lekh

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