उर्दू साहित्य

urdoo sahity urdoo bhasha ki rachanaean kahalati haian. ise farasi-arabi lipi mean likha jata hai. kuchh apavadoan ko chho dakar yah sahity musalaman lekhakoan dvara likha gaya, jinhoanne bharatiy upamahadvip ke jivan se apani vishay-vastu ko liya.

udgam

15vian shatabdi mean urdoo sahity ne dakkan mean shuruat ki aur yah tin shatabdiyoan tak phala-phoola. mugal shasakoan ne farasi lekhan ko protsahan diya. urdoo ko sabase pahale darabari sanrakshan dakshin bharat ke golakuanda (vartaman haidarabad) aur bijapur mean mila, isalie ise dakkhani kaha gaya. is bhasha mean maujood prachinatam kriti kadamarav padamarav ek kavyatmak vivaran hai, jise nizami (1421-1434) ne likha aur isake alava vajahi (mrityu-1631) dvara rachit sabaras (1655) roopak hai, jo unaki maut ke kafi bad mean prakashit huee.

vikas

urdoo sahity, dakkan (madhy bharat) mean golakuanda aur bijapur ke qutubashahi aur adilashahi rajaoan ke darabar aur usake asapas 16vian shatabdi mean vikasit hona shuroo hua. 17vian shatabdi ke uttarardh mean aurangabad urdoo sahityik gatividhiyoan ka keandr ban gaya. dilli v aurangabad ke bich sahityik evan abhijaty gatividhiyoan badhian aur aranbhik 18vian shatabdi mean vali aurangabadi ki pratibha ki zaroorat thi, jisase dilli v dakkan ke bich ka bhashaee aantar pata ja sake aur dilli ke shayaroan ko urdoo lekhan ko ganbhirata se lene ke lie razi kiya ja sake. 18vian shatabdi mean shayaroan ke dilli se lakhanoo jane ke karan lakhanoo urdoo kavy ka mahattvapoorn keandr ban gaya, halaanki dilli ne apana sthan banae rakha.

svarnim kal

18vian aur 19vian shatabdi ko shastriy urdoo sahity ka svarnim kal mana jata hai. is kal ke mahanh lekhakoan mean- mir taqi mir (mrityu- 1810), sauda (mrityu-1781), khvaja mir dard (mrityu-1784), iansha (mrityu-1817), mushafi (mrityu-1824), nasikh (mrityu-1838), atish (mrityu-1847), momin (mrityu-1852), zauk (mrityu-1854) aur galib (mrityu- 1869) shamil haian. sabhi varnanatmak aur kathatmak udeshyoan ke lie masanavi shaili ko pasand kiya jata tha, kyoanki isamean bahut svatantrata thi (keval pratyek sher ki paktiyoan ka qafiya milana chahie tha). dakkan mean sabhi pramukh shayaroan ne kam se kam ek lanbi masanavi likhi, lekin unaki boli se aparichay ke karan unhean utani prashansa nahian mili. at: adhik prasiddh masanaviyaan dilli v lakhanoo ke bad ke shayaroan, jaise mir, mir hasan, daya shankar nasim aur mirza zauq ne likhian. varnanatmak masanaviyoan ke vishay, dainik jivan ki ghatanaoan se badashahoan ki shikar yatraoan tak aur prakriti ki vibhinn rrituoan ke rangoan se atmakathatmak nibandhoan tak vistrit the. kathatmak masanaviyaan apekshakrit lanbi hoti haian aur unamean hazaroan sher hote haian. dakkan mean bahut se shayaroan ne farasi masanaviyoan ke sankshipt roopaantaran likhe, lekin bahut se any rachanakaroan ne mool rachanaean likhian, jinamean bharatiy aur sath hi farasi v arabi roomaniyat thi.
in masanaviyoan mean farasi v arabi kavitaoan se prerit nayakoan ke namoan ke alava baqi sab kuchh sthaniy tha, kudarati nazare, shahari jivan, juloos, paranparaean, riti-rivaj, samajik mooly aur pabandiya, yahaan tak ki logoan ke roop-rang bhi poori tarah bharatiy the, halaanki ve mukhyat: musalaman aur samanti the. apani lanbaee ke bavajood in rachanaoan ko bahut lokapriyata mili aur kam se kam uttari bharat mean inhean sarvajanik sthanoan par aksar usi tarah padha jata tha, jaise kathavachak kathaean sunate haian. masanavi shaili ka kuchh hiandi soofi kaviyoan ne bhi upayog kiya. ek any shaili marsiya hai, jisaka arth shokagit hai, lekin urdoo sahity mean amataur par isaka arth husain (muhammad ke pote) ke parivar v rishtedaroan ke kashtoan par shokagit aur iraq ke karbala mean unaki qurbani hai. ye shokagit aur any vilap git sarvajanik janasamooh mean padhe jate haian, khasakar muharram ke mahine mean. dakkan aur dilli mean bahut se marsie likhe ge, lekin yah lakhanoo tha, jahaan shiya muslim vishisht varg aur shahi sanrakshan mean marsie ko viragatha kavy ki gati aur vistar mila.

nazir akabarabadi

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

ek kavi aise bhi haian, jinhean unake sathi kaviyoan dvara shastriy farasi-arabi paranparaoan ko n manane vala kaha ja sakata hai. 18vian shatabdi ke uttarardh aur aranbhik 19vian shatabdi mean likhane vale nazir akabarabadi (mrityu-1830) ek aise behatarin shayar the, jinhoanne am aur sahityik bhasha mean chhoti nazmean (vibhinn shailiyoan mean) likhana chuna. unake vishay bhi aisi hi udarata pradarshit karate haian. unaki rachanaoan mean vibhinn vishayoan, jaise lokapriy tyoharoan, rrituoan, jivan ki nissarata, shrriangarik anand v amod-pramod, nachate bhaloo aur kanjoos vyapariyoan par kavitaean haian. unaki sookshm varnan ki maharat kisi bhi ghatana ko fauran jivant kar deti hai. apane samay ke abhijaty kaviyoan aur sahityik itihasakaroan dvara nazaraandaz kie ge nazir ko sarvashreshth shayaroan mean se ek ke roop mean samman v manyata milati chali gee hai.

mir anis evan mirza dabir

19vian sadi ke do mahanh rachanakar the, mir anis aur mirza dabir, jinhoanne milakar musadda (chhah panktiyoan ka chhand, jisamean 'a' aur 'b' qafiyoan tha) ko marsie ki shaili ke roop mean sthapit kiya aur isamean kee ne vishay v varnan jo de, isase yah shaili sadharan shol rachanaoan se kahian adhik vistrit huee. marsiya mean lakhanoo ke anis (mrityu-1874) aur dabir (mrityu-1871) ka koee sani nahian.

mirza galib

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

akhiri mugal badashah bahadur shah jafar ke samakalin galib ko shastriy rachanakaroan mean aantim aur shuruati adhunik rachanakaroan mean pahala mana jata hai. unaki rachanaoan ne adhunik pady ke manak gadhe, unake bad sar saiyad ahamad khaan (mrityu-1898), husain azad (mrityu-1910), hali (mrityu-1914) aur shibali (mrityu-1914) ae. 19vian sadi ke akhir mean tilism-e-hosharooba (1881-1917) jaisi vishal kathaoan ne chhoti gadyatmak kahaniyoan, jaise mir amman dvara likhit bago-bahar (1802) aur rajab ali beg suroor dvara likhit fasana-e-ajayab (1831) ko sthab diya. urdoo upanyas ki shuruat nazir ahamad (mrityu-1912), ratananath sarashar (mrityu-1902) aur muhammad hadi roosava (mrityu-1931) ki rachanaoan se huee. qasida aisi kavitaean thian, jo kisi udeshy se likhi jati thian, yah udeshy badashahoan aur kulinoan ki tarif se bhautik labh aur khuda, paiganbar muhammad ya any pavitr sastiyoan ki tarif se parabhautik labh tha. ye gunagan adhikatar khase lanbe haian aur atyadhik alankrit aur atishayoktipoorn haian, inamean shayar bahut se qafiyoan ka istemal, aur jahaan tak ho sake sanbaddh vishay-vastuoan ki khojakar apane kaushal ka pradarshan karane ki pratisparddha karate dikhate haian. apani shaili aur bhasha ke karan ve koshakaroan ke lie vishesh mahattv ke haian. dakkan mean likhe ge qasidoan par adhik shodh nahian hua hai, lekin uttari bharat mean bahut se kaviyoan ko is shaili mean unaki upalabdhiyoan ke lie samman prapt hai. 18vian sadi mean sauda aur iansha, 19vian sadi mean zauk aur galib inamean shamil haian. hajoo (vyaktigat ya kativaean) utani hi lanbi, lekin kam alankrit aur adhik shikshaprad haian. ve 18vian se madhy 19vian sadi ke bich ke kal ki naitikata par upayogi janakari deti haian aur tatkalin samaj ki samasyaoan ka spasht chitran karati haian. ye rachanaean kisi vishesh mitar ya chhand pranali tak simit nahian hai. is shaili ke ek prasiddh rachanakar sauda haian.

adhunik kal

vastav mean urdoo gady 19vian sadi ke dilli k aaulej v kalakatta ke fort viliyam k aaulej mean farasi dastanoan ke anuvad aur bad mean aligadh aandolan ke lekhakoan ke sath shuroo hua. adhunik urdoo upanyas ki shurooat premachand (mrityu-1936) se huee, jinake 'godan' ko shastriy rachana mana jata hai. any prasiddh adhunik galp lekhan mean sadat hasan manto (mrityu-1955) ki 'ladyu kathaean', kurratulain haidar ka upanyas 'ag ka dariya' (1960), abdulla husain ka 'udas nasalin' (1963) rajiandar sianh bedi ka 'ek chadar maili si' (1962) aur iantizar husain ka 'basti' (1979) shamil haian. allama iqabal (mrityu-1838?) ko 20vian shatabdi ke shreshthatam urdoo shayaroan mean se ek mana jata hai. any mashahoor sahityik hastiyoan mean en.em. rashid (mrityu-1982), miraji (mrityu-1949) josh malihabadi (mrityu-1982), firaq gorakhapuri (mrityu-1982), faiz ahamad faiz (mrityu-1984), makhdoom muhiuddin (mrityu-1969) aur akhtar-ul-eeman (1996) shamil haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

• pustak- bharat jnanakosh khand-1 | prishth sankhya- 240| prakashak- ensaklopidiya britainika, nee dilli