ऊतक विज्ञान
ootak vijnan ya ootiki (Histology) ki paribhasha dete hue storar ne likha hai : ootak vijnan ya sookshm sharir (microscopic anatomy) aangoan ke bhitar ootakoan ki sanrachana tatha unake vinyas (arrangement) ke adhyayan ko kahate haian. aangareji ka histol aauji shabd yoonani bhasha ke shabd histosh (histos) tatha l aaujiya (logia) se milakar bana hai, jinaka arth hota hai ootakoan (tissues) ka adhyayan. at: ootak vijnan vah vijnan hai, jisake aantargat ootakoan ki sookshm sanrachana tatha unaki vyavastha athava vinyas ka adhyayan kiya jata hai. 'ootak' shabd phraansisi bhasha ke shabd tishoo (tissu) se nikala hai, jisaka arth hota hai sanrachana ya banavat (texture). is shabd ka prayog sarvapratham phraansisi sharir vaijnanik (anatomist) bishait (Bichat) ne 18vian shatabdi ke aant mean sharir ya sharir-rachana vijnan ke prasang mean kiya tha. unhoanne apani pustak mean lagabhag bi prakar ke ootakoan ka ullekh kiya hai. kiantu, ajakal keval char prakar ke mukhy ootakoan (dr. ootak) ko manyata prapt hai, jinake nam haian : ipithiliyami (epithelial), sanyojak (connective), peshiy (musclar) aur tantrikiy ootak (nervous tissues).
adikal se hi manushy pashu - pakshiyoan aur pe d-paudhoan ko unaki akriti tatha akar ke dvara pahachanata raha hai. vijnan ke vikas ke sath vanaspatiyoan tatha jantuoan ke sharir ke bhitar ki sanrachana janane ki bhi jijnasa utpann hoti gee. isi jijnasa ke phalasvaroop shalyakriya (surgery) ka vikas hua. chikitsa tatha jivavaijnanikoan ne pashu aur vanaspatiyoan ki chirapha d karake unake aang ki sanrachanaoan-aang pratayangoan-ka adhyayan aranbh kiya. isi adhyayan ke phalasvaroop sanpoorn sharir (gross anatomy) ki utpatti huee. isi ke sath jab sookshmadarshi yantroan (microscopes) ka vikas hua to jatil aantarik sanrachanaean bhi spasht hoti gee. is sookshmadarshiy yaantrik adhyayan ko bhautiki ki sanjna pradan ki gee. at: bloom tatha ph aauset ke shabdoan mean 'ootiki ya sookshmadarshi sharir ke aantargat sharir ki vah aantarik sanrachana ati hai jo nangi aankhoan se nahian dikhalaee deti.
samast sajiv praniyoan ki sanrachanatmak tatha kriyatmak (functional) ikaee koshika (cell) hoti hai. isi koshika ke adhyayan ko koshika vijnan (cytology) kaha jata hai. koshikaoan ke puanjoan (groups) se ootakoan aur ootakoan se aangoan ki rachana hoti haian. ootakoan ki sanrachana ka adhyayan karanevale vijnan ko autiki tatha aangoan ki sanrachana ka adhyayan karanevale vijnan ko sharir kahate haian. ootiki tatha koshika vijnan ke adhyayanoan ke karan sharir ke durbhedy rahasyoan ka bhedan hota gaya. in donoan ke sanmilit adhyayan se ootiki-rog-vijnan (histopathology) ka vikas hua.
sanh 1932 mean n aaul evan raska ne ilektran maikr aauskop ka avishkar kiya, jisase koshikaoan tatha ootakoan ki jatilatam sanrachanaoan ka spashtikaran hua. isi ke sath sath sharirakriyavijnan (physiology) ka bhi vikas hota gaya aur ne ne rahasyoan ka niravaran sanbhav hua. is prakar in tinoan vijnanoan ke sammilit prayas se jivavaijnanik kshetr mean abhootapoorv kraanti aee hai. ootiki aur koshikavijnan mukhy roop se sookshm sanrachanaoan ke akarakiy svaroop ko spasht karate haian. kiantu jab se enilin ranjakoan (aniline dyes) ka anveshan hua tab se koshikaoan ki jatil sanrachanaoan ka bhi jnan prapt hone laga hai. aj saiank doan prakar ke ranjakoan ka prayog karake sookshm se sookshm sanrachanaoan par prakash dala ja raha hai. is prakar, ootiki ke kshetr mean ab rasayanavijnan ka bhi pravesh ho gaya hai. bhaanti bhaanti ke sthayikaroan (fixatives) ke prayog se ranjakoan ki rasayanik pratikriyaoan ka samuchit jnan prapt ho raha hai. jivadravy (protoplasm), koshika dravy (cytoplasm) tatha unamean aur koshikaoan ke anek aangakoan (organelles) ki rasayanik sanrachanaoan ka jnan ab sarvasadharan ke lie sulabh hai. ye aangak kis prakar visheshikrit kary sanpadit karate haian, yah ab ajnat nahian rah gaya. sookshm sanrachanaoan (microscopic structure) ki rasayanik prakriti ke adhyayan ko ootikirasayan (histochemistry) ya koshikarasayan (cytochemistry) kaha jata hai aur ab ootiki tatha ootikirasayan ka ek sath adhyayan kiya jata hai.
helen din ke matanusar is prakar ki adhyayanavidhiyoan ki tin pramukh kotiyaan haian: (1) ootakoan ke aantarik rasayanik padartho ki, unake varn ki pariksha (colour test) ki pratikriyaoan aur unaki prakashik visheshataoan (optic characters) ki prishthabhoomi mean pahachan (identification). ye vidhiyaan samanyataya gunatmak (qualitative) hi hoti haian, sankhyatmak (quantitative) nahian. isaka karan yah hai ki in vidhiyoan se rasayanik padarthoan ke vistar (distribution) ka hi pata chalata hai, unaki saandrata (concentration) kitani hai, isaka jnat nahian ho pata. (2) liangarastrom tatha laiang dvara vikasit anasthayikrit (undixed) tatha alagn vichchhedoan (frozen sections) ki jaivarasayanik kriyaoan (biological activities) ki map is vidhi ki doosari visheshata hai. (3) aant mean, is vidhi dvara yah pata lagaya jata hai ki koshikaoan ke ekal ghatakoan (isolated constituents) ki kya pratikriyaean hoti haian. is vidhi ko bensle ne vikasit kiya tha. isake aantargat koshikaoan ke keandrakoan (nuclei), maitok aaundriya (mitochondria) sravi kanikaoan (secietory granules) adi ko prithak karake unaki rasayanik tatha eanjaimi (enzymatically) parikshaean ki jati haian.
beli ki ootiki vishay par likhi pustak mean ootak vijnan ke sath hi koshika vaijnanik adhyayan par bhi bal diya gaya hai. beli ke matanusar, chooanki ootak-vijnan sanrachana sanbandhi adhyayan (structural science) hai aur vichchhedan (disection) dvara prapt sharirarachana sanbandhi jnan ki poorti karata hai, at: isake sharir-kriya-vijnan (physiology) tatha rogavijnan (pathology) se ghanishth sanbandh par bhi bal dena avashyak hai. (beliz tekst buk aauv histol aauji, sanshodhak vilfed em. kopenahavar evan dorothi di. j aaunasan, viliyams aiand vilkins kan. baltimor, 14vian avritti, 1958). inake matanusar bhi ootak vijnan ka adhar koshikasharir (cell anatomy) athava koshikavijnan (cytology) hi hai.
uparyukt vivaran se yah prakat hota hai ki koshikavijnan tatha ootakavijnan ka ek sath adhyayan kiya jana chahie. chooanki koshikaean atisookshm sanrachanaean hoti haian, at: ham ootak vijnan ko sookshmasharir (microscopic anatomy) ka hi paryay manakar ootiki ka adhyayan kareange. chooanki ootak koshikaoan dvara hi bane hote haian, at: ootiki ka adhyayan ham koshikaoan ke hi madhyam se kareange.
ootikiy vidhiyaan - ootakoan ke samyakh adhyayan ke lie yah avashyak hai ki sookshmadarshak yantr tak unhean lane ke poorv unako vishesh paddhatiyoan dvara upachar (treatment) kiya jae. ootak ka sookshm adhyayan karane ke lie yah anivary hai ki vah ati patala ho. jivit ootak ke vibhinn bhagoan mean bahut samanataean paee jati haian. at: usaka thik thik adhyayan sanbhav nahian hota. in kathinaiyoan ko door karane ke lie sarvapratham ootak ko 4 se 8 maikr aaun tak vichchhedit kar liya jata hai. is kary ke lie 'maikrotom' yantr ka prayog kiya jata hai. jivit ootak ka itana sookshm vichchhed tab tak sanbhav nahian hota, jab tak vah k da n ho. at: ootak ko k da karane ke lie use vishesh prakar ke rasayanoan ke ghol mean sthayikrit (fix) kiya jata hai. sthayikaran ke uparaant is ootak ko alakohaloan ke vibhinn gholoan, abhiranjakoan (stains) tatha any rasayanoan mean upachar (treat) karake nirjal kar liya jata hai. aant mean ise vishesh tap par pahale se hi galakar taiyar rakha jata hai, dal diya jata hai. kuchh samay bad mom ke sath hi ootak ke tuk doan ko chaturbhujakar (rectangular) saanche mean dal diya jata hai. jab mom jamakar k da ho jata hai, to usake chhote chhote tuk de kat lie jate haian. aant mean in tuk doan ko maikrotom ke vishesh bhag mean jamakar usamean ek ati dharadar chakoo (razor) se vishesh motaee ke anek sekshan kat lie jate haian. in sekshanoan ko kaanch ki pattiyoan par rakhakar adhyayan ke lie rakh liya jata hai. kaanch ki pattiyoan ko hitiang plet par rakhakar unaka mom gala liya jata hai aur ootak ka sekshan kaanch ki patti par jam jata hai. in sekshanoan se ladi kaanch ki pattiyoan ko vishesh rasayanoan tatha alkohal ke gholoan mean nirjal kar liya jata hai. phir ise dailin ya sedar ud ayal mean bhigo diya jata hai. ab yah sekshan sookshm adhyayan ke lie taiyar ho gaya.
in sekshanoan ke sookshm adhyayan ke lie bhaanti-bhaanti ke maikr aauskopoan (jaise, fez kantrast, ilektr aaun adi) ka prayog kiya jata hai. ajakal ootakoan ka adhyayan karane ke lie is prakar ke maikr aauskopoan ka atyadhik prayog hone laga hai. is sookshm adhyayan ke lie ootikirasayan (histochemestry) aur vikiran svachitran (radioau ography) vidhiyoan ka prayog kiya jane laga hai.
ootikirasayan ke aantargat ootakoan ke vibhinn bhagoan ki rasayanik sanrachana ka adhyayan hota hai. vikiran svachitran vidhi mean jivit jatu ke vishesh ootak mean vishesh prakar ke rediyoaisotopoan ka pravesh karaya jata hai. is prakar se upacharikrit ootakoan ko jantusharir se bahar nikalakar sekshan bana lie jate haian. in sekshanoan ko dark room mean le jakar photographi ke vishesh rasayanoan dvara anulepit kar lete haian, ya philm ke niche rakhakar majabooti se baandh dete haian. kuchh samay bad inhean aandhere kaksh (dark room) se bahar nikalakar sthayikrit kar liya jata hai. tatpashchath inhean prakash mean lakar inaka adhyayan kiya jata hai.
ootakoan ka adhyayan unaki sookshm sanrachana ka jnan prapt karane ke lie kiya jata hai. at: ootaki ki sanrachana ka sankshipt ullekh avashyak hai.
ootakoan ki sanrachana (structure of tissues)-ootakoan ki sanrachana mean tin prakar ke mukhy ghatak dikhalaee dete haian : koshikaean, maitriks tatha taral dravy.
(1) koshikaean (cell) -ootakoan ki ikaee koshika hoti hai. koshikaean sajiv hoti haian tatha ve sabhi kary karati haian, jinhean sajiv prani karate haian. inaka akar atisookshm tatha akriti golakar, aandakar, stanbhakar, romakayukt, kashabhikayukt, bahubhujiy adi prakar ki hoti hai. ye jeli jaisi ek vastu dvara avritt hoti haian. is avaran ko koshikavaran (cell membrane) ya koshika-jhilli kahate haian. ise kabhi-kabhi jiv-dravy-kala (plasma membrane) bhi kaha jata hai. isake bhitar nimnalikhit sanrachanaean paee jati haian:-
(1) keandrak evan keandrika
(2) jivadravy
(3) golgi sammishr ya yantr
(4) kanabh sootr
(5) aantarpradravy dalika
(6) pithhrayasootr evan jin
(7) ribosom tatha sentrosom
(8) lavak
(1) keandrak (nucleus)-ek koshika mean samanyataya ek hi keandrak hota hai, kiantu kabhi-kabhi ek se adhik keandrak bhi pae jate haian. koshika ke samast karyoan ka yah sanchalan keandr hota hai. jab koshika vibhajit hoti hai to isaka bhi vibhajan ho jata hai. keandrak koshika ke bhitar ek taral padarth koshikadravy (cytoplasm) mean pray: tairata rahata hai. isaka yadyapi koee nishchit sthan nahian hota, tathapi yah adhikatar lagabhag madhyabhag mean hi sthit hota hai. kuchh koshikaoan mean isaki sthiti adhariy (basal) aur kuchh mean simaantiy (peripheral) bhi hoti hai. keandrak ki akriti golakar, vartulakar ya aandakar hoti hai. tathapi, kabhi-kabhi yah belanakar, dirghavrittakar, sapat, shakhanvit, nashapati jaisa, bhalakar adi svaroopoan ka bhi ho sakata hai. isake bhitar keandrakaras (nuclear sap) keandrika (nucleolus) tatha pithhrayasootr (chromosomes) pae jate haian. keandrak ke avaran ko keandrakakala (nuclear membrance or nucleolemma) kahate haian.
keandrika (Nucleolus)-pratyek keandrak mean ek ya adhik keandrikaean paee jati haian. koshikavibhajan ki kuchh vishesh avastha mean keandrika lupt ho jati, kiantu bad mean pun: prakat ho jati hai. keandrika ke bhitar ribonyookliik aml (ritioncleric acid or RNA) tatha kuchh vishesh prakar ke eanzaim adhik matra mean pae jate haian. keandrika sootran (mitosis) ya sootrivibhajan mean mahatvapoorn bhoomika ada karate haian.
(2) jivadravy (protoplasm)-yah ek gadha taral padarth hota hai jo sthanavishesh par vishesh namoan dvara jana jata hai; jaise, dravyakala (plasma membrane) tatha keandrak ke madhyavarti sthan mean pae janevale jivadravy ko koshikadravy (cyt plasm) aur keandrak jhilli (nuclear membrane) ke bhitar pae janevale jivadravy ko keandrak dravy (nucleoplasm) kahate haian. koshika ka yah bhag atyant chaitany aur koshika ki samast jaiviy prakriyaoan ka keandr hota hai. ise isilie 'sajiv' (living) kaha jata hai. jivavaijnanik ise 'jivan ka bhautik adhar' (physcial basis of life) nam se sanbodhit karate haian. adhunik jivavaijnanikoan ne jivadravy ka rasayanik vishleshan karake yah to pata laga liya hai ki usaka nirman kin-kin ghatakoan dvara hua hai, kiantu aj tak kisi bhi vaijnanik ko usamean (jivadravy) pran ka sanchar karane mean saphalata hath nahian lagi hai. aisa hai yah prakriti ka rahasyamay padarth.
jivadravy ka nirman karban, haidrojan, aauksijan tatha anek karbanik (organic) tatha akarbanik (inorganic) padartho dvara hua hota hai. isamean jal ki matra lagabhag 80% protin 15% ,vasaean 3% tatha karbohaidret 1% aur akarbanik lavan ki 1 hoti hai. jivadravyoan ke kee prakar hote haian, jaise kolaid (colloid), kanabh (granular), tantumay (fibrillar), jalidar (reticular), koopikakar (alveolar), adi.
(3) golgi sammishr ya yantr (Golgi complex or apparatus)-is aang ka yah nam isake avishkarak, kaimilo golgi, ke nam par p da hai, jinhoanne 1898 mean sarvapratham isaki khoj ki. yah aang sadharanataya keandrak ke samip, akele ya samoohoan mean paya jata hai. isaki rachana tin tatvoan (elements) ya ghatakoan (components) dvara huee hoti hai : sapat kosh (flattened sacs), b di b di riktikaean (large vacueles) tatha ashay (vesicles). yah ek prakar ke jal (network) jaisa dikhalaee deta hai. inaka mukhy kary koshikiy sravan (cellular secretion) aur protinoan, vasaoan tatha katipay kinvoan (enzymes) ka bhadaran karana (storage) hai.
(4) kanabhasootr (Mitochondria)-ye kanikaoan (granules) ya shalakaoan (rods) ki akritivale hote haian. ye aangak (organelle) koshikadravy (cytoplasm) mean sthit hote haian. inaki sankhya vibhinn jantuoan mean paanch lakh tak ho sakati hai. inaka akar 1/2 maikr aaun se lekar 2 maikr aaun ke bich hota hai. viral udaharanoan (rare cases) mean inaki lanbaee 40 maikr aaun tak ho sakati hai. inake anek kary batalae ge haian, jo inaki akriti par nirbhar karate haian. tathapi inaka mukhy kary koshikiy shvasan (cellular respiration) batalaya jata hai. inhean koshika ka 'pavar plaant' (power plant) kaha jata hai, kyoanki inase avashyak oorja (energy) ki apoorti hoti rahati hai.
(5) aantarpradravy jalika (fndoplasmic reticulum)-yah jalika koshikadravy (cytoplasm) mean ashayoan (vesicles) aur nalikaoan (tubules) ke roop mean phaili rahati hai. isaki sthiti samanyataya keandrakiy jhilli (nuclear membrane) tatha dravyakala (plasma membrane) ke bich hoti hai, kiantu yah akasar sanpoorn koshika mean phaili rahati hai. yah jalika do prakar ki hoti hai : chikani satahavali (smooth surfaced) aur khuraduri satahavali (rough surfaced). isaki satah khuraduri isalie hoti hai ki isapar ribosom (ribosomes) ke kan bikhare rahate haian. isake anake kary batalae ge haian, jaise yaantrik adharan (mechanical support), dravyoan ka pratyavartan (exchange of materials), aant: koshikiy abhigaman (intracellular transport), proton sanshleshan (protein synthesis) ityadi.
(6) pityasootr (chromosomes)–yah shabd krom (chrom) tatha sama (soma) shabdoan se milakar bana hai, jisaka arth hota hai : rangin piand (colour bodies). pithhrayasootr keandrakoan ke bhitar jo doan (pairs) mean pae jate haian aur koshikavibhajan ke sath keandrak sahit baant jaya karate haian. inamean sthit jivoan ki poorvajoan ke paitrik gunoan ka vahak kaha jata hai. inaki sankhya jivoan mean nishchit hoti hai, jo ek do jo doan se lekar kee sau jo doan tak ho sakati hai. inaka akar 1 maikr aaun se 30 maikr aaun tak (lanba) hota hai. inaki akriti sadharanataya aangreji bhasha ke akshar S jaisi hoti haian. inamean nyooklio-protin (nucleoprotein) mukhy roop se pae jate haian. pithhrayasootroan ke kuchh vishesh prakar bhi pae jate haian, jinhean laianpabrash pithhrayasootr (lampbrush chromosomes) aur polotin kromosom (polytene chromosomes) ki sanjna di gee hai. inhean W, X, Y, Z, adi namoan se sanbodhit kiya jata hai.
jin (gene)-jinoan ko paitrik gunoan ka vahak (carriers of hereditary characters) mana jata hai. komosom ya pithhrayasootroan ka nirman histon protin tatha diaauksiribonyookliik aisid (DNA) tatha ribonyookliik aisid (RNA) se milakar hua hota hai. jin ka nirman inhian mean se ek, di en,e, dvara hota hai. koshika vibhajanoan ke phalasvaroop jab ne ji ke jivan ka sootrapat hota hai, to yahi jin paitrik evan sharirik gunoan ke sath mata pita se nikalakar santatiyoan mean chale jate haian. yah adan pradan mata ke dianb (ovum) tatha pita ke shukranu (sperms) mean sthit jinoan ke dvara sanpann hota hai. sanh 1970 ke joon mas mean amarika sthit bharatiy vaijnanik shri haragoviand khurana ko kritrim jin utpann karane mean abhootapoorv saphalata mili thi. inhean sanh 1978 mean nobel puraskar mila tha.
(7) ribosom (ribosomes)-sookshm gulikaoan ke roop mean prapt in sanrachanaoan ko keval ilektr aaun maikr aauskop ke dvara hi dekha ja sakata hai. inaki rachana 50% protin tatha 50% ar en e dvara huee hoti hai. ye visheshakar aantarpradravy jalika ke oopar pae jate haian. inamean protinoan ka sanshleshan hota hai.
seantrosom (centrosomes)–ye keandrak ke samip pae jate haian. inake ek vishesh bhag ko seantrosphiyar (centrosphere) kahate haian, jisake bhitar seantrioloan (centrioles) ka ek jo da paya jata hai. koshikavibhajan ke samay ye vibhajak koshika ke dhrav (pole) ka nirdharan aur kuchh koshikaoan mean kashabhika (flagella) jaisi sanrachanaoan ko utpann karate haian.
(8) lavak (plastids)-lavak adhikatar paudhoan mean hi pae jate haian. ye ek prakar ke ranjak kan (pigment granules) haian, jo jivadravy (protoplasm) mean yatratatr bikhare rahate haian. klorophil (chlorophyll) dharak varn ke lavak ko harith lavak (chloroplas) kaha jata hai. isi ke karan vrikshoan mean harapan dikhalaee deta hai. klorophil ke hi karan pe d paudhe prakash sanshleshan (photosynthesis) karate haian. kuchh vaijnanikoan ke matanusar lavak koshikadravyiy vanshanugati (cytoplasmic inheritance) ke roop mean koshika vibhajan ke samay santatikoshikaoan mean sidhe sidhe sthanaantarit ho jate haian.
(2) maitriks (matrix)-maitriks ya adhatri ko iantarselyoolar (intercellular) ya grauand sabstaians (ground substance) bhi kaha jata hai. jaisa nam se hi spasht hai, yah koshikaoan ke madhy bhag mean sthit hokar unhean paraspar jo dane ka kary karati hai. ye sajiv tatha nirjiv donoan prakar ki hoti haian. sadharanataya adhatri sanyojak ootakoan (connective tissues) mean paee jati haian. yah tantu ya reshoan dvara bani hoti hai, jo tin prakar ke hote haian : k aaulajani (collagenous), jalidar (reticluar) tatha elastik (elastic). yah sajatiy ya samaangi (homogenous) padarth hota hai jo taral athava jiletin jaisi sthit mean rahata hai. yah upakala (epithelium), koshikaoan (capillaries) tatha chhoti-chhoti shiraoan (veins) ke niche jami rahati hai. isamean myookopolisaikkeraid aml (mucopolysaccharide acids) pae jate haian. adhatri komal (soft) tatha dridh (firm) donoan prakar ki hoti hai.[1]
(3) taral padarth-ootakoan mean taral padarth bhi hote haian, jinamean rakt aur lasika (lymph) mukhy haian. ye donoan ashayoan (vesicles) athava nalikaoan (tubules) se hokar pravahit hote haian. ootak taral (tissue fluid) koshikaoan ko tar rakhata hai. adhatu ke hi karan sharir ka svaroop (Form) bana rahata hai. jantu ka sharir vastut: aur kuchh nahian, apitu aant: koshikiy padarth athava adhatri ka mahal matr hai, jisamean anek rang roop aur akar prakar ki araboan koshikaoan ki eetean chuni hoti haian. ye koshikaean apane utpadoan ka adan pradan karati huee apana jivan vyatit karati rahati haian.
ootak vijnan sharir ke aangatantroan ki bhi samyakh janakari deta hai. aangatantroan ki sanrachana, rasayanik prakriti evan karyavidhiyoan ka jnan prapt karane ke lie ootak vijnan ka sahara lena p data hai.[2]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 2 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 179 |
- ↑ san.gran.-beliz tekst buk aauv histol aauji; rivaijh d baivilphrade em. kopenahaivar (sanpadak) evan dorothi di. j aaunasan; 14vian avritti; viliyams aiand vilkins kan., baltimor, 1958; born, ji.ech. (sanpadak); saitol aauji; aiand sel fiziol aauji; tritiy avritti; ekedemik pres, nyooyark; 1964; bloom, viliyam evan d aaun dablyoo. ph aauset, e tekst buk aphॅ histol aauji; 9vian eshiyan avritti; dablyoo.vi.s aaundars kan., fil aaudelfiya (igakoo shoin li. tokiyo), 1970; di. r aaubartiz ee. pi.di. dablyoo, dablyoo., nopinski aiand ef.e.sej : jenaral saitol aauji, tritiy avritti, dablyoo.bi.s aaundars kan. phila., 1960; grip, ar.o. (sanpadak) : histol aauji, maikgra hil buk kan. nyooy aaurk, 1954.
sanbandhit lekh
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj