ऊन

oon palatoo bhe doan se prapt kiya jata hai. kapas ke bad isi ka sarvadhik mahatv hai. isake reshean garmi ke kuchalak hote haian. sookshm darshak yantr se reshe ki satah asaman akar ki, ek doosare par chadhi huee koshikaoan (sels) se nirmit dikhaee deti hai. vibhinn nasloan ki bhe doan mean in koshikaoan ka akar aur svaroop bhi bhinn-bhinn hota hai. mahin oon mean koshikaoan ke kinare, mote oon ke reshoan ki apeksha, adhik nikat hote haian. garmi aur nami ke prabhav se ye reshe apas mean guanth jate haian. inaki chamak koshikayukt skeloan ke akar aur svaroop par nirbhar rahati hai. mote reshe mean chamak adhik hoti hai. reshean ki bhitari parat (medulla) ko mahin kismoan mean to nahian, kiantu moti kismoan mean dekha ja sakata hai. medulla mean hi oon ka rangavala aansh (pigameant) hota hai. medulla ki adhik motaee reshe ki sankuchan shakti ko kam karati hai. kapas ke reshe se isaki yah shakti ek chauthaee adhik hai.

sanbhavat: bunane ke lie oon ka hi sarvapratham upayog praranbh hua. ooni vastroan ke tuk de misr, baibilon aur nineveh ki kabroan, prathamik briten nivasiyoan ke jhop doan aur peroo vasiyoan ke aanshavasheshoan ke sath mile haian. roman akraman se poorv bhi briten vasi inaka upayog karate the. vianchestar faiktri ki sthapana ne isaki upayogavidhi ka vikas kiya. vijeta viliyam ise ianglaiand tak laya. henari dvitiy ne kanoon, vastrahat aur bunakari sangh banakar is udyog ko protsahit kiya. kiantu 18vian shati ke sooti vastrodyog ne isaki mahatta ko kam kar diya. sanh‌ 1788 mean hartaphord (amarika) mean jal-shakti-chalit oon phektri praanrabh huee. inake atirikt roos, nyoozilaiand, arjetaina, astreliya, chin, bharat, dakshin aphrika aur gret briten ullekhaniy oon utpadak desh haian. sanh‌ 1957 mean vishv mean 2,90,00,00,000 pauand oon utpann hua tha.

ooni reshoan ki kismean –bhe doan ki nasl ka oon ke svaroop, lanbaee, reshe ke vyas, chamak, majabooti, bunaee aur siku dan adi par bahut asar p data hai. oon ke reshe paanch vargoan mean baante ja sakate haian :

oon ka resha

(sookshmadarshi se dekhane par)

1. mahin oon, 2. madhyam oon, 3. lanba oon, 4. varnasankar oon, aur 5. kalini oon.

oon ke svaroop ko jalavayu, bhoomi aur bhojan kaphi prabhavit karate haian.

mahin oon -merinoan bhe doan se hi yah oon prapt hota hai. merino bhe doan ki pramukh jatiyaan amariki, astreliyaee, phraansisi, saiksani, speni, dakshin aphriki aur dakshin amariki haian. merino oon apani komalata, bariki, majabooti, lachilepan, utkrisht kataee aur namada bana sakane ke gunoan ke karan vishesh prasiddh hai. merino oon ke reshoan ki lanbaee dedh se dhaee ianch tak aur bariki ausatan 17 se 21 maikran (1 maikron =1/1000 milimitar) hoti hai. phalalen, uchch koti ke hath ke bune vastr, soot, tatha mahin banavat ki poshakean merino oon se hi banati haian.

madhyam oon - yah oon briten ki nasl ki bhe doan se prapt hota hai. lanbe oon ki lanbaee aur motaee tatha mahin oon ki bariki aur ghanatv ke bich yah oon hai. yah bahut ghana aur shushk hota hai. isake reshe ki lanbaee 2 se 5 ianch tak hoti hai aur inhean asani se kata ja sakata hai. inaki bariki 24 se 32 maikron tak hoti hai. isake reshe merino oon ke reshoan se bahut halke hote haian, kyoanki bilkul khule rahane ke karan inamean baloo aur charabi bahut kam rahati hai. reshoan ki vyasavriddhi ke sath unaka namada banane ka gun kam hota jata hai. isaka upayog striyoan ki poshakean, tvid, sarj, phalalen, kot tatha ovarakot ke kap de aur kanbal banane mean adhik hota hai.

lanba oon - sabhi nasloan mean sabase b de kad ki bhe dean, jinaka maans khane ke kam mean ata hai, lanba oon paida karati haian. inake reshe mahin aur madhyam oon ke reshoan ki apeksha khule aur ek doosare se alag hote haian. inaki lanbaee 10 se 14 ianch tak aur motaee 40 maikron tak hoti hai. is nasl ki bhe dean adhik varshavale kshetroan mean tezise badhati haian. is kism ka oon liankan, kaustavold, lisestar aur romani marsh nam se vikhyat hai. liankan oon ki latean chau di aur unaka bahari hissa ghuangharala hota hai. isamean charabi kam hone ke karan siku dan bhi kam hoti hai aur yah kuchh mota hota hai. is nasl ki ek bhe d 10 se 14 pauand tak oon deti hai. is oon mean chamak bhi achchhi hoti hai. isaka adhikatar sade ooni kap de, tvid, sarj tatha kot ke kap de banane mean upayog hota hai.

varnasankar oon - madhyam mahin koti ka yah oon merino ya raimaboole nasl aur lanbe oonavali bhe doan ki varnasankar nasl se prapt hota hai. in oon mean merino oon ki bariki aur komalata tatha lanbe oon ki lanbaee donoan hoti haian. is kism ke kuchh oonoan ke rang kaphi achchhe hote haian aur loch bhi poori hoti hai. in oon ka upayog moza, baniyain adi, striyoan tatha purushoan ke pahanane ke sabhi prakar ke ooni kap doan tatha madhyam shreni ke namade banane mean kiya jata hai.

kalini oon ya mishrit oon - is prakar ka oon duniya ke sabhi bhagoan mean un bhe doan se prapt hota hai jo ab bhi puratan paristhitiyoan mean rahati hai. ye adhikatar eshiyaee deshoan mean paee jati haian. ye registani hissoan mean bhi milati haian, jahaan unhean dirgh kal tak bina khae ya alpahar par nirbhar rahana p data hai. aise samay mean ye bhe dean apani pooanchh mean sanchit charabi se apani pranaraksha karati haian. jin bhe doan ke pichhale hissoan mean charabi jama rahati hai unaki pooanchh 3 ianch tak lanbi hoti hai aur unake donoan choot doan par charabi ki moti tah jama rahati hai. inaki taul 200 pauand tak tatha inamean lanbe baloan ki ek parat hoti hai aur isake niche vastavik oon hota hai, jo nimn tap, tej hava, atyadhik shushkata, ati varsha aur kuhare se bhe doan ki raksha karata haian. is prakar ki bhe doan ke oon mean ek tisari tarah ka chhota, mota, evan laharadar resha paya jata hai, jise keanp kahate haian. yah oon samanyataya kalin or rang (mota kanbal) ityadi banane ke kam mean ata hai. kabhi-kabhi isamean any prakar ka oon milakar mota aur saste kism ka ovarakot ka kap da aur tvid taiyar kiya jata hai.

oon ka sookshm svaroop - yadi oon ko sookshmadarshak yantr se dekha jae to usaki satah vividh prakar ki koshikaoan (seloan) se bani huee dikhaee p dati hai, jo sidhi ki tarah ek doosare par chadhi jan p dati haian. vibhinn nasloan ki bhe doan mean inaka akar aur svaroop bhinn-bhinn hota hai. mahin kism keoonoan mean in koshikaoan ke kinare mote kism ke oonoan ki apeksha adhik nikat hote haian. inhean sookshmadarshak yantr se hi dekha ja sakata hai. khali aankhoan mean simatakar namade ki tarah ho jate haian. in reshoan ki chamak uparyukt seloan ke akar aur svaroop par nirbhar rahati hai. mote kism ke reshe mean chamak adhik hoti hai. seloan ke poorvokt sidhinuma svaroop ke karan reshoan ki majabooti badh jati hai. reshe ki chipakane ki shakti medulla ki motaee par nirbhar rahati hai. jaise-jaise yah badhati jati hai, vah adhik ttane yogy jata hai.

oon ke bhautik gun

oormilata (krianp) - oon ke reshe chh d ki tarah bilakul sidhe n hokar laharadar hote haian. usake isi ghuangharalepan ko oormilata kahate haian. reshoan ki lanbaee (mahin kismoan mean) dedh ianch se (moti kismoan mean) 15 ianch tak hoti hai. oon ke reshoan ke vyas aur unaki oormilata mean ghanishth sanbandh hota hai. oon ka resha jitana hi barik hota hai usamean oormiyoan (krianpoan) ki sankhya utani hi adhik hoti hai. 1seantimitar mean 12 se 23 tak oormiyaan hoti haian. oon ke reshoan ki vishishtata aankane mean usaki oormiyoan ka mahatvapoorn sthan hai.

lachak (rezilieansi) - oon ke reshoan mean khianchane ke bad pun: poorvasvaroop mean laut ane ka gun hota hai; isi ko lachak kahate haian. yadi oon ke dher ko dabakar pun: chho d diya jae to vah apana poorv ayatan prapt kar leta hai. oon ka yah gun usaki oormiyoan aur usaki koshikaoan ke karan hota hai. oon ke reshoan ki lanbaee unhean khianchakar bina to de lagabhag 30 pratishat tak badhaee ja sakati hai. lachilepan se ooni reshe apana svaroop banae rakhate haian aur jhurriyoan tatha ghisavat se apani raksha karate haian.

namada banana - oon par yadi garmi, nami aur dabav dala jae to usake reshe simatakar apas mean mil jate haian. samanyataya ooni reshoan mean apas mean vikarshan hota hai kiantu poorvokt paristhiti mean viparit kriya hoti hai. unaka yah gun vibhinn prakar ke oonoan mean bhinn-bhinn hota hai. is gun ke karan oon ka upayog haitoan, jootoan ke oopari hissoan aur pharsh par bichhane ke namadoan tatha kanpan aur dhvanirodhak namadoan ke banane mean kiya jata hai.

chamak (lastar) - chamak ki drishti se oonoan mean yathesht bhinnataean paee jati hai. chamak chaandi, kach aur resham si, tin prakar ki hoti hai. chaandi ki ya halki chamak mahin ya adhik oormiyoanvale merino oon mean hoti hai. kach jaisi chamak sabase adhik sidhe aur chikane baloan mean hoti hai. resham si chamak lanbe reshe aur lanbi laharoanvali oon mean hoti hai.

rang - oon ke svabhavik rang saphed, kale aur bhoore haian. bahudha palatoo bhe doan ka oon saphed rang ka hi hota hai. rangin oon sabase adhik puratan nasl ki un bhe doan se prapt hota hai jo kalin bunane layak kism ka oon paida karati haian.

ghanatv - oon prakritik reshoan mean sabase adhik halka hota hai. isaka ghanatv 1.3 gram prati dhan seantimitar hai.

vaidyut gun - oon bijali ka hin chalak hai aur ise rag dane se isamean sugamata se sthir vidyuth‌ paida ho jati hai, jo oon ko saph karane, ek doosare se alag karane aur shushk karyakaran mean badha upasthit karati hai.

ushma ka sanrakshan - oon ka ushma ko sanrakshit rakhane ka gun usake reshe ki banavat–oormiyoan–ke karan hai, jinaki vajah se usamean hava ke chhote chhote koshth ban jate haian. sthir vayu ushma-avarodhak hoti hai aur kyoanki ooni kap de anaginat reshoan se banate haian jinake bhitar sthir vayu ekatr rahati hai, ve bhi ooshma ke bahut achchhe avarodhak hote haian. oon mean jalavashp sokhane ka bhi ashcharyajanak gun hai. oon mean jalavashp ki matra us samay ke vayumandal mean jalavashp ki dab par nirbhar rahati hai. oon jab jalavashp sokhata hai tab garmi nikalati hai. yah garmi usamean ghusanevali hava ko garm rakhane ke lie paryapt hoti hai. isake atirikt ooni reshoan mean oormiyoan ke karan jo lachak hoti hai usake phalasvaroop bhitar ka kap da sharir se chipakane nahian pata aur sharir tatha us kap de ke bich hava ki ek patali parat utpann ho jati hai jo ushma ke achchhe sanrakshak ka kary karati hai.

kathorata - oon ka yah gun aianthan ko rokata hai. isalie yah kataee ke lie bahut mahatv ka hai. shushk oon ki kathorata pani se santript oon ki apeksha 15 guni adhik hoti hai. isilie oon ki miloan ke kataee vibhag mean thik se kataee karane ke lie aur oon mean 15se 18 pratishat tak nami banae rakhane ke lie, apane yahaan ke vatavaran mean 70 se 80 pratishat tak nami rakhani p dati hai.

oon ki rasayanik rachana aur usake rasayanik gun-rasayanik drishti se oon mean karban, haidrojan, aksijan, naitrojan aur gandhak apas mean mile hue protin ya keratin ke roop mean pae jate haian. isaki rasayanik rachana bahut jatil hoti hai. is protin mean amliy aur kshariy donoan prakar ke gun hone ke karan isaka svaroop dviguniy hai. isaka jaliy vishleshan karane se kee prakar ke emino aisid nikalate haian. kisi riejeant dvara oon ki rasayanik sanrachana mean kisi bhi prakar ka parivartan kie jane se ooni reshe ke bhautik gun nasht ho jate haian. samanyataya aksidaijiang aur ridayoosiang ejeant, prakash aur kshar, oon ke sistin liankej par akraman karate haian at: ooni reshoan ke dhavalikaran (blichiang) aur unake klorineshan ke samay savadhani baratani chahie.

nimn tap ka prabhav - 40 se 60 digri pharenahait tak ke tap par sabhi vasamay (charabivale) padarth jam jate haian; at: ve oon ko bina kisi prakar ki hani pahuanchae yaantrik vidhi se asani se alag kie ja sakate haian.

pani aur vashp ki prakriya - thanda ya garam pani aur vashp ki kriya ooni samagri ke svaroop aur usake dvara rang ki grahyata mean parivartan la deti hai. pani mean ooni resha phoolata hai arthath‌ usaka vyas badh jata hai, kiantu sookhane par vah pun: poorvavath‌ ho jata hai. 120 digri seantigred par dabav ke sath pani mean ubale jane par vah ghul jata hai. shushk ya nam vashp ke sansarg mean oon kshin hota jata hai. yah kshinata samay tatha dabav ke sath badhati jati hai. tap ki vriddhi ke sath sath oon komal hota jata hai aur tab shital jal bhi use poorvasthiti mean nahian la sakata. isi tathy par ooni upakaranoan ki aantim prakriyaean adhrit haian.

amloan ki prakriya - halke amloan ka oon par koee ghatak prabhav nahian hota, kiantu tivr aml use kamajor bana dete haian, ya kabhi-kabhi reshoan ko ghula bhi dete haian.

ksharoan ki kriya- kshar oon ko pit, kathor aur namada jaisa bana dete haian. sodiyam karbenet ke tivr ya garam tatha halke ghol se oon nasht ho jata hai. halka kastik soda bhi oon ko nasht kar deta hai. kastik kshar ke garam ghol mean to oon poornataya ghul jata hai.

klorin aur haipoklorait ki kriya-yadyapi shushk sthiti mean klorin, bromin aur ayodin ka oon par vishesh prabhav nahian p data to bhi nami mean ve oon ke sath milakar helomins banate haian. tabhi oon ke protin ka aksikaran shuroo ho jata hai. klorin ke samast yaugik oon ke daisalfaid liankej ko akraant kar usaki satah ko vighatit karane lagate haian.

rangagrahvayata - oon kshar aur aml donoan prakar se kam karanevala (aianfoterik) resha hai, isalie vah sabhi prakar ke rangoan mean ranga ja sakata hai. oon ko rangane ke lie sabase mahatvapoorn rang aml aur krom haian. kuchh vait rang bhi upayogi haian.

f aauramaildihaid ki kriya - f aauramaildihaid ke upayog ke do labh haian:

1. kshar aur aml ki kriya ke viruddh sanrakshan aur

2. kitanuoan se mukti.

f aauramaildihaid ke 2.5 pratishat ghol mean ek ghante tak rakhane par oon kitanurahit ho jata hai. f aauramaildihaid se kanbal tatha vastr kitanuvihin kie jate haian. (e.da.da.)

bharat mean oon

vedoan mean dharmik krityoan ke samay ooni vastroan ka varnan milata hai, jo is bat ka dridh praman hai ki pragaitihasik kal mean bhi log oon ko janate the tatha usaka vyavahar karate the. manu ne vaishyoan ke yajnopavit ke lie oon ko shreyaskar mana hai. rrigved mean g deriyoan ke devata pashm ki stuti hai, jisamean oon shvetan karane tatha katane ka ullekh milata hai ki kaanboj (badakhshaan aur pamir) ke logoan ne rajasooy yajn ke avasar par yudhishthir ko sunahali kadhaee ke ooni vastr (oorn) bheant mean die the. british shasanakal ke aranbhik dinoan mean panjab, kashmir aur tibbat ke pashmine ki b di khyati thi.

bharat mean bhi merino jati ke medhe mangae ge haian aur unaka milap deshi bhe doan se karaya ja raha hai. kashmir mean is prakar utpann santati ko 'kashmiri merino' kahate haian aur poona mean isi dhang se utpann ki janevali jati ko 'dakshini merino' kaha jata hai. uttar pradesh mean, jahaan paha doan par merino (raimabule) ka mel ramapur bushayar jati ki bhe doan se karaya ja raha hai, abhi tak koee jati nirdharit nahian ki gee hai.

pashmina, jo sansar mean pashuoan se prapt reshoan mean se sabase achchha resha mana gaya hai, kashmir aur tibbat mean paee janevali bakariyoan se prapt hoti hai.

aisa anuman kiya jata hai ki sansar mean lagabhag 5 karo d man oon paida hota hai. isamean se 42.8 pratishat oon merino, 46 pratishat varnasankar (kr aausabred) aur 11.2 pratishat kalini oon hota hai. adhunikatam anuman ke anusar bharat apani 4 karo d bhe doan se lagabhag paune nau lakh man oon prati varsh paida karata hai. kul oon ka 5 pratishat se adhik oon, jisaka mooly 120 karo d rupe hota hai, videshoan ko bheja jata hai. desh ki ooni kap da miloan ko, jo achchhe kism ka kap da banati haian, bahar se mangae ge 19 lakh man kachche ya ardhavikasit oon par nirbhar rahana p data hai. isaka mooly videshi mudra mean lagabhag 110 karo d rupe p data hai. krishi padarthoan ke niryat vyapar mean oon ka sthan athavaan hai, jabaki pashu tatha pashujany padarthoan ke vyapar mean khal ke sath isaka bhi pratham sthan hai. uttar pradesh mean 24 karo d bhe doan se 5 lakh man oon paida hota hai. oon utpadan mean rajasthan aur panjab sarvapratham haian, isake bad uttar pradesh ka sthan hai. samudri barandaragahoan dvara desh mean ayat honevala adhikaansh oon astreliya aur ianglaiand se ata hai. ye donoan desh apane kul niryat ka kramanusar 16.5 aur 12.1 pratishat oon bharat bhejate haian. bhoobhagoan dvara oon tibbat, nepal, sikkim, bhootan, eeran, pashchimi tatha poorvi aphaganistan aur uttari aphaganistan, madhy eshiya aur turkistan se ata hai. tibbat tatha asapas ke deshoan se sabase adhik pratishat (31.10 pratishat) oon ata hai. isake bad aphaganistan aur eeran ka sthan hai jahaan se 25.1 pratishat oon ata hai. vyaparik niyamoan tatha desh ki bhitari maang ke anusar prati varsh oon ki matra tatha pratishat anupat mean parivartan hua karata hai.

hamare oon ka sabase b da grahak ianglaiand hai. adhikaansh oon kathiyava d aur travankor ke bandaragahoan se bahar bheja jata hai. dvitiy mahayuddh mean amarika bharatiy oon bahut adhik kharidane laga tha. paryapt matra mean bharatiy oon kharidanevale any deshoan mean astreliya aur phraans bhi haian. sthaliy margoan se ayat kie ge oon ka kuchh bhag videshoan ko niryat kar diya jata hai.

prati pashu oon ki upaj jati, sthan ki prakritik banavat, varsha aur charagahoan ki upalabdhata ke anusar badala karati hai. kyoanki bharat ke vibhinn bhagoan mean poorvokt batoan mean b da aantar paya jata hai, isalie vibhinn sthanoan ke oon mean bhi bahut aantar paya jata hai. ek bar ki oon ki kataee mean prati bhe d kitana oon prapt hota hai, isake bare mean abhi tak yadyapi paryapt prekshan nahian kie ge haian, phir bhi yah anuman kiya jata hai ki bharat ke vibhinn bhagoan mean ek bhe d se prati varsh 6 chhataank se lekar 2 ser tak oon prapt hota hai. sabase adhik oon rajasthan aur kathiyava d ki bhe doan se prapt hota hai. uttar pradesh ke kuchh paha di bhagoan par kie ge aranbhik prayogoan se yah jnat hua hai ki paha di kshetroan mean prati bhe d prati kataee 12 chhataank oon prapt hota hai. is desh mean bhe d ka oon sadharanataya varsh mean do bar utara jata hai, parantu kuchh sthanoan mean varsh mean tin bar bhi utara jata hai. vasant rritu mean utara gaya oon any rrituoan mean utare ge oon ki apeksha adhik hota hai. vibhinn rrituoan mean utare ge oon ke rang mean bhi b da aantar paya jata hai. vasant ka oon adhik saphed hota hai aur patajh d rritu ka oon halka pila hota hai. rangin oon, jaise kale aur katthee mean rritu ke anusar rang mean aisa koee parivartan nahian dikhaee p data.

gunoan ke adhar par visheshajn oon ko vibhinn shreniyoan mean baantate haian. reshe ki lanbaee, oormilata, komalata aur oon ki chamak kuchh aise mahatvapoorn gun haian jinaka chhaantanevale vishesh dhyan rakhate haian. inamean se adhikaansh gun ek doosare se sanbandhit haian. any deshoan mean oon chhaantana ek kala ho gee hai. oon ko saiank doan vargoan mean baanta jata hai. parantu yah bat hamare bharatiy oon par lagoo nahian hoti. adhikaansh bharatiy oon apane vyaparik namoan se chhaante jate haian, jo bhaugolik utpadan kshetr ke anusar unhean die jate haian. niryat vyapar mean prayukt honevale oon haian–joriyo, bikaneri, rajapootana, peshavar, byavar, marava d, bikaner aur samany kala tatha katthee.

kutir star par oon katane, deshi kanbal banane, hath ya mashin dvara kalin ya pharshi kanbal banane, adhunik miloan mean ooni kap doan ki bunaee tatha any udyogoan, jaise ghareloo dhang se shal, loee ya tvid banane ke lie bharat mean oon ki maang hai. kul oon ka 50 pratishat se adhik to deshi kanbal banane ke kam ata hai, lagabhag 28 pratishat oon miloan ke kam ata hai aur 12 pratishat kalin udyog mean prayukt hota hai. any udyog, jaise shal banane mean 4 pratishat oon ki khapat hoti hai. ooni kutir udyog vividh kshetroan ki avashyakata ke anusar desh ke vibhinn bhagoan mean phaile haian. kalin udyog kutir star par tatha mashin star par donoan bhaanti chalata hai. yah udyog uttar predash mean bahut adhik vikasit hai. isake banane ke mukhy sthan haian bhadohi (varanasi), mirjapur, gopiganj (ilahabad), madhosianh (mirjapur), agara, jaunapur tatha kamariha. yuddhakal mean is udyog ki vishesh vriddhi huee. amarika tatha ianglaiand bharatiy kalin ke sabase b de kharidar haian. bahut hi achchhe kism ke kalin kashmir mean banate haian. badhiya kism ka ooni mal videshoan se mangae ge ooni dhage se banaya jata hai. svatantrataprapti ke bad se bharat mean bananevale mal mean bahut sudhar hua hai, jo is bat se spasht hai ki bharat ke bahar se tatha kuchh yooropiy deshoan se ooni mal ki b di maang hai. bharat ki pramukh ooni milean ye haian : kanapur (uttar pradesh) mean lal imali, panjab mean dharival, banbee mean remand voolan mils tatha iandiyan voolan mils, bangalor mean bangalor voolan, katan aiand silk mils aur saurashtr mean jamanagar voolan mils. ahamadabad ki kailiko mil bhi ab ooni mal banane lagi hai.

doosare mal jaise loee, tvid, shal adi banane ke mukhy kshetr uttar pradesh ke paha di ilakoan, panjab aur kashmir mean haian.

bharatiy arthavyavastha mean oon ke mahatv ko dekhate hue bharatiy krishi anusandhan parishadh, bharat sarakar tatha rajy sarakaroan ne kee anusandhan yojanaoan ko aranbh kiya tatha badhava diya hai. vibhinn rajyoan mean oon sanbandhi prayogashalaean sthapit karane ka kam bharatiy krishi anusandhan parishadh ne aranbh kiya, jisane rajy sarakaroan ke sath milakar in prayogashalaoan me dhan lagaya. ye prayogashalaean vartaman oon ke gun tatha prayogasvaroop utpann sudhare oon ke gun aankane ke lie avayashyak haian. poona, madras, banihal (kashmir) aur rrishidesh (uttar pradesh) mean char kshetriy anusandhan prayogashalaean haian. inake atirikt gaya (bihar), bikaner (rajasthan) aur hisar (hariyana) mean bhi oon prayogashalaean haian. oon ke sudhar ke bare mean niti yah rahi hai ki maidan ki sthaniy bhe doan ka bikaneri–ya isase tho di bhinn chokala, nali, magara adi–jati ke medhoan se mel karaya jae, jisamean adhikaansh rajyoan mean bhe doan ki utpatti badhe tatha maidani bhe doan mean sudhar ho. vartaman jatiyoan mean, jaise bikaneri mean, chunav ke bad prajanan karake tatha sthaniy bhe doan ka videshi jatiyoan se mel karakar achchha oon paida karane ke kuchh prayog bikaneri tatha merino ka mel karakar paida ki gee hai. videshi medhoan se mel karakar oon sudharane ka prayatn adhikatar paha doan mean hi kie ja rahe haian. kashmir, poona, hisar aur pipalakothi mean sthaniy bhe doan ka mel karane ke lie merino medhe upayog mean lae ja rahe haian. hal hi mean uttar pradesh aur himachal pradesh mean sankar jati ke utpadan (kr aaus bridiang) par prayog karane ke lie astreliya se polavarth, bordar, listar aur koridel jatiyaan mangaee gee haian. chhota nagapur ke kshetr mean sthaniy bhe doan ka sudhar karane ke lie romanimarsh jati ke medhe bahar se mangae ge haian. vibhinn rajyoan mean vikas kary ko bhe d tatha oon vikas keandr, oon pratiyogita keandr adi sthapit karake badhaya ja raha hai. rajasthan mean samoohik dhang se oon utarane ka sthan banane ki bhi yojana hai, jisamean rajy sarakar oon ki chhantaee (grediang) tatha bikri ki suvidha dekar utpadak ko apane mal ka achchha mooly prapt karane mean sahayak ho. sanh‌ 1974 ke dauran hisar sthit keandriy bhe d prajanan pharm ke lie astreliya se koridel nasl ki 1,033 bhean dean prapt huee haian. aandhr pradesh, karnatak aur jammoo tatha kashmir mean tin aur bhe d prajanan pharmo mean kary vyapak star par tezise pragati kar raha hai. uttar pradesh aur rajasthan mean aise do pharmoan ki sthapana ka anumodan kar diya gaya hai.

jab se adim manushy ne apane sharir ko dhakane ke lie bhe d ki khal ka prayog kiya tab se ab tak is pashu ke oon par manav jati ki nirbharata badhati hi gee hai, yahaan tak ki ab hamare jivan ka kadachith‌ hi koee aisa pahaloo rah gaya hai, jisamean yah prakritik resha kam n ata ho.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

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madhyamik

poornata

shodh