ऋतु पूर्वानुमान

rritu poorvanuman rritu ka poorvanuman karana rrituvijnan ka mahatvapoorn upayog hai. prachin kal se hi manushy rritu aur jalavayu ki anek ghatanaoan se prabhavit hota raha hai aur phalat: rritu ka poorvanuman karane ka prayatn karata raha hai. udaharanat: kisan akash ki or dekhakar hi apane upayog ke lie agami rritu ke bare mean anuman kar leta hai. keval sthaniy rritu ke prekshan par avalanbit is prakar ki bhavishyavani ka upayog bahut simit hota hai. to bhi is prakar ki bhavishyavaniyoan ke adhar par rritu sanbandhi anek kahavatean prachalit ho gee haian, yadyapi ve adhikatar thik nahian utaratian.

vartaman vaijnanik upayoan mean rritu ka poorvanuman karane ke niyam is bat par nirbhar haian ki rritu ek pradesh se chalakar doosare pradesh mean pahuanchati hai aur adhikatar ek hi sthan par simit nahian rahati. is mukhy bat ki khoj prathamat: beanjamin phraiankalin ne sanh‌ 1743 mean ki thi jab unhoanne yah dekha tha ki ek toophan, jisaka anubhav unhoanne filadelfiya mean kiya tha, doosare din bostan pahuanch gaya tha. isi prakar ki ghatana sansar ke doosare bhagoan ki rrituoan mean bhi dekhi gee hai.

rritu vishayak poorvanuman rritu ke manachitroan ke adhar par kiya jata hai. in manachitroan par bhinn bhinn sthanoan se tar, betar athava telipriantar dvara prapt soochanaean-prekshan dvara prapt vibhinn sthanoan ki vayu ka tap, dab, veg disha adi-aankit ki jati haian. is prakar ke rritu sanbandhi chitran ko sankshipt chitr (sin aaushtik chart) kahate haian. ye chitr rrituvaijnanik ke poorvanuman ke mukhy adhar haian. rrituchitroan ke adhar par poorvanuman karane ke lie kuchh anubhavik niyam bana lie ge the jo anek varshoan tak kam mean lae jate rahe, kiantu pratham vishvayuddh ke samay se vayumandal sanbandhi mool samasyaoan ka vaijnanik adhyayan aranbh hua aur aisi parikalpanaean banane ka prayatn aranbh hua jinase saiddhaantik rrituvijnan mean aur rritu vishayak poorvanuman ki anubhavik ritiyoan mean sidha sanbandh sthapit ho sake. yah unnati adhikatar n aaurve ke rrituvaijnanikoan ke prayatnoan dvara huee. mukhyat: shri vilahelm aur shri yokab byerkanez ko isaka shrey prapt hai. in visheshajnoan ne dhruviy simagr siddhaant (polar phrant thyori) ka vikas kiya jisapar rritu vishayak poorvanuman karane ke adhunik niyam mukhyat: nirbhar haian.

dvitiy vishvayuddh ke samay rritu poorvanuman -vijnan ko phir protsahan mila, kyoanki yuddh ki yojanaoan ke nirman aur unake sanchalan mean vayumandal vijnan ke upayog ki bahut avashyakata pratit huee. is kal mean rritu vishayak poorvanuman ki kala mean bhi adhik unnati huee aur prithvi se bahut oopar ki vayu ke veg, disha, dab, tap aur ardrata adi ka jnan prapt karane ke lie navin sadhanoan ka bhi vikas hua. door-door ke deshoan mean bahut si vedhashalaean kholi gee jahaan vayumandal mean niyat ooanchaiyoan par tap, dab tatha ardrata adi janane ke lie rediyo ke yantr rediyo s aaund upayog mean lae jane lage. ye rediyo yantr haidrojan gais se bhare hue gubbaroan dvara oopar hava mean u dae jate haian aur jaise-jaise yantr hava mean oopar jata hai, oopari hava ke tap, dab aur ardrata ke parivartanoan ke anusar apane ap rediyo sanket bhejata jata hai aur ye sanket prithvi par sthit yantroan dvara grahan kie jate haian. is prakar 20 kilomitar ki ooanchaee tak vibhinn staroan ki vayu ke tap, dab tatha ardrata ke aur unamean honevale parivartanoan ke lekhachitr bana lie jate haian. rediyo yantr ke atirikt ek navin adhunik sadhan radar yantr hai jisake prayog se rritu vishayak poorvanuman mean poori sahayata milati hai. in sab sadhanoan se rrituvaijnanik ko samast vayumandal ki avastha ka aur vibhinn sthanoan mean pavanavegoan ka ek poorn chitr mil jata hai jo rritu ka poorvanuman karane mean atyant mahatvapoorn siddh hota hai.

1. rrituchitr -niyat samayoan par prati din rritu vedhashalaoan mean aur samudri jahajoan par vayu ke tap, dab, veg, disha adi ke prekshan aankit kie jate haian. inamean se kuchh ka prekshan to keval aankhoan se hi kiya jata hai, jaise badaloan ka roop, drishyata (vizibiliti) aur kuchh prekshan yantroan dvara kie jate haian, jaise vayu ki dab, veg aur disha, tap, varsha ki matra adi. in prekshanoan mean bheja jata hai. vahaan pahuanchane par ek samayavishesh ke in samast prekshanoan ko rrituchitroan par niyamit roop se aankit kiya jata hai. isi bhaanti ke prekshan samudri jahajoan par bhi kie jate haian. bharatavarsh mean jo rritu sanbandhi manachitr sadharanat: taiyar kie jate haian ve nimnalikhit haian :

(1) bhootal samadabarekhiy chitr (saphres aisobarik chart)-isaki t aaup chart bhi kahate haian. is nakshe mean pray: samast bhootaliy prekshan aankit kar die jate haian.

(2) vayudab aur tap ke aantar ke chitr -in chitroan mean yah dikhaya jata hai ki chune hue samayavishesh par vayudab aur tap mean inake samany manoan se kitana aantar hai. in chitroan se rritu ki asamanyataoan ki achchhi soochana prapt ho jati hai. in sabamean se vayudab mean samany se jo aantar hota hai usaka adhikatam mahatv paya gaya hai. ardrata ke chitr rritu ki ghatanaoan ke anuman ke lie labhadayak hote haian. udaharanat: kohara tatha dhuandh ke nirman ki sanbhavyata ke lie ardrata ka prekshan atyant avashyak hai. tapavicharan ke chitroan se, visheshakar nyoonatam-tap-vicharan-chitroan se, shit rritu mean pashchiti avadab kshetr ke ane ka anuman hota hai. in nakshoan se sookhi rritu mean keandriy tatha dakshini bharatavarsh ke bhagoan ki uchchastariy vayu mean ardr vayu ki dharaoan ki chal ka bhi jnan hota hai.

(3) parivartanachitr-in chitroan mean pichhale 24 ghantoan mean vayu ki dab, tap, veg adi mean hue parivartan dikhae jate haian. inase rritu ke vikas ke dhang ka pata chalata hai.

(4) oopari vayuoan ke chitr -bharatavarsh mean ye chitr samudratal se 0.2, 0.5; 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4 aur 6 kilomitar ki ooanchaiyoan ke lie banae jate haian. badaloan ki mapit tatha anumanit ooanchaiyaan jnat rahati haian. 1, 2 aur 3 kilomitar ke chitroan par niche badaloan ke bahav ki disha aankit ki jati hai. madhyam badaloan ki disha 4 kilomitaravale chitr par aur isi prakar 6 kilomitaravale chitr par uchch badaloan ki dishaean aankit ki jati haian. rritu vishayak poorvanuman karane ke lie 1 se 6 kilomitar tak ki oopari vayuean bahut hi upayogi siddh huee haian.

(5) supravahi rekhaean tatha vikshepamarg (strimalain tatha traijaiktari)-vayumanul ke ushmiy dhaanche sanbandhi dainik aank doan ke abhav ya kami ke karan, oopari vayu ki avasthaoan ka pata, haidrojan gais se bhare vatasoochak gubbaroan dvara (jinako pailat bailoon kahate haian) pavan ke veg evan disha adi ko napakar, lagaya jata hai. nakshoan par vayu ki supravahi rekhaean khianch li jati haian aur yadi sandeh hua to vikshepamarg bhi khianch lie jate haian. jo supravahi rekhaean chitroan par samudr ki or se ati haian, ve ardr samajhi ja sakati haian aur jo rekhaean sthal ki or se ati haian, ve sookhi.

samudratal ke rrituchitroan ka vishleshan vistrit vayudharaoan aur unaki vikritiyoan ko aankit karake liya jata hai. is prakar vayumandal ki ghatanaoan ka sthool chitr mil jata hai aur isase ek hi drishti mean vayumandal mean honevali rritusanbandhi prakriyaoan ka pata chal jata hai. aisa vishleshan vayu-sanhati-vishleshan (eyar mas anailisis) kahalata hai. is riti se vishleshan karane par rrituchitroan par vistirn kshetr pae jate haian jo jnat vayusanhatiyoan se visheshat: prabhavit hote haian. do bhinn vayusanhatiyoan ke bich ki sima ko simagr (phrant) kahate haian aur inhian simaoan par mukhyat: aandhi pani ke kshetr pae jate haian. vishleshan ka ek mahatvapoorn charan yah hai ki rrituchitroan par samadab rekhaean khianchi jati haian. samadab rekhaean un sthanoan mean se jati hai jahaan par vayu ki dab barabar rahati hai. samadab rekhaoan ke atirikt in nakshoan par vayusanhatiyaan aur bhinn prakar ki vayuoan ke milane ke simagr bhi die jate haian.

oopar batae hue rrituchitr se rrituvisheshajn ko vayumandal ke dhaanche ka trivistari (hthrai-daimeanshanal) chitr mil jata hai. bharatiy rritu chitr ka ek udaharan chitr 1 mean diya hua hai. vishleshan samapt hone par visheshajn rritu vishayak poorvanuman taiyar karata hai.

2. vayudab sanhatiyoan ke bhed-vayudab sanhatiyoan ke mukhy bhed nimnalikhit haian:

rritu (k) avadab (dipreshan) tatha chakravat (saiklon);

(kh) pratichakravat (aiantisaiklon) tatha usake sahakari kshetr;

(g) dabasphan tatha dabakatak (vej aur rij) jo adhik vayudab ke lanbe kshetr hote haian aur pratichakravatoan ke keandroan se praranbh hote haian;

(gh) ghati (kol) jo do chakravatoan tatha do pratichakravatoan ke bich ke kshetr hote haian.

oopar batae hue vayudab kshetroan ke manachitr chitr 2, 3, 4 tatha 5 mean dikhae ge haian.

3. pashchimi vayuvikshobh -saradi ki rritu mean nimn dab ki laharean uttar bharat mean pashchim se poorv ki or chalati haian. in nimn dab ki laharoan ka sanbandh bhoomadhyasagar (meditareniyan si) mean aur kabhi-kabhi atalaantik mahasagar mean sthit avadaboan se bhi paya gaya hai. ye pashchimi vayuvikshobh bharat mean bhoomadhyasagar se eeran aur pakistan hote hue ate haian. navanbar mahine mean yah vikshobh bharat ke uttariy simaant par kabhi-kabhi varsha karate haian aur disanbar ke madhy se panjab me jor pak dana aranbh karate haian. samanyat: janavari se march tak ke mahinoan mean ek se tin tak sakriy vikshobh prati mas panjab aur uttar pradesh mean ate haian. jaise jaise shitakal badhata jat hai, ye vikshobh pray: uttar-pashchim bharat ki paha diyoan aur maidanoan mean, asam ke uttar-poorv konoan me tatha uttari barma aur kabhi kabhi uttar bharat ke vistrit bhag mean, varsha karate haian. pharavari tatha march mahinoan mean kabhi kabhi mekaran kinare se gaun avadab ki laharean bhi poorv ki or chalati haian aur mool avadab ki uttari laharoan ke sath sath keandriy bharat mean varsha karati haian aur u disa tatha bangal pradesh mean aandhi pani utpann karati haian. pashchimi vikshobh ke nikat ane ke nimnalikhit lakshan haian: vayudab ka kam ho jana (kabhi-kabhi dab bahut hi kam ho jati hai), tap ka badhana, tatha badaloan ka ghir ana.

badaloan ki jati sthaniy sthalarachana par nirbhar rahati haian, parantu vah pray: sankraman-pakshabh (trainazishanasirras), pakshabhastari (sirro-stretas), madhyastari (ailtostretas), madhyakapasi (ailto-kyumulas) aur bad mean sanbhavat: booandabaandi ke sath starit kapasi (streto-kyumulas), kapasi (kyumulas) aur kee sthanoan par kapasivarshuk (kyumulo-nianbas) hoti hai. barasanevale badal varshuk (nianbas) kahalate haian.

pavan ki disha ka parivartan is prakar hota hai : jab irak, mekaran aur tatavarti siandh pradeshoan mean pavan ki samany disha pashchim aur uttar-pashchim hoti hai, to yah disha 1.5 kilo mitar ki ooanchaee tak uttar-uttar-poorv se poorv-uttar-poorv aur 2 se 3 kilomitar ki ooanchaee par poorv-dakshin-poorv se dakshin-dakshin-poorv aur isase adhik ooanchaee par dakshin se dakshin-pashchim ho jati hai. jyoanhi vikshobh age badh jata hai, pavan ki disha niche ke vayumandal mean shighr hi uttar-pashchim ya pashchim ho jati hai.

4. bangal pradesh ko kalabaisakhi-bangal pradesh mean (mukhyat: dakshin aur dakshin-poorv bhagoan mean) prati varsh march se mee tak ke mahinoan mean aandhi-pani pray: ata hai jo kabhi-kabhi to bahut hi bhayanak hota hai aur jan mal ko bahut hani pahuanchata hai aise aandhipani ko kalabaisakhi kahate haian. kalabaisakhi pray: sada uttar-pashchim disha se ate haian, isalie inako aangreji bhasha mean naravestar arthath‌ uttar-pashchimi pavan kahate haian. garmi ke mahinoan mean ganga nadi ke maidan ke oopar vayu ka nimnadab kshetr hota hai jisake phalasvaroop dakshin-pashchim tatha dakshin-poorv dishaoan se ardr pavan dakshin bangal ke nimnadab kshetr ki or chalane lagata hai. is ardr pavan ke oopar pashchimi tatha uttar-pashchimi sookha pavan rahata hai. jaise jaise grishm rritu nikat ati jati hai, ardr pavanadhara ki gaharaee pashchim se poorv ki or badhati jati hai. rritu ke poornat: ushn ho jane par is ardr pavanadhara ki gaharaee dakshin bangal ke poorvi jiloan mean 2 se 2.5 kilomitar tak rahati hai. ardr aur sookhi vayusanhatiyoan ke bich ek samatapiy (aisotharmal) kshetr ya utkraman (inavarshan) hota hai. ab yah prashn uthata hai ki kalabaisakhi kis prakar banati hai. yah dekha gaya hai ki utkraman ke niche kalabaisakhi mean paryapt gupt asthirata (leteant instebiliti) hoti hai. isalie jab kabhi kisi uparyukt vikshobhi (trigar) ghatana ke karan utkraman nasht ho jata hai to nichali ardr vayu ke oopar uthane se atyadhik matra mean oorja mukt ho jati hai. yah vikshobhi ghatana nimnalikhit karanoan se utpann hoti hai :

(1) atapan (inasoleshan) se.

(2) bangal ki kha di se vikshobh athava chakravati toophan ke karan ardr pavanoan ke agaman se.

(3) pashchimi vikshobh ke shital simagr ke poorv ki or jane se.

(4) brahmaputr nadi ki ghati se pavanadhara ke karan vayu ke jamav se.

(5) aandhipani mean se shital vayu ke bhinn bhinn dishaoan mean bahane se.

5. bharatiy samudroan mean nimnadab kshetr tatha chakravati toophan -avadab vayumandal ka vah bhag hoti hai jisamean vayu ki dab charoan or ke bhagoan se kam hoti haian. is prakar avadab ke kshetr ko pariveshtit karaneval samadab rekhaean lagabhag gol ya aandakar hoti haian. avadaboan ka vistar bahut adhik hota hai. inaki gaharaee 100 mil se 2,000 mil tak ki ho sakati hai. jis avadab mean vayudab bahari bhag ki apeksha keandr ke samip bahut kam hoti hai, vah garahi avadab kahalati hai. jis avadab mean vayudab keandr ke samip kam to hoti hai parantu asapas ke bhagoan ki apeksha adhik kam nahian hoti, vah uthali avadab kahalati hai. avadab mean rritu asthir rahati hai aur vibhinn daboan ke gativeg bhinn bhinn hote haian. yah veg kadapi niyat nahian rahata. koee koee avadab 600 se 700 mil prati din ke veg se chalati hai aur koee koee sthir bhi rahati hai aur is rritu mean jo parivartan hote haian ve keval avadab mean honevale parivartanoan ke karan hi hote haian. bharatiy rrituvijnan vibhag mean prachalit vidhi ke anusar avadab shabd ka prayog keval un chakravati parivahanoan (saiklonik sarkyuleshans) ke lie kiya jata hai jisamean byoophort sanketan pranali ke anusar pavanaveg 7 ya kam bal ka hota hai. jab pavanaveg ka bal 8 ho jata hai tab avadab chakravati toophan ban jati hai. yadi pavan veg ka bal 10 ho jae aur sath hi kabhi kabhi prabhanjan ke jhoanke (hariken skaval) bhi hoan to chakravati toophan ko prachand kaha jata hai. sadharanat: avadab bharatiy samudroan ke un bhagoan mean banata hai jahaan uttar-poorvi evan uttar-pashchimi sookha sthaliy pavan dakshin se anevale ardr pavan se milata hai. janavari aur pharavari mahinoan mean varshan ke kshetr bhoomadhyarekha ke dakshin mean hote haian aur ye kshetr dhire-dhire uttar ki or chalate jate haian tatha mee mahine ke doosare ya tisare saptah tak bangal ki kha di ke madhy mean pahuanch jate haian. inaki gati tab tak uttar ki or hi bani rahati hai jab tak dakshin-pashchim pavas gangaghati par chha nahian jata aur avadab bangal ki kha di mean banane nahian lagati. jaise-jaise pavas pichhe hatane lagata hai, parthakyarekha phir se dakshin-poorv ki or chalane lagati hai aur aktoobar mahine mean bangal ki kha di ke keandriy bhag mean aur disanbar mahine mean bhoomadhyarekha ke pas uttar mean a jati hai. arab sagar mean parthakyarekha itani spasht nahian hoti aur dakshin-pashchim pavasakal mean pray: koee bhi avadab ya chakravati toophan nahian banate, parantu kabhi-kabhi bangal ki kha di ko avashisht avadab uttari-poorab sagar par prabhav dalati hai. arab sagar mean chakravadi toophan mee aur joon ke aranbh mean aur aktoobar-navanbar mean banate haian.

6. rritu poorvanuman-is chhote se lekh mean rrituchitroan dvara poorvanuman karane ki riti ka poora byora dena sanbhav nahian hai. at: yahaan keval un sadhanoan ki rooparekha bataee gayi jise bhavishyavakta prayukt karata hai.

rritu chitroan se poorvanuman karane mean tin samasyaean upasthit hoti haian :

(1) bhavishyavakta ke lie yah janana avashyak hai ki rrituchitr par aankit vayu-dab-kshetr kis disha ki or chaleange.

(2) poorvanuman ke parasakal mean vayu-dab-kshetroan ki paristhiti mean kya kya parivartan hoange.

(3) sthal sanbandhi rooparekha ka rritu par kya prabhav ho sakata hai.

vayu-dab - kshetroan ki gati ki disha janane ka ek niyam yah hai ki man liya jata hai ki disha tatha veg ve hi jari raheange jo tho di der pahale prekshan dvara jnat kie ge the. parantu is niyam ka upayog samudr ke tatavarti sthaloan par vishesh savadhani se karana chahie. bhavishyavakta ko vayu-dab-kshetroan aur unamean hote hue parivartanoan ko janane ke lie sabase mahatvapoorn sahayata vayudabi pravritti ki soochana se milati hai jo bhavishyavakta ko vibhinn vedhashalaoan se prapt hoti hai. vayudabi pravritti yah batati hai ki vayudab mean pichhale tin ghantoan mean kya parivartan hua hai aur usake lakshanoan se yah bhi jnat hota hai ki parivartan is kal mean ek saman hi hota raha hai ya nahian. udaharanat: kya vayudab pahale ghatakar phir badha hai? is bat ka sujhav sarvapratham svidan desh ke rrituvaijnanik daktar nils ekaholm ne diya tha ki ek aisa chitr bhi khiancha jae jisamean poorvavarti prekshan ke pashchath‌ niyat samay tak ke vayu dab-parivartan athava samadab-parivartan (aisailobarik) rekhaean (jo ghatate aur badhate vayudab-kshetroan ko pariveshtit karati haian) aankit rahean. ye kshetr sam-dab-parivartaniy chitr par bahut hi spasht pae ge haian. yah bhi dekha gaya hai ki samadab parivartan sanbandhi vayusanhatiyaan sadharan vayu-dab-sanhatiyoan ki apeksha adhik niyamit roop se chalati haian aur dirgh kal tak ek hi path par chalati rahati haian. parantu yah kah dena avashyak haian ki bharatavarsh mean rritu sanbandhi vayu-dab-parivartanoan ka man pray: svalp hota hai aur is karan dainik parivartanoan ki aniyamitaoan se unake dab jane ki sanbhavana rahati hai. isalie vayudabi pravritti ki dainik soochana se rrituchitr ke vishleshan mean bharat mean koee mukhy sahayata nahian mil pati. parantu atyant vikshubdh rritu mean kabhi-kabhi vayudabi pravritti se achchhi sahayata milati hai. udaharanat:, vayudavi pravritti se toophan ya avadaboan ki gati ki disha ka anuman ho jata hai, kyoanki atyant vikshubdh rritu mean vayu dab-parivartanoan ka parinam itana adhik hota hai ki usapar dainik parivartanoan ki aniyamitataoan ka prabhav nahian p data.

mausam ka poorvanuman karane ki samasya ko saphal roop se hal karane ki ek uttam vidhi naravejiyan vidhi ke nam se prakhyat hai. isake anusar rritu dhruviy tatha bhoomadhyarekhiy vayuoan ke bich mean saantarata (disakotinaiti) ke prishth ki upasthiti par adhikatar adharit mani jati hai. is prakar ki saantarata ki rekha prekshan dvara vayumandal mean sachamuch paee jati hai.

vayuyanoan ke lie rritu vishayak poorvanuman - vimanachalan ke vistar ke sath-sath prithvital se adhik ooanchaee tak ke lie rritu sanbandhi poorvanuman ki maang badh gee hai. vayuyan sanbandhi rritu poorvanuman mean badaloan ki ooanchaee, drishyata, vayukshobh (tarbyuleans), vayuyan par barph jamane ki sanbhavana, pavan ke veg tatha disha, badaloan ki mahattam ooanchaee aur prithvital par vayu ke jhoankoan ke vishay mean soochana hoti hai. vayuyan sanbandhi poorvanuman aur sadharan dainik poorvanuman ka adhar soochanaean di jati haian jaise mausami vedhashalaoan se prapt aantim kshan tak ki rritu ki soochana.

madhyaparas tatha dirghaparas poorvanuman-poorvanuman ke kal ka paras pray: 24 se lekar 36 ghantoan tak se adhik nahian hota. usake bad 36 ya 48 ghantoan ki rritu ke bare mean keval rooparekha hi di ja sakati hai. isase adhik samay tak ke lie poorvanuman dene ke sanbandh mean bahut kuchh kary ho raha hai, parantu abhi tak is kary mean mahatvapoorn saphalata prapt nahian huee hai. is kary par parishram jari hai aur dhyey yah hai ki aisi ritiyoan ka vikas ho sake jinaki sahayata se agale paanch se 10 din tak ki rritu ka thik-thik poorvanuman karana sanbhav ho sake.

saankhyikiy rritu poorvaman-saankhyikiy (staitistikal) vidhiyoan dvara rritu vishayak poorvanuman karane ka kary bharat mean pichhale anek varshoan se prachalit hai aur is kshetr mean is desh mean paryapt saphalata mili hai. is vidhi ka adhar yah hai ki bharat ki pavasavarsha par sansar ke kuchh any deshoan ki rritu sanbandhi ghatanaoan ka prabhav p data hai. udaharanat:, dakshin-amarika mean aprail aur mee mahinoan ke pavan ke veg tatha disha ka, dakshin rodeshiya mean aktoobar se aprail mean huee varsha ki matra ka, pashchimi himalay parvat par march aur aprail mean himapat ki matra ka pavasavarsha par bahut prabhav paya gaya hai. sansar ke in sab bhagoan se rritu sanbandhi nyas ekatrit karake sah-sanbandh-gunaank (korileshan koifisheant) nikale ge haian, jinake adhar par rritu sanbandhi poorvanuman kiya jata hai. dhyey yah hai ki is prakar ka poorvanuman 80 pratishat thik ho.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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