ऐलुमिनियम

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ailuminiyam (aangrezi:Aluminium) ek rasayanik tattv hai jo dhaturoop mean paya jata hai. ailuminiyam ka sanket AI tatha paramanu sankhya 13 hoti hai. ailuminiyam ka paramanu bhar 26.98 hota hai. ailuminiyam ka ilektr aaunik vinyas 1s², 2s² 2p⁶, 3s² 3p¹ hai. ailuminiyam ka hindi nam 'sphatayatu ' hai.

namakaran

laitin bhasha ke shabd ailyoomen aur aangreji ke shabd 'ailam' ka arth phitakari hai. is phitakari mean se jo dhatu prithakh ki ja saki, usaka nam ailyoominiyam p da.

prapti

• prakriti mean ailuminiyam svatantr avastha mean nahian paya jata hai, lekin isake yaugik kafi matra mean milate haian. sanyukt avastha mean yah dhatu vibhinn ayaskoan ke roop mean payi jati haian.
• ailuminiyam ke mukhy khanij, b aauksait, aibhro, phelaspar, lapis, lajuli, kramolait, ailunait, nilam adi haian.
• ailuminiyam b aauksait, korandam, dayaspor, phelaspar, abarakh, kaolin, krayolait adi roopoan mean milata hai.
• ailuminiyam bhoo-parpati mean sabase adhik paya jane vala dhatu hai. aauksijan aur silik aaun ke bad sabase adhik paya jane vala yah tisara tattv hai.

nishkarshan

• audyogik roop mean ailuminiyam b aauksait se prapt kiya jata hai.
• b aauksait (Al₂O₃.2H₂O) ailuminiyam ka mukhy ayask hai, jo ailuminiyam ke jalayojit aauksaid ke roop mean paya jata hai. chooanki yah ayask sarvapratham phraans ke b aauks namak sthan par paya gaya tha, isalie is ayask ka nam b aauksait rakha gaya.
• ailuminiyam dhatu ka nishkarshan mukhyatah b aauksait ayask se vidyut apaghatan vidhi dvara kiya jata hai. b aauksait ka rasayanik nam haidreted elumina hai. b aauksait ke vaidyut apaghatan mean krayolait (3NaF.AlF₃) ka upayog b aauksait ko kam tap par ghulane hetu kiya jata hai.
• b aauksait ayask bihar, u disa, madhy pradesh mean paya jata hai. bharat mean ailyuminiyam karporeshan aauf indiya, indiyan ailuminiyam kampani adi isake pramukh nishkarshan kendr haian.

bhautik gun

• ailuminiyam chaandi ke saman chamakili dhatu hai.
• ailuminiyam ka dravanaank 659.8° C, kvathanaank 2200° C, tatha vishisht gurutv 2.7 hota hai.
• ailuminiyam aghatavardhy tatha tany dhatu hai.
• ailuminiyam chaandi ke saman safed dhatu hoti hai lekin apadravyo ki upasthiti ke karan ailuminiyam ka rang kuchh nila hota hai.
• ailuminiyam ooshma v vidyut ki suchalak hai v any dhatuoan ke sath upayogi mishradhatu jaise- maigneshiyam (ailuminiyam+maignishiyam) nikal aauy (nikil+ailuminiyam +taanba), vaee mishradhatu (ailuminiyam +taanba+nikil+maignishiyam) adi banati hai.

rasayanik gun

• tanu ya sandr haidroklorik aml mean ghulakar ailuminiyam haidrojan gais deta hai evan ailuminiyam kloraid banata hai.
• ailuminiyam, tanu salphyoorik aml ke sath dhire-dhire pratikriya kar yah haidrojan gais deta hai.
• yah sandr salphyoorik aml ke sath garm kiye jane par ailuminiyam salphet banata hai aur SO₂ gais bahar nikalati hai.
• sodiyam haidr aauksaid ya potaishiyam haidr aauksaid mean yah ghulakar ailuminet lavan banata hai, evan H₂ gais bahar nikalati hai.
• yah hailojan se sanyog kar hailaid banata hai.
• yah naitrojan ke sath pratikriya kar ailuminiyam naitraid banata hai.

upayog

1. ailuminiyam tatha isaki mishradhatu vayuyan, motar adi banane mean vyavahrat hoti hai.
2. ailuminiyam ghareloo bartan banane mean prayukt hota hai.
3. ailuminiyam ke tar vidyut sanchalan mean prayukt hote haian.
4. loha (Fe), maianganij (Mn) adi dhatuoan ke aauksaidoan ko dhatu mean avakrit karane mean yah prayukt hota hai.
5. in mishr dhatuoan mean vaee mishradhatu, maigneliyam ka prayog vayuyan adi banane mean kiya jata hai.
6. ailuminiyam braanj (ailuminiyam+taanba) se bartan v sikke banaye jate haian.
7. ailuminiyam ka any upayog chadarean ailuminiyam paudar, peant, sigaret v t aauphi ki chamakili panni adi banane mean hota hai.

ailuminiyam ki mishradhatuean

ailuminiyam lagabhag sabhi dhatuoan ke sath sanyukt hokar mishr dhatuean banata hai, jinamean se taanba, loha, jasta, maianganij, maignishiyam, nikil, kromiyam, sisa, bisamath aur vainediyam mukhy haian. mishradhatuean do prakar ke kam ki haian- pitavaan aur dhalavaan.

dhalavaan

taanba 8%, loha 1%, silik aaun 1.2%, ailyoominiyam 89.8% .

pitavaan

taanba 0.9%, silik aaun 12.5%, maiganishiyam 1.0 %, nikil 0.9%, ailyoominiyam 84.7%.

dhatu	pratishat	nirman
ailuminiyam braanj	Cu (90%), Al (10%)	baratan, sikka adi
maigneliyam	Mg (2%), Al (95-96%), Cu-Fe (2- 3%)	vayuyan
nikal aauy	Al (95%), Cu (4%), Ni (1%)	vayuyan
dyoorelumin	Cu (4%), Mn (0.5%), Mg (0.4%), Al (95%)	preshar kukar vayuyan adi

ailuminiyam ke yaugik

ailuminiyam kloraid

ailuminiyam kloraid ka upayog utprerak ke roop mean phridal krapht pratikriya mean vyapak taur par hota hai. yah gaisolin ke utpadan mean bhi utprerak ke roop mean prayukt hota hai. petroliyam ke bhanjan mean anardr ailuminiyam kloraid ka prayog hota hai.

ailumina

ailumina prakriti mean b aauksait, korandam, nilam adi kee roopoan mean paya jata hai. b de paimane par yah b aauksait ayask se taiyar kiya jata hai. yah safed tatha beravedar choorn hota hai, jo jal mean ghulanashil hai. yah ek ubhayadharmi aauksaid hai. atah yah aml aur kshar donoan se pratikriya karata hai. isaka upayog kritrim ratn banane mean, ailuminiyam dhatu banane mean, ailuminiyam ke any lavanoan ke nirman mean, utprerak ke roop mean tatha bhatthiyoan mean astar lagane ke kam mean hota hai.

potash elam

potash elam ka rasayanik nam potaishiyam ailuminiyam salphet hota hai. potash elam ka rasayanik sootr K₂SO₄. Al₂(SO₄)₃.24H₂O hota hai. yah ek dvik lavan hai. isaka upayog rakt pravah rokane mean, kagaz evan cham da udyog mean, jal ko mridu banane adi mean hota hai.

ailuminiyam karbaid

ailuminiyam karbaid (Al₄C₃) ko mithenaid kahate haian. ailuminiyam karbaid par jal ki pratikriya se mithen gais banati hai.

ailuminiyam haidr aauksaid

kap doan ko adahay banane tatha jalarodhi kap de taiyar karane mean ailuminiyam haidr aauksaid [Al(OH)₃] ka prayog kiya jata hai.

ailuminiyam salphet

Al₂(SO₄)318H₂O ko heyar s aault kahate haian. ailuminiyam salphet [Al₂(SO₄)₃] ka prayog kap doan ki chhapaee aur rangaee mean rangabandhak ke roop mean kiya jata hai. isaka upayog phitakari banane mean bhi hota hai.

bauksait–ajakal ailyoominiyam ka sarvadhik samany ayask bauksait hai. bauksait vanijy star par mukhyat: is karan prayukt hota hai ki isamean ailyoominiyam ke jalayukt (haidreted) aksaid hote haian, jisase alp vyay evan sugamata se ailyoomina prapt kiya ja sakata hai. bauksait mean tin jalayukt aksaid pahachane ge haian :

bokamait : ailfa monohaidret, jisamean ailyoomina 85.01% haian dayasapor : bita monohaidret, jisamean ailyoomina 85.01% haian gibasait : ailfa traihaidret, jisamean ailyoomina 65.41% haian

bauksait ek yatharthashila hai ja uparishth vighatan (suparafishal dikanpozishan) ki vidhi dvara utpann huee hai. phalat: ailyoominiyam ke atirikt isamean lauh tatha taiteniyam ke aksaid bhi rahate haian, jo jalayukt mishran ke avashisht sanchayan (aikyumuleshan) ka roop dharan karate haian. isamean silika tatha praangarik padartho ki bhi kuchh matra rahati hai.

bharat ke sabhi bauksait nikshep laitarait prakar ke haian aur unamean se adhikaansh besalt lava ke rrituksharan dvara utpann hue haian. prathamik bauksait sadharanat: ooanche maidanoan (pleto) athava chhote sapat shrriangashailoan ke top ke roop mean prapt hota hai.

atyadhunik anumanoan ke anusar sare vishv mean bauksait ka bhaandar do arab tan aanka gaya hai. kiantu is anuman ko yadi vastavikata se kam kaha jae to bhi atishayokti n hogi, kyoanki yah bhaandar itana prachur hai ki bhavishy mean kisi bhi avashyakata ki poorti kar sakane mean samarth hoga.

bharatiy bhootatvik samiksha dvara kie ge aank doan ke anusar bharat mean bauksait ka bhaandar 20-25 karo d tan ka hai, jisamean sabhi shreshthataoan ka bauksait sanmilit hai. yah anuman bhi ab avishvasaniy pratit hone laga hai, kyoanki sanbhavat: vastavik bhaandar is matra se kahian adhik hai. kuchh navin aank de yah pradarshit karate haian ki bharat mean uchch shreni ke b aauksaid ki matra lagabhag 2.8 karo d tan hai. ilektro kemikal sosaiti ki bharatiy shakha ki aktoobar, 1955 ee. ki patrika mean desh mean achchhe varg ke bauksait ki anumit matra 3.55 karo d tan ke lagabhag bataee gee hai. 1957 ee. mean phraansisi pratinidhimandal ne, jisamean phraans ki ek suprasiddh kanpani ke shri je. sebot bhi the, nimnaankit matraoan ko upalabhy bataya hai :

kran. kshetr bhaandar alochana

sankhya

1. katani kshetr (m.pr.) 10 lakh tan mahatvapoorn nahian

2. saurashtr (banbee)

3. shivaroy paha diyaan 30-40 lakh tan lagabhag das varsho tak

ek laghu ailyuminiyam karakhane ke lie paryapt

4. kolhapur kshetr (maharashtr) 500 lakh tan uttam

5. bilasupar kshetr (amar-kee karo d tan vishal karakhane ke kantak) m.pr. tatha main-apekshakrit vistrit lie atyant upayogi pat nikshep (amarakantak kshetr mean, paryapt se 150 kilomitar ki labhaprad bauksait doori par)m.pr.

bharat mean bauksait ka vitaran –bauksait bihar, u disa, maharashtr tamilanadu, jammoo tatha kashmir aur madhy pradesh adi praantoan mean prachur matra mean vidyaman hai. bauksait nikshepoan ka vishesh vivaran is prakar hai :

bihar rajy –bauksait nikshep raanchi tatha palamoo jiloan mean vidyaman haian. in nikshepoan par khanan kary bhi kuchh dinoan se ho raha hai.

ailyoominiyam k aaurporeshan aauv iandiya tatha iandiyan ailyoominiyam kan. prati varsh lakhoan tan bauksait ka khanan is kshetr se karati haian.

u disa rajy –kalahaandi tatha sanbalapur jiloan mean bauksait paya jata hai. ailyoominiyam ke lie upayukt bauksait ki matra keval 4,00,000 tan tak hi simit hai.

maharashtr rajy –kollapur tatha belagaanv jiloan mean bauksait ke mukhy nikshep milate haian. in donoan mean bhi kolhapur ke nikshep vishal haian tatha silika kam hone ke karan adhik upayogi haian. phraansisi mishan (1957) ke anusar kolhapur kshetr ke nikshepoan mean paanch karo d tan bauksait hai. yadyapi ye nikshep ailyoominiyam udyog ke lie upayukt evan paryapt haian, tathapi nikshepoan ke samip koyala athava any eedhan upalabdh n hone ke karan, desh ke any sthanoan ki tulana mean, in nikshepoan ka khanan labhaprad nahian hai.

tamilanadu rajy –tamilanadu mean selam jile ki shivaroy paha diyoan mean bauksait ke mukhy bhaandar sthit haian. ailyoominiyam ke lie uparyukt bauksait ki matra 30-40 lakh tan hai. nikshep poornat: gibasait ke haian jisamean taiteniyam aksaid tatha sakriy (riaiktiv) silika alp matra mean haian. at: yah bauksait ailyoominiyam udyog ke lie atyant labhaprad haian. parantu is kshetr mean koyale tatha any eedhan ka abhav hai. shivaroy bauksait praudakt kanpani yahaan khanan kary karati hai.

jammoo tatha kashmir –is pradesh ke pooanch tatha riyasi jiloan mean lagabhag 20 lakh tan bauksait prapt hone ka anuman hai. yahaan ka bauksait poornat: dayasapor (ailyoominiyam haidr aauksaid) ke roop mean haian.

madhy pradesh –yah nirvivad hai ki bharat mean ailyoominiyam udyog ke lie sarvadhik uparyukt tatha vishalatam bhaandar madhy pradesh mean haian. mukhy nikshep nimnalikhit kshetroan mean vidyaman haian :

jabalapur jile ka katani kshetr, balaghat jila, uttar poorvi madhy pradesh kshetr jisamean bilasapur, saraguja, shahadol, tatha rayagadh jile sanmilit haian.

katani kshetr mean bauksait ke bhaandaroan ka anuman lagabhag 46 lakh tan hai. kuchh laghu nikshep sihora mean bhi haian. is samay yah bauksait gharshak (abresib) tatha rasayanik udyagoan ke lie prayukt hota hai.

balaghat kshetr mean abhi koee vishesh anveshan kary nahian kiya gaya hai, kiantu yahaan vishal nikshepoan ke milane ki poorn sanbhavana hai.

madhy pradesh ke uttar -poorvi kshetr ke nikshep atyant mahatvapoorn tatha vistrit haian. is kshetr mean anveshan kary bhi paryapt ho chuka hai tatha yahaan kee karo d tan bauksait prapt hone ka anuman hai. phraansisi kaimaroon khanan seva ki riport ke anusar yadi amarakantak ke pashchim aur dakshin-pashchim sthit uchch sthaliyoan ka do tihaee bhi sanmilit kar liya jae to p dos mean sthit b de se b de ailyoominiyam karakhane ki avashyakata poori ho sakegi. is kshetr ke upayogi ayask ki anumanit matra 20 se 30 karo d tan tak hogi. mainapat ke nikshep amarakantak kshetriy nikshepoan se apekshakrit adhik upayukt haian. aprail 1974 mean koraba (madhy pradesh) mean bharat ailyoominiyam kanpani ke 2,00,000 tan kshamatavale sanyantr ne ailyoominiyam utpadan ka kary praranbh kar diya hai jisamean is bauksait ka upayog hota hai.

ailyoominiyam udyog mean prayukt any kachche padarth

beyar vidhi dvara bauksait se ailyoomina ki prapti ke lie choone tatha soda bhasm (soda desh) athava kastik soda ki avashyakata hoti hai. in padartho ke lie bharatiy udyog ko aanshat: aantarik evan aanshat: bahm sadhanoan par nirbhar rahana p data hai. ailyoomina ke vidyudvishleshan ke lie tapan padarth :

(k) krayolait. yah ailyoomina ka viley hai jisaka ayat grinalaiand se hota hai

(kh) floraspar tatha ailyoominiyam floraid : inaki avashyakata tapan samayojan (bath aidajastameant) mean hoti hai. ye videshoan se ayat kie jate haian.

vidyudagroan (elektrod) tatha tanki ke astar ke lie karbanik padarth : petroliyam kok digboee (asam) se prapt kiya jata hai, jisase aanshik poorti hoti hai. shesh maang poori karane ke lie videshoan se ayat karana p data hai. mridu pich, kok ovan, alakatara aur karakhane ki rakh bangal ke koyala-kshetr se prapt kie jate haian.

ailyoominiyam ke karakhane–is samay bharat mean ailyoominiyam ke kee karakhane haian. asanasol mean sthit ek karakhane mean ailyoomina se ailyoominiy banane ki vyavastha hai. moori (tatanagar mean 50 mil door) mean pahale se ailyoomina ko parishkrit karake ailyoominiyam utpann karane ki vyavastha hai. aisi hi vyavastha keral rajy mean alave namak sthan par bhi hai. selam tatha hirakuand mean 10-10 hajar tan prati varsh utpadan ke karakhane haian. uttar pradesh ke mirjapur jile mean renukoot namak sthan par hiandalako (hiandustan ailyoominiyam karporeshan) ka karakhana hai jo is samay bharat mean ailyuminiyam ka sabase b da karakhana hai. march, 1960 ee. mean is karakhane ne utpadan praranbh kar diya tha. praranbh mean isaka varshik utpadan keval 20,000 tan tha parantu 1969 ee. mean badhakar yah 80,000 tan prati varsh aur 1972 ee. mean 1,20,000 tan prati varsh ho gaya tha.

aprail, 1974 ee. mean koraba (madhy pradesh) mean bharat ailyoominiyam kanpani ke 2,00,000 tan kshamatavale koraba ailyumina sanyantr ne utpadan kary aranbh kar diya hai. 1,00,000 tan ki adhikatam kshamatavala isaka pradavak (smelter) 1974 ee. ke aant se praranbh hokar 1975 ee. ke aant tak vibhinn charanoan mean kam karane lagega.

bharat ailyoominiyam kanpani ka ratnagiri (maharashtr) mean bhi ek ailyoominiyam sanyantr 1975-76 ee. tak kary karane lagega jisaki utpadan kshamata prativarsh 50,000 tan hogi. paanchavian yojana ke aantim charan tak in donoan sanyantroan ki kshamata 2,80,000 tan tak hone ki sanbhavana hai. is dhatu mean 1976 ee. tak desh atmanirbhar ho jaega.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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