ऐतिहासिक भौतिकवाद

aitihasik bhautikavad samaj aur usake itihas ke adhyayan mean dvandvatmak bhautikavad ke siddhaantoan ka prasaran hai. adhunik kal mean chooanki itihas ko matr vivaranatmak n manakar vyakhyatmak adhik mana jata hai aur vah ab keval akasmik ghatanaoan ka puanj matr nahian rah gaya hai, aitihasik bhautikavad ne aitihasik vicharadhara ko atyadhik prabhavit kiya hai.

17march, 1883 ko karl marks ki samadhi ke pas unake mitr aur sahayogi eanjil ne kaha tha, thik jis tarah jiv jagath‌ mean darvin ne vikas ke niyam ka anusandhan kiya, usi tarah manav itihas mean marks ne vikas ke niyam ka anusandhan kiya. unhoanne is samany tathy ko khoj nikala (jo abhi tak adarshavadita ke malabe ke niche daba tha) ki isake pahale ki vah rajaniti, vijnan, kala, dharm aur is prakar ki batoan mean ruchi le sake, manav ko sabase pahale khana pina, vastr aur avas milana chahie. isaka abhipray yah hai ki jivan dharan ke lie asann avashyak bhautik sadhanoan ke sath-sath rashtr athava yugavishesh ke tatkalin arthik vikas ki pravastha us adhar ka nirman karati hai jisapar rajy sansthaean, vidhimoolak drishtikon aur sanbandhit vyaktiyoan ke kalatmak aur dharmik vichar tak nirmit hue haian. tatpary yah hai ki in uttaravarti paristhitiyoan ko jinhean poorvagami paristhitiyoan ki janani samajha jata hai, vastut: svayan unase prasoot samajha jana chahie.

yah aisi dharana hai jisaka maulik mahatv hai aur jo tatvat: saral hai. itihas mean (vaise hi manav vichar mean bhi) parivartanoan ke lie adi prerak shakti yugavishesh ki arthik utpadan ki vyavastha aur tajjanit sanbandhoan mean nihit hoti hai. yah dharana un sari vyakhyaoan ka virodh karati hai jo itihas ke praranbhik tatvoan ko daiv, jagadatma, prakritik vivek svatanthhray adi jaisi bhavatmak vastuoan mean dhooandhati haian. isaki utpatti vastavik sakriy manav se hoti hai aur usake sahi sahi aur mahatvapoorn aant: sanbandh saiddhaantik pratyavartan ke vikas aur unaki sajiv prakriya ki pratidhvaniyoan ko pradarshit karati hai. sankshep mean, chetanata jivan ko nahian nirdharit karati kiantu jivan chetanata ko nirdharit karata hai.

marks ne 'darshan ki daridrata' (pavarti aauv filasafi) mean likha, ham kalpana karean ki apane bhautik uttaradhikar mean vastavik itihas, apane parthiv uttaradhikar mean, aisa aitihasik uttaradhikar hai jisamean mat, pravarg, siddhaantoan ne apane ko abhivyakt kiya hai. pratyek siddhaant ki apani niji shatabdi rahi hai jisamean usane apane ko udghatit kiya hai. udaharan ke lie satta ke siddhaant ki apani shatabdi 11vian rahi hai, usi tarah jis tarah 18vian shatabdi vyaktivad ke siddhaant ki pradhanata ki rahi hai. at:, tarkat: shatabdi siddhaant ki anuvartini hoti hai, siddhaant shatabdi ka anuvarti nahian hota. doosare shabdoan mean, siddhaant itihas ko banata hai, itihas siddhaant ko nahian banata. ab yadi ham itihas aur siddhaant donoan ki raksha ki asha ke lie poochhean ki akhir satta ka siddhaant 11vian shatabdi mean hi kyoan pradurbhoot hua aur vyaktivad 18vian mean kyoan, aur satta siddhaant 18vian mean ya vyaktivad 11vian mean, athava donoan ek hi shatabdi mean kyoan nahian hue, to hamean anivary roop se tatkalin paristhitiyoan ke vistar mean jane par badhy hona p dega. hamean janana p dega ki 11vian aur 18vian shatabdi ke log kaise the, unaki kramagat avashyakataean kya thian. unake utpadan ki shaktiyaan, unake utpadan ke tarike, ve kachche mal jinase ve utpadan karate the, aur aant mean manav manav ke bich kya sanbandh the, sanbandh jo astitv ki in samast paristhitiyoan se utpann hote the. kiantu jyoanhi ham manavoan ko apane itihas ke patr aur unake nirmata man lete haian tyoanhi tho de chakkar ke bad, hamean us vastavik adi sthan ka pata lag jata hai jahaan se yatra aranbh huee thi, kyoanki hamane un shashvat siddhaantoan ko chho d diya hai, jahaan se hamane aranbh kiya tha.

bhoan de patthar ke aujaroan se dhanushaban tak aur shikari jivan se adim pashupalan pashucharan tak, patthar ke aujaroan se dhatu ke aujaroan tak (lohe ki kulha di, lohe ke phalavale lak di ke hal adi) krishi ke sankraman ke sath, samagri ke upayog ke lie dhatu ke aujaroan ka age ko vikas (lohar ki dhauankani aur bartanoan ka aranbh), dastakari ke vikas aur usaka krishi se praranbhik audyogik nirman ke roop mean prithakkaran, mashinoan ki or sankraman, aur tab adhunik b de paimane ke udyogoan ka audyogik kraanti ke adhar par uday–prachin kal se hamare yug tak ki utpadak shaktiyoan ke kramik vikas ki yah ek moti rooparekha hai. parivartanoan ke is kram ke sath-sath manushy ke arthik sanbandh bhi badalate ge haian aur unaka vikas hota gaya hai. itihas ko utpadan sanbandhoan ke paanch mukhy prakar jnat haian–adim jativadi, dasapradhan, samanti, pooanjivadi aur samajavadi. in vyavasthaoan ke vichar aur prakar, yatha pooanjivad mean munapha, majadoori aur lagan, shashvat nahian balki utpadan ke samajik sanbandhoan ki saiddhaantik abhivyakti matr haian. bhautik parivesh mean vikasit honevali thos avashyakataean ek vyavastha se doosari vyavastha ke parivartan ke aitihasik kram ko janm deti haian. jab bhitari aantarvirodhoan ke karan arthik achchhadan phat jata hai, jaisa ki samajavadi vishleshan ka dava hai ki pooanjivad mean ghatit ho raha hai, tab itihas ka ek naya adhyay aranbh ho jata hai.

is dharana ke anusar manushy ki bhoomika kisi bhi prakar nishkriyata ki nahian sakriyata ki hai. eanjils ke kathananusar svatantrata avashyakata ki svikriti hai. vyakti prakritik niyamoan se kahaan tak bandha hai, yah jan lena apani svatantrata ki simaoan ko jan lena hai. ichchha matr se adami apani ooanchaee hath bhar bhi nahian badha sakata. kiantu manushy ne un bhautik niyamoan ka raj samajhakar u dana sikh liya hai jinake bina usaka u dana asanbhav hota hai. ni:sandeh manav itihas ka nirman karata hai kiantu apani manachahi riti se nahian. yah kahana ki yah vicharadhara manushy par svarth ke uddeshyoan ko aropit karati hai, is vichar ko phooh d banana hai. yah hasyaspad hota, yadi siddhaant yah kahata ki adami sada bhautik svarth ke lie kam karata hai. kiantu usaka matr itana agrah hai ki adarsh svarg se bane banae nahian tapak p date kiantu prastut paristhitiyoan dvara vikasit hote haian. isalie isaka karan khojana hoga ki yugavishesh mean adarshavishesh hi kyoan prachalit the, doosare nahian.

1890 mean eanjils ne likha, aantatogatva itihas ke roop ko nishchit karanevale tatv vastavik jivan mean utpadan aur punarutpadan hai. isase adhik ka n to marks ne aur n maianne hi kabhi dava kiya hai. isalie agar koee isako is vaktavy mean to d maro dakar rakhata hai ki arthik tatv hi ekamatr nirnayak hai, to vah use arthahin, vimoort aur tarkarahit vaktavy bana deta hai. arthik paristhiti adhar nishchay hai, kiantu oopari dhaanche ke vibhinn saphal sangram ke bad vijayi varg dvara sthapit sanvidhan adiù–kanoon ke roop–phir sangharsh karanevaloan ke dimag mean in vastavik sangharsho ke paravartan, rajanitik, kanooni, darshanik siddhaant, dharmik vichar aur hathadharmi siddhaant ke roop mean unaka vikas–yah bhi aitihasik sangharsho ki gati par apana prabhav dalate haian aur adhikatar avasthaoan mean unaka roop sthit karane mean pradhanata: saphal hote haian. in tatvoan ki ek doosare ke prati ek kriya bhi hoti hai–anyatha is siddhaant ko itihas ke kisi yug par aropit karana anany-sadharan-samikaran ko hal karane se bhi saral hota. vastav mean yah vichar is bat ko svikar karata hai ki siddhaant jyoanhi janata par apana adhikar sthapit kar lete haian, ve bhautik shakti ban jate haian. buniyadi taur par to ni:sandeh isaka agrah hai ki samajik parivartanoan ke aantim karanoan ko darshan mean nahian pratyek vishisht yug ke arthashastr mean dhooandhana hoga. saty to yah hai ki aranbh mean 'kary' the, shabd nahian.

is vicharadhara ka ek gatyatmak paksh bhi hai jo is bat par jor deta hai ki pratayek sajiv samaj mean utpadan ki vikasashil shaktiyoan aur pratigatyatmak sansthaoan mean, un logoan mean jo sthitiyoan ko jaisi ki taisi rahane dena chahate haian aur jo unhean badalana chahate haian, virodh utpann hota hai. yah virodh jab is matra tak pahuanch jata hai ki utpadan sanbandh samaj ki be diyaan ban jate haian tab kraanti ho jati hai. is vishleshan ke anusar pooanji ka ekadhipaty utpadan par be di banakar baith gaya hai aur yahi karan hai ki samajavadi kraantiyaan huee, aur jahaan abhi tak nahian huee haian vahaan pooanjivad sthayi roop se sankat mean p d gaya hai. yah samay samay mean yuddhoan aur usaki nirantar taiyariyoan se hi door ho sakata hai. samajavadi samaj mean jo aantavirodh paida hoange, ve, vastav mean, abhi to nishchay se adhik kalpana ki vastu haian. (hi.na.mu.)

ain (1665-1714) ianglaiand ke raja jems dvitiy ki doosari putri. usaka lalan palan protesteant vatavaran mean hua tha. bachapan mean hi usaki maitri sara charchil (marlabaro ki bhavi dachez) se ho gee thi. is maitri ka prabhav ain ke vyaktigat jivan par hi nahian, varanh‌ ianglaiand ke itihas par bhi b da gahara p da. 1683 mean usaka vivah denmark ke rajakumar jarj ke sath hua. rajanitik roop se lokapriy n hote hue bhi daanpaty roop se yah sanbandh sukhi pramanit hua. jems ke pashchath‌ viliyam ianglaiand ka raja bana; aur viliyam ki mrityu ke bad 8 march, 1702 ko ain gret briten tatha ayaralaiand ki rani ghoshit huee. vyaktitv se pratibhashali n hote hue bhi usaka shasanakal gauravapoorn pramanit hua.

praranbhik jivan mean mata pita ke sneh se vanchit rahane, apani 17 santanoan ki mrityu dekhane tatha nirantar asvasth rahane se use yathesht kasht sahan karana p da. kautuanbik bandhanoan, dharmik sangharsho, kartavyapalan ki samasyaoan tatha deshabhakti ki bhavanaoan ne use virodhi dishaoan mean ghasita. darabar ke parasparik dvesh tatha gutabandiyaan use jivanaparyant ghalati rahian. usamean adhik yogyata bhi nahian thi aur n vah tikshnabuddhi thi. kiantu, apani simaoan mean rahakar vah eemanadari se kartavyapalan mean satat prayatnashil rahi.

aranbh se hi charch (dharm) ki samasyaoan ke prati usaki poori abhiruchi bani rahi. rajy ke donoan pramukh daloan se usaka sanpark charch sanbandhi bhavanaoan se hi parichalit raha. vyaktigat roop se tori (anudar) dal se usaki sahanubhooti rahane par bhi hvig (udar) dal ke sath, usake kripapatr charchil danpati jisake sarvapramukh sadasy the, usaka bandhan dridhatar hota gaya. marlabaro ki blehaim ki abhootapoorv vijay ke karan hvig dal ka prabhav bahut badh gaya. vastut: marlabaro ka dyook hi hvig dal ka sarvadhik prabhavashali sadasy tha. kiantu 1710 mean ain aur sara mean sanbandhavichchhed hone ke karan marlabaro ke bhagy ka patan ho gaya. sara ke sthan par misez maisham, jo usaki hi sanbandhi thi, ain ki vishesh kripapatri ban gee. vastav mean ianglaiand ki janata bhi marlabaro ke yuddhoan se oob uthi thi. at: hvig shasan ki samapti par harli ke nettritv mean, jo gupt roop se ain ka vishvasapatr salahakar tha, tori sarakar ki sthapana huee. ain ke shasan ke aantim kal mean uttaradhikari ki ki samasyativr ho gee. ain apane bhaee preveandr ko uttaradhikari banana chahati thi, kiantu mantrimandal tatha janata ke tivr virodh ke karan asaphal rahi. agast, 1714 mean usaki mrityu ho gee. sansar ke sarvashreshth senaniyoan mean se ek marlabaro ke dayook ki abhootapoorv vijayoan, dal sanbandhi rajaniti ke utthan, ianglaiand aur skatalaiand ke ekikaran, eest iandiya kanpani ki samasyaoan ke saphal samadhan tatha aidisan, difo, svift, aur pop jaise medhavi sahityakaroan ke pradurbhav–in sab karanoan ne ain ke shasan ko gauravapoorn bana diya tha.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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