आस्ट्रिया का इतिहास

astriya ka itihas praranbhik rooparekha : astriya ke itihas ka varnan karate samay yoorop ke kee deshoan ka itihas samane a jata hai. mukhy roop se jinaka is sanbandh mean poorn varnan hota hai ve haian itali, chekoslovakiya, polaiand, hangari, romaniya, yugoslaviya aur roos adi. karan isaka yah hai ki haibsabarg jaise mahanh‌ parivar ne ek lanbe arase tak inapar rajy kiya hai.

astriya desh itihas ke praranbhakal se hi manushyoan dvara abad raha hai. isaki prachin sabhyata ke chihn halatal mean pae jate haian. eesa se 400 varsh poorv astriya desh mean kabiloan ki basti rahi. in kabiloan ne bohimiya, hangari aur alps ki paha diyoan par apana adhikar jama liya. pahali shatabdi mean romanoan ne alps ki paha di par ki aur isako apane pairoan tale rauand dala.

487 ee. mean hoonoan ne usapar akraman kiya, isake pashchat slav tatha jarman kabiloan ne adhikar jamaya. sharlaman ne isako phir apane rajy mean sammilit kiya. yah kal 811 ee. ka tha. is prakar yah ek shatabdi tak jarman rajy mean raha. 976 ee. mean yahaan baibinabarg parivar ka prabhav badha. yahian se astriya ka rajanitik itihas janm leta hai. is parivar ka rajyakal 1246 tak raha aur chhathe lyoopold ke putr dvitiy phredarik ki mrityu ke pashchath‌ is parivar ka aant ho gaya.

1273 se astriya desh par haibsabarg parivar ka prabhav p da jo 1918 tak bana raha. is b de arse mean yah bhinn - bhinn roop dharan karata raha, jisake karan isaka itihas b da hi vaichityapoorn evan romaantik ho gaya hai. astriya ki mahatta ek isi bat se jani ja sakati hai ki jis samay astriya ke rajakumar ki hatya huee us samay yoorop mean tahalaka mach gaya aur isi karan pratham mahayuddh ki nianv p di.

rajagaddi ke lie l dairh - 1740 ee. mean chhathe charls ka dehaant ho gaya. prasha ke phredarik ne avasar pakar usake uttariy bhag par akraman kar diya. charls ki is bat se sabaki aankhean khul geean. phraans ne yah dekha to prasha ke sath mil gaya. briten ne meriya theresa ki sahayata karane ka vayada kar liya. idhar prasha aur phraans ne charls ke khoob kan bhare.

aant mean vahi parinam hua aur l daee chhi d gee. meriya theresa ke sainikoan ne b di virata dikhaee , magar saileshiya mean unako muanh ki khani p di. hangari ki bhi sahayata unhean samay par mil gee, jisake karan ve astriya ki or se l de. phraansisiyoan ne b di mushkil se apani jan bachaee.

astriya aur phraans ki shatruta yoorop bhar mean prasiddh rahi. phir bhi yah shatruta samay ki kathinaee dekhakar mitrata mean badal gee. idhar phraans aur astriya ek hue aur udhar briten aur prasha ke raja phredarik ek ho ge. is prakar alag - alag dal paida ho ge. b di - b di shaktiyoanvale is bagi dal ne yoorop bhar mean halachal macha di. isane phir ek sankat aur sangharsh ka roop dharan kar liya jisane yoorop mean 30 varshiy yuddh ko janm diya.

astriya aur purusha - astriya aur purasha ka sanyukt morcha bhi yoorop ke itihas mean b di mahatta rakhata hai. isane milakar phraans par akraman kiya. inaki sena ki bagador dyook av branzavik ke hathoan mean thi. phraans ne mar khaee aur sarahadi ilake inake kabje mean a ge, magar vishesh roop se koee saphalata nahian huee. abhi ve aragoans ki paha diyoan ke karib hi the ki dyook moriz jis sena ka nayakatv kar rahe the usase valmi ke sthan par l daee huee. is bich branzavik ki sena bimar p d gee, usane sulah ki batachit ki aur jarmani ki sarahad se gujarakar rain par kar li. is l daee ka koee vishesh parinam nahian hua, phir bhi naipoliyan ke lie usane raste khol die.

astriya aur phraans - dhire - dhire aisa maloom hua ki phraans ke virodh mean jo sanyukt morcha bana hai, vah toot gaya. 1794 ee. ki phraansisi saphalata ne purusha ki aankhean khol dian aur 1775 mean baisel ki sandhi huee jisamean purusha ki shakti uttariy jarmani mean man li gee. spen bhi alag ho gaya aur ab keval briten aur astriya rah ge. ab phraansisiyoan ne apani sari shakti astriya ki or laga di.

ek sena viyana ki or danoob hoti huee badhi aur doosari astriya ke italivale hisse ki taraph chali. naipoliyan ne apani sari shakti kharch kar di. usane saradiniya ke raja ko majaboor kar diya ki vah astriya ke dal se nikal ae. usake pashchath‌ usane milan par qabza kar liya. itali ke logoan ne usaka abhinandan kiya aur astriya rajy virodhi ho ge. isake pashchath‌ naipoliyan ne maiantua nagar par bhi qabza kar liya jahaan astriya ka durg tha. paanch bhinn - bhinn senaean durg ko bachane ke lie bheji geean, parantu sabaki har huee. is mahine phraansisiyoan ka adhikar maiantua par bhi ho gaya. lekin naipoliyan ne apani sthiti surakshit n dekhakar ek sandhi ki jo aktoobar, 1787 ke tritri aauv kaianp pharamis ke nam se vikhyat hai. isamean astriya ko vinis ka rajy de diya gaya. phir bhi yah mitrata bahut dinoan tak n chali kyoanki astriyan aur unake sathi itali ke uttari bhag par apana qabza kie hue the. naipoliyan ne 1796 mean itali par akraman karane ki sochi jisamean jenaral morie danoob ki or se astriya par akraman karanevala tha. aant mean naipoliyan vijayi hua. usane milan par adhikar jama liya aur jenova ki or badha. joon mean merej namak sthan par l daee chhi di. yah dekhakar astriya ne sandhi ka sandesh bheja. pharavari, 1801 mean lyoonevaik ki sandhi huee aur usaki shart ke anusar astriya apane italivale ilakoan se hath dho baitha.

isake pashchath‌ 2 disanbar, 1805 ko naipoliyan ne phir astrelitz ki l daee mean astriya ko haraya aur viyana usake adhikar mean a gaya. astriya disanbar, 1905 mean presabarg ki sandhi karane par vivash ho gaya. is prakar astriya ki lagatar har se pavitr rom samrajy ka bhi aant ho gaya jo oto ke kal, arthat, 10vian shatabdi se chala a raha tha. isake bad saradiniya ke raja charls albart ki l daee astriyan jeneral rodezaki se huee. aant mean vah har gaya. julaee 1818 mean usaki har kastoja namak sthan par huee. isilie astriya ko apane itali ke ilake vapas mil ge.

astriya aur hangari - astriya aur hangari ki samasya bhi b di mahatta rakhati hai. in donoan ke bich yah bat hamesha rahi ki donoan ke bich matadan kis prakar ho. bahut sochane ke bad 1907 mean ek bil pas hua jisase astriya ke rahanevaloan ka, jinaki ayu 24 varsh se adhik thi, matadhikar diya gaya. phalasvaroop jarmanoan ko adhik sitean milian aur chek bahut tho di sankhya mean ae. isilie chekoan ko bohimiya mean aur poloan ko gailosiya mean yah adhikar diya gaya. parantu rashtriy samasya apane sthan par n rahi. hangari ki yahi ichchha thi ki magayar rashtr ki mahatta chhoti kaum par bani rahe, parantu yah bhi n ho paya.

astriya aur turki - astriya ka sanbandh turk rashtr ke sath bhi raha hai. rajanitijnoan ki drishti se balakan ki b di mahatta hai. roos aur astriya isake p dosi hone ke nate isamean dilachaspi rakhate the aur briten apane vyapar ke karan room ke mahasagar mean dilachaspi rakhata tha. ye desh apas mean mile aur 1877 mean roos ne tuk╘ ko chetavani de di. aant mean l daee huee aur turki apani virata ke bavajood har gaya. phalasvaroop saiantiphanoan ki sandhi huee aur romaniya, maantinigro tatha sarviya svatantr desh ho ge aur basniyaan, harjigavina adi astriya ke adhin ho ge.

pratham mahayuddh ki nianv astriya ne hi dali. 28 joon, 1914 ko astriya ki rajagaddi par baithanevala rajakumar serajevo mean mar dala gaya. roos slovanik deshoan ka balakan mean nirikshak tha. isilie vah astriya ko rokane ke lie taiyar baitha tha. jarmani astriya ki sahayata karane laga. phraans roos se mulahije mean bandha tha, isilie alag bhi nahian ho sakata tha. yahi karan pratham mahanh‌ yuddh ka bana.

astriya aur itali - astriya ka itihas itali ke itihas se bhi sanbandhit hai. 1916 ka kal itali ke itihas mean usaki har jit ki kahani hai. astriya ne pahale italivaloan ko trenatinean tak dhakel diya, parantu bad mean svayan hi pichhe hat ge. isi varsh agast mean jenaral kodarna ne bainisez ke ek bhag par adhikar jama liya aur bahut se logoan ko bandi bana liya. parantu inaka nukasan adhik hua. astriya ne yah kamajori dekhate hue janaral kodarna par separet namak sthan par hamala kiya. itali ki har huee. astriya ne l daee mean 2,50,000 adami bandi banae aur venis tak chadh aya. briten aur phraans ki samay par sahayata pahuanch jane se venis hath se nahian jane paya.

astriya ka patan - 1866 se jarmani ki jo mahatta bani chali a rahi thi, usaka patan ho gaya. jo nee sarakar bani usane 11 navanbar, 1918 ko sulah ke paigam bheje. astriya ki shakti us samay tak khatm ho gee thi. itali ab phir vijayi ho chuka tha. aktoobar mean jenaral dez ne is par akraman kiya aur astriyan bhag kh de hue. hajaroan ki sankhya mean bandi itali ke hath p de. is prakar inaka patan ho gaya.

astriya ke mahanh‌ rashtr ka aant - 1918 ke bad is b de rajy ka bilakul hi aant ho gaya. itana b da rajy sansar ke nakshe par dekhate - dekhate u d gaya. haipsabarg parivar, jo astriya, hangari,yoogoslaviya, romaniya, polaiand aur chekoslovakiya jaise b de rajyoan par hukoomat karata chala a raha tha, samapt ho gaya.