ओगुस्तस
ogustas (63 ee.poo.-14 ee.) rom ka pahala samrath eesa ka samakalin, jisaka poora nam gaiyas jooliyas sizar oktavianash (mool roop mean gaiyas oktavianas) tha. rom ke samratoan mean sabase mahan jisane samakalin raktanjit roman rajaniti ko shaanti aur sthayitv pradan kiya aur us itihasaprasiddh yug ki pratishtha ki jo usake nam se vikhyat hai. jis prakar grik itihas mean perikliz ka yug, bharat ke itihas mean gupt samratoan ka yug aur ianglaiand ke itihas mean ailizabeth ka yug apani rajaniti, sahity, lalit kalaoan adi ke utkarsh ke lie vikhyat hai, usi prakar roman itihas mean is samrat ka rajyakal rajaniti, sahity, lalit kalaoan adi ke kshetr mean utkarsh ki choti chhookar vikhyat hua.
ogustas 23 sitanbar, 63 ee.poo. ke din rom mean paida hua. usaka pita gaiyas oktaviyas aur mata prasiddh jooliyas sizar ki bhagini jooliya ki kanya atiya thi. use char varsh ka chho d pita paralok sidhara aur mata ne apane doosare pati ki sahayata se usaka palan poshan kiya. jooliyas sizar ne use apana varis ghoshit kiya aur upakrit oktaviyas ne apane nam ke sath jooliyas sizar ka nam bhi jo d liya. 44 ee.poo. ke march mean jab sizar ki rom mean hatya huee tab oktaviyas gris mean adhyayan kar raha tha aur keval 19 varsh ka tha. hatya ki soochana pa vah itali lauta aur briandisi mean sizar ke mitroan ne usaka svagat kiya. oktaviyas ne tabhi sizar ka nam apane nam ke sath jo d liya aur mitroan ke sath rom ja pahuancha. rom mean tab do dal the, ek un prajatantriy netaoan ka jinhoanne sizar ki hatya ki thi aur doosara unake virodhi sizaravadiyoan ka, jinake neta marks aantoniyas aur marks lepidas the. rom pahuanch usane aantoniyas se sizar ki di huee virasat le li jisase pahale to donoan mean kuchh manamutav hua phir kritrim mitrata ka bijavapan hua. vastut: donoan ek doosare ke aantarik shatru the. agale varsh aantoni, lepidas aur oktaviyas ki sanmilit amarat kayam huee.
is amarat ne sabase pahale to prajatantrik dal ke netaoan ki sanpatti jabt kar li. phir markas brootash aur loanginash dvara sanchalit us halaki sena ko makaduniyaan mean filipi namak sthan par 42 ee.poo. parast kiya. do varsh bad oktaviyash ne aantoni se apani bahan oktaviya ka vivah kar paraspar ki maitri sanpusht ki jo donoan ke ek doosare ke prati bhitari virodh se tooti ja rahi thi. kuchh dinoan bad lepidash ke amarat se hat jane se rom ki rajanitik shakti keval oktaviyash aur aantoni mean hi keandrit ho gee. ab donoan ne roman samrajy ko baant liya, aantoni ko usake poorvi bhag, eshiya adi, mile aur oktaviyash ko itali ke sath pashchim ke yooropiy desh. par bhitar hi bhitar donoan mean sangharsh chalata raha. donoan ki niti aur ruchi mean bhi vaishamy tha. jahaan aantoni vir hota hua bhi vyasani aur vilasapriy tha vahaan oktaviyash karmath aur mahatvakaankshi tha. eerani parthavoan se eshiya mean yuddh karate aantoni ke pravas ke samay aktaviyash ne dhan aur niti se romanoan ke hriday jit lie aur apane anek karyo se vah lokapriy ho chala.
sath hi oktaviyash ne aantoni ke romavirodhi aur anaitik karaname rom mean prakat kar die jisaka parinam bhi usake paksh mean hua. usane misr ki rani se janmean betoan ko di huee usaki virasat ka bhandapho d kar rom ki janata mean aantoni ke prati asantosh utpann kar diya. pahale se hi oktaviya ko talak de misri rani kliyopatra se aantoni ke vivah kar lene se kuchh kam asantosh romanoan mean n tha. janata ke is asantosh ka labh utha oktaviyash ne kliyopatra ke viruddh yuddh ghoshit kar diya aur ek b di sena lekar sthal aur jal donoan bhagoan se misr par akraman kiya. aksiyam ke yuddh mean usake senapati aur misr agrippa ne aantoni ko parast kar bhaga diya. aantoni ne misr ki rah li aur oktaviyash ne usaka pichha kiya. aantoni aur kliyopatra ne usake sikandariya pahuanchate hi atmahatya kar li. ab oktaviyash samooche roman samrajy ka akela svami tha.
oktaviyash ne rom lautakar pahale vidhan ki vyavastha ki. usane 31 ee.poo. mean kaansul pad svikar kiya jo agale ath varsho tak prati varsh usake paksh mean ghoshit hota raha. agale do varsh usane misr, gris, siriya, laghu eshiya aur dvipoan ki rajaniti vyavasthit karane ke lie poorv mean bitae aur rom lautakar usane lagatar tin dinoan tak vijayotvas kiya. rom ka bhi vaidhanik punaruddhar avashyak tha, so usane pahale to pichhale grihayuddh ke anyayoan ka nirakaran kiya phir sinetaroan ki sankhya 900 se 600 kar di, dharmik kriyaoan ko phir se pratishtha di, lalit kalaoan aur sahity ko ani sanraksha se protsahit kiya, anavashyak senaean to d dian, krishi ka vikas kiya, deshi udyogoan ko sanbhalane mean sahayata ki, upanivesh sthapit kie, aur sabase mahatv ka kary, usane desh mean, visheshat: rom mean, varsho se hote ate raktapat ko band kar vahaan poorn shaanti ki sthapana karake, kiya.
27 ee.poo. ki janavari mean oktaviyash ne rajy ki vyavastha sinet aur roman janata ko sauanp di. usake badale use spen, gal, siriya aur misr ka niji praantoan ke roop mean labh hua aur usaka kaansul pad surakshit bana raha. ab usane apani shalinata aur mahima badhane ke lie 'ogustas' upadhi dharan ki, jisase vah sansar ke itihas mean vikhyat hua. dhire-dhire usane b de rajanitik chatury se shasan aur adhikar apane hath mean lene shuroo kie. ek ke bad doosara adhikar usake hathoan mean keandrit hone laga aur usane apana sthan rom ki rajaniti mean kuchh aisa bana liya jaisa usase pahale kisi shasak ko upalabdh n tha.
unhian dinoan ogustas ne aphrika aur eshiya, gal aur spen mean l daiyaan l dian aur anek desh jite. parthavoan ke sath yuddh ek anukool sandhi dvara usane band kar diya jisase armeniya ka rajy usake hisse p da. 9 ee.poo. mean nishchay gal mean use kuchh sankat ka samana karana p da, jab jarmanoan ne usake senapati varas ko marakar usaki uttaravarti sena nasht kar di. par aant mean usake uttaradhikari tiberiyash ne jarmanoan ka parabhav kar us aur se bhi use nishchiant kar diya.
roman samrajy ki simaean is prakar door-door tak phaila ogustas ne apani samratpadiy vyavastha prasarit ki. b de parishram se usane ne kanoon ki ghoshana ki aur shaanti ke sabhi karyo ko apani sanraksha di. rom se samrajy ke praantoan ko janevali s dakean ne sire se banian aur unapar raksha ke prahari baithe, vyapar ke sare margo ka lakshy rajadhani bani, roman nagarik ko nee shakti mili aur desh ko nee mudrapranali ka labh hua. varjil aur hores jaise mahanh kaviyoan ne usi shaanti aur suraksha ke yug mean apane amar kavy likhe. rom nagar ke sauandary mean to itani abhivriddhi huee ki logoan mean yah kahavat hi chal p di ki nagar ko usane eetoan ka paya tha par chho da use sangamaramar ka banakar. upakrit sinet ne tab varsh ke ek mas ka nam badalakar usake nam ka anuvarti ogastas rakha jo ab agast kahalata hai.
ogustas ne vivah to tin-tin kie par usake jooliya nam ki kanya ke siva koee aur santan n huee. usane pahale apani bahin ke putr marsalas ko, phir apani kanya ke putroan ko bari-bari se apana uttaradhikari banaya parantu ve usase bhi pahale mar ge. tab usane apani patni ke any pati janit viputr droosash ko uttaradhikari ghoshit kiya parantu vah bhi kuchh kal bad paralok sidhara. tatpashchath usake chhote bhaee tiberiyash ko usane manonit kiya jo ogustas ke bad roman samrajy ka samrath hua, yadyapi usase ogustas ghrina karata tha.[1]
ogustas sharir se kuchh vishesh shaktiman n tha aur pray: rogoan ka shikar bana rahata tha. n usamean aantoni ki sainik tivrata thi aur n sizar ki samarik vichakshanata, parantu dhiraj aur naitik soojh usamean un donoan se adhik thi. jis mahatvakaanksha ke phalasvaroop sizar ki hatya huee usi ne ogustas ko rom ka pahala samrath banaya aur pray: 41 varsh raj kar 77 varsh ki ayu mean vah shaantipoorvak apane mitroan ke bich mara. kahate haian, usane mrityushayya ke nikat kh de romanoan se poochha–kya maianne apani bhoomika ukti roop se kheli hai? aur svikaratmak uttar pane par usane kaha–tab vida, santusht hoo, prasann raho! nishchay is ghatana se apane jivan ki saphalata par usaka shaant paritosh prakat hota hai.[2]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 2 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 292 |
- ↑ san.gran.–farth janabi : agastash sizar, nyooyark, 1903; beyariang-goold sebain :d traijedi aauv d sizars, nyooyark, 1907; march, phraiank ni. : d fauandiang aauv d roman eanpayar, dvitiy sanskaran, aksafard; d kaianbrij aiansheant histri, khand 10, nyooyark 1934.