ओपेरा

opera gan naty (gitinatak) ko opera kahate haian. opera ka udbhav 1594 ee. mean itali ke floreans nagar mean 'la dafne' namak opera ke pradarshan se hua tha, yadyapi is opera ke prastutakarta svayan yah nahian janate the ki ve anajane kis mahatvapoorn kala ki vidha ko janm de rahe haian. gat char shatabdiyoan mean opera ki anek vyakhyaean prastut ki gee. lekin paranpara aur anubhav ke adhar par yahi mana jata hai ki opera ganabaddh natak hota hai, jisamean vartalap ke sthan par gaya jata hai. isaka aitihasik karan yah hai ki 16vian sadi tak yah mana jata tha ki natak pady mean hona chahie. natak ke lie pady yadi anivary hai to sangit ke lie bhoomi svat: taiyar ho jati hai. kyoanki kavy aur sangit poorak kalaean haian, donoan hi amoort bhavanaoan tatha kalpanalokoan se adhik sanbandhit haian. isalie jab tak natak kavy mean likhe jate rahe tab tak vishesh kathinaee nahian huee, lekin kalaantar mean natak ki vidha ne gady ka roop liya tatha yatharthonmukh huee. tabhi se operakaroan ke lie kathinaiyaan badhati gee. chooanki opera ka janm itali mean hua tha isalie usake sare aangoan par itali ka prabhutv svabhavik tha. lekin phraans tatha jarmani ki bhi pratibha opera ko sushamit tatha vikasit karane mean lagi thi, isalie opera kalaantar mean anek prashakhaoan mean pallavit hua.

itali mean opera paanch aankoan ka hota tha lekin phraans mean vah tin aankoan ka hi hota tha. itali mean usaka sangit paksh adhik pusht tha, phraans mean usaki vishayavastu par adhik dhyan diya jata tha. lekin opera ke itihas par itali aur jarmani ki hi pratibhaoan ne dishakari prabhav dala. natak ke pramukh bhed kamadi (kamedi) aur trasadi (traijedi) donoan hi opera mean sannihit haian. itali ke operakar natakiy trisandhiyoan ko nahian svikarate the. itali ke operakar sangit tatha bhavy manchasajja par jyada dhyan dete rahe haian, jabaki any operakar opera ke natyalekh arthath‌ 'libaretto' par keandrit rahe haian. apera mean aj tak path (resiteshan) ko lekar kaphi kathinaiyaan huee haian. prachin ekalapoan (salil aaukiz) ko to kisi tarah sangit mean nibaddh kiya jata tha lekin aj ki natakiy vidha mean ekalapoan ka koee sthan nahian hai. aj vartalapoan mean jo yatharthata tatha dainik akavyatmakata a gee hai use operakar kis prakar sangit mean nibaddh karean, yah aj ke opera ki samasya hai.

natakoan ki bhaanti hi opera ki katha vastu bhi aranbh mean dharmik akhyanoan se li jati thi. madhyayug mean yahi adhar aitihasik viragathaean ho gaya. isaka arth hua ki opera gris se chalakar rom aya. is karan us kal ke operoan mean do hi bhavanaean pramukh haian, mahatvakaanksha aur kamana. aj natak jivan ke bich kh da hua hai isalie opera ko bhi vahian ana p da hai aur yah yatra 400 varsho ki hai. kathavastu ke sath-sath sangit ke talamel mean bhi parivartan hua hai. aranbh mean opera mean natyalekh pramukh hota aur sangit gaun, lekin kramash: natayh‌lekh gaun hota gaya aur sangit ne pradhany le liya. pahale kathavastu ko manoranjak banane ke lie gan, sahagan tatha samoohagan ki vyavastha ki. isake bad anavarat sangit ke siddhaant ne sanpoorn opera ko hi sangitamay kar diya. ab vatavaran, chitran, bhavadasha adi sabhi ke lie sangit ki yojana hone lagi. isilie opera mean sangit lekhak ka jitana mahatv hai utana natyalekhak ka nahian.

sabhi kalaoan ke ashrayadata ek samay mean raja, samant hua karate the. itali mean bhi tatkalin samant tatha rees is kala ke poshak the. isilie ek samay tak opera ke arth hi vishal manch, bhavy sajasajja, virath drishyaankan adi the. peris ke kisi operagrih mean pravesh karate hi baksoan aur balkaniyoan tatha utkirn barajoan aur chhajjoan ki dirghaoanvale h aaul ke darshan hote haian. ye operagrih 18vian aur 19vian sadiyoan ke smarak haian. yahian baithakar samantavarg tatha bhadralok glak aur mozart, bithooven aur vebar, vaignar aur vardi ke mahanh‌ sangitamay operoan ko dekhate rahe haian. itali, phhऱaans, aur jarmani ke operagrihoan mean hi in mahanh‌ operakaroan ko apani saphalataoan tatha asaphalataoan ka samana karana p da hai. itali, 16vian sadi ke asapas sari yooropiy kala, sahity aur sanskriti ka keandr tha. sarvapratham floreans mean opera khela gaya tha. aj jisaki lipi upalabdh hai, vah opera bhi vahian khela gaya tha– 'yooridis', sanh‌ 1600 ee mean. isake bad venis nagar opera ka sabase b da keandr ho gaya. sare yoorop ke kalapriy is nagar ki yatra karate aur mahanh‌ operoan ko dekhakar kritakrity hote the. sanh‌ 1637 mean venis mean ek sarvajanik operagrih ki sthapana huee jisake karan opera par kramash: vyavasayikata ka prabhav hua. ab opera keval shauk ki vidha n rahakar ay ka sadhan bana. opera ke lie jis unnat operagrih ki apeksha hua karati thi usake karan tatkalin manchashilp ke vikas mean natakoan se kahian adhik shrey operoan ko hai. un dinoan chakrit manch (rivalviang stej) to avishkrit hue nahian the, isalie opera ke vishesh kalpanik manchaankanoan ko moort kar sakana kaphi kathin kam tha. chakrit manch ki samasya japan dvara 18vian sadi mean door huee.

opera dhire-dhire yoorop ke doosare deshoan mean bhi lokapriy hota ja raha tha. ab astriya, phraans, tatha jarmani bhi isake keandr ban chale the. sadiyoan tak itali ke sangitajnoan, kalakaroan, natyalekhakoan tatha abhinetaoan ka pradhany sare yoorop ke operagrihoan mean raha. opera, itali ka rashtriy kalatmak udyog raha hai. venisiy sangit, saj sajja, abhinay adi hi praman mane jate the. phraans ke manch par bhi italavi bhavy saj sajja mean hi jarman sangitajnoan dvara kala ki yah adribhut vidha manchit hoti rahi. opera ki bhasha aranbh mean italavi phreanch rahi. kalaantar mean phraans ki bhasha bhi prachalit huee. lekin any deshoan mean opera ki bhasha italavi hi bani rahi. is kshetr mean itali ka prabhav yahaan tak tha ki anek bar italiyetar operakar bhi apana nam italiy rakh liya karate the.

opera ka sookshm parichay bhi is vidha ke prasiddh operakaroan ke parichay bina adhoora hi rah jaega. vaise to phraans ke sangitajnoan ka bhi isamean yog raha hai. romiyoan hi sanbhavat: ek aisa phraansisi nam hai jo janmana phraansisi bhi hai aur pratibhashali sangitajn bhi. anyatha n phraansisi kabhi sangit mean shreshth rahe haian aur n italiy kabhi natyalekh mean. phraans mean opera ki nivan dalanevala jevanni batista luli bhi italiy tha, jo luee 14vean ke shasanakal mean laya gaya tha. romiyo hi sanbhavat: pahala operakar hai jisane vadyavriand ka upayog aandhi, samudradi ke varnanoan ke lie kiya. yadyapi luli yah prayog kar chuka tha, tathapi ise vyavastha romiyo ne di. jarman operakaroan ki sabase adhik tatha mahatvapoorn den darshanikata rahi hai. pahala jarman operakar glak hai, jo opera ka sudharak kahalata hai. aj 200 varshoan ke bad bhi usaki rachanaoan ko sunana kalatmak anubhav hai. glak ne sangit ke darshanik paksh ko pusht banaya aur opera mean use abhivyakt kiya.

operakaroan mean doosara mahatvapoorn nam mozart ka hai. mozart ne vaise to ath baras ki umr mean hi ek opera ki rachana kar dali thi lekin jo opera ke itihas mean mahatvapoorn hai usaki rachana usane 24 varsh ki avastha mean ki, aur vah tha 'idomoniya' (sanh‌ 1781 ee.). mozart advitiy nishnat operakar mana jata hai. opera ke itihas mean jin klasikiy operoan ki ganana hai unamean 'maijik fyoot' ka anyatam sthan hai. is opera ko bhavishy ke jarman operoan ka adhar mana jata hai. is opera mean use divyata prapt huee thi. bithooven ke nam ke sath vidroh ki bhavana moort ho jati hai. opera ke itihas mean vah shaili ya bayaran ke saman hai. usaka vidrohi sangit hamare adhik nikat hai.

jarman romaantik aandolan ka abhootapoorv operakar vebar hai. bachchoan ke lie bhi usaka ek prasiddh opera hai. operoan dvara usane romaantik operoan ko vahi gaurav dilavaya jo rajasabhavaoanvale operoan ko prapt tha. 'yooroaante' mean koee vartalap nahian, balki anavarat sangit hi hai. sab jarman operakar gayakoan se adhik vadyavriand par jor dete rahe haian.

operakaroan mean vebar jahaan suandar tha vahaan richard vaignar (1813-1883) kuroop, nata, b de sir ka, ghamandi aur svarthi tha. lekin 19vian sadi ke kalatmak jivan ka vahi pramukh stanbh bhi tha. yahi ekamatr operakar tha jo svat: natyalekh bhi likhata tha. isake opera ka nam hai 'd riang' jo atyant mahatvapoorn hai. vaignar ke vicharoan ko manchasajja ke tatkalin operagrih moort nahian kar pate the isalie beruth namak kasbe mean usane operagrih khola jo age chalakar opera ke itihas mean saanskritik keandr ke roop mean svikar kiya gaya. vaignar ka hi samakalin italiy operakar tha vardi (1813-1901) jo b di visham paristhitiyoan mean itali ke opera ke kshetr mean aya tha. rasini ne manch se avakash le liya tha. belini ki mrityu ho chuki thi aur danizetti pagal ho gaya tha. vardi ke samane bhi samakalin shasakoan ne avarodh kh de kar rakhe the. 'svadhinata' ka uchcharan hi kathin ho gaya tha. vardi ne pahali bar samakalin jivan par opera mean trasadi prastut ki. abhi tak darshak adhunik bhoosha mean trasadi dekhane ke abhyast nahian the. svez nahar ke udghatan ke avasar par vardi ne kahira mean ek opera prastut kiya tha. chooanki vah vaignar ka samakalin tha, isalie pray: itihasajn vardi ke prati anyay kar jate haian.

pichhale dinoan mean poorvi yoorop mean soviyath‌ ke atirikt yoogoslaviya mean bhi opera ko sanjivit aur vikasit karane ke prayatn hue haian. sansaraprasiddh opera gayika miriyana radev zagreb ki hi haian aur vahaan ke rashtriy operagrih ki pradhan tarika haian.

poorvi deshoan mean opera ke kshetr mean chin ne b da mahatvapoorn yogadan diya hai. vastut: chini opera sansar ke prachinatam operoan mean hai aur yadyapi pashchimi manchasamikshakoan ne usaka ullekh nahian kiya hai, chini opera anek drishtiyoan se apane krititv evan pradarshanoan mean apana sani nahian rakhata. bharat mean bhi idhar opera likhane aur operagrih sangathit karane ke kuchh prayas hone lage haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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